172 résultats pour "philosophy"
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: THE CHARACTER AND ORGANIZATION OF THE SCIENCES - COMTE
the different sciences, and their interrelations, we can improve the organization of scientific research. For newwork, especially that requiring several disciplines, will be suggested by various features of the general scheme andbe fitted into it appropriately. We shall not, for example, waste energy in grappling with topics such as psychologyfor which there is, and can be, no positive science. The other ground is that the scheme aids us to renovate oursystem of theoretical education; the st...
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Brentano, Franz Clemens
during the first decade of the twentieth century, when his ontological views went through a 'Copernican revolution' whose results even his closest followers found difficulty in accepting. Large quantities of letters, lecture notes and dictated pieces remained unpublished at his death. Many of these were edited from Prague between the wars, with support fromMasaryk. 2 Psychology Brentano's interest in psychology dated from his early occupation with the work of Aristotle and the British empi...
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Dominating Sets and Domination Polynomials of Graphs
DOMINA TING SETS AND DOMINATION POLYNOMIALS OF GRAPHS By SAEID ALIKHANI Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia in Ful¯lment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2009
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Augustinianism
contradictory in some of its details. Although there were early attempts to make his work both more accessible and more systematic, the interpretations of Augustine 's writings depended very much on which works were being read. There was not always a choice in what to read. The reception of any author in the earlier Middle Ages depended on the hard facts of manuscript survival and distribution. In the cultural disarray that destroyed books and the means of producing them, Augustine was rela...
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Bohr, Niels
in Bohr's writings. The central claim of Bohr's philosophy after EPR is the indispensability of classical concepts, supplemented by ordinary language, for unambiguous communication of experimental results. Unambiguous description presupposes a strict separation between the observed object and the observing subject. This is possible only at the classical level, where the quantum of action can be neglected. Classical concepts, guided by complementarity in different experimental arrangements,...
- al-Sabzawari, al-Hajj Mulla Hadi
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Chemistry, philosophical aspects of
only in size or shape. The processes we observe around us are the result of changing groupings or arrangements of atoms; the qualitative aspects of experience are the results of their collisions with the atoms of our soul or mind. However, Democritus is very explicit that we cannot expect to have knowledge of qualities. By convention are sweet and bitter, hot and cold, by convention is colour; in truth are atoms and the void. …There are two forms of knowledge, one genuine, one obscure. To the o...
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Buridan, John
faculty. Second, he remained a secular cleric rather than joining an order such as the Dominicans or Franciscans. This freed him from the doctrinal disputes which often arose between religious orders, something which can be seen in the eclectic character of his work. Buridan's logical writings are in the form of handbooks and commentaries intended for use by students of logic. Most of his non-logical works appear as short commentaries ( expositiones ) or longer critical studies ( quaestiones )...
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Aristotelianism, medieval
are introduced by the interaction of Aristotle with Jewish, Christian and Islamic religious thinking. The Christianambiguities are perhaps the most familiar. Almost all of the Christian Aristotelians in the Latin West were members ofthe clergy. Most spent their professional lives teaching and writing, not the liberal arts or philosophy, but Christiantheology. It remains controversial whether or to what extent we can find an autonomous or even a textuallydistinguishable Aristotelian p...
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Martin Luther
I
INTRODUCTION
Martin Luther (1483-1546), German theologian and religious reformer, who
VI THEOLOGY Luther was not a systematic theologian, but his work was subtle, complex, and immensely influential. It was inspired by his careful study of the New Testament, but itwas also influenced in important respects by the great 4th-century theologian Saint Augustine. A Law and Gospel Luther maintained that God interacts with human beings in two ways—through the law and through the Gospel. The law represents God’s demands—as expressed, for example, in the Ten Commandments and the golden r...
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Martin Luther.
VI THEOLOGY Luther was not a systematic theologian, but his work was subtle, complex, and immensely influential. It was inspired by his careful study of the New Testament, but itwas also influenced in important respects by the great 4th-century theologian Saint Augustine. A Law and Gospel Luther maintained that God interacts with human beings in two ways—through the law and through the Gospel. The law represents God’s demands—as expressed, for example, in the Ten Commandments and the golden r...
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Excerpt from Nicholas Nickleby - anthology.
After some half-hour's delay Mr Squeers reappeared, and the boys took their places and their books, of which latter commodity the average might be about one toeight learners. A few minutes having elapsed, during which Mr Squeers looked very profound, as if he had a perfect apprehension of what was inside all the books,and could say every word of their contents by heart if he only chose to take the trouble, that gentleman called up the first class. Obedient to this summons there ranged themse...
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Campbell, George
Campbell's philosophy was influenced by that of David Hume , though Campbell employed much effort in correcting Hume. Campbell followed Hume in equating experience with the habitual associations of ideas in the mind, but thought that Hume's extreme emphasis on personal experience seriously undervalued the importance of memory (the only voucher for the past evidence of the senses) and of testimony to human knowledge as a whole. He therefore employed Common Sense philosophy to defend the nec...
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Artificial Intelligence.
Work in AI has primarily focused on two broad areas: developing logic-based systems that perform common-sense and expert reasoning, and using cognitive andbiological models to simulate and explain the information-processing capabilities of the human brain. In general, work in AI can be categorized within three research anddevelopment types: symbolic, connectionist, and evolutionary. Each has characteristic strengths and weaknesses. A Symbolic AI Symbolic AI is based in logic. It uses sequences...
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Han Dynasty - History.
However, these reforms faced serious opposition. The feudal barons formed an alliance and rebelled against Wang Mang. They were joined by members of the Liufamily, who were descended from Jingdi (Ching-ti), a former Han emperor, and a civil war followed. As the empire fell into disorder, militant secret societies formedarmed bands and attacked villages and towns. Wang Mang had believed that proper institutions would eventually bring peace to China, but in AD 23, an army led by the Liu clan brea...
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Reformation .
Saxony, he made war against the Schmalkaldic League, a defensive association of Protestant princes. The Roman Catholic forces were successful at first. Later,however, Duke Maurice went over to the Protestant side, and Charles V was obliged to make peace. The religious civil war ended with the religious Peace of Augsburg in1555. Its terms provided that each of the rulers of the German states, which numbered about 300, choose between Roman Catholicism and Lutheranism and enforcethe chosen faith up...
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Alcoholism.
Although a consensus is growing among health professionals that alcohol dependence is a disease, society’s attitudes toward individuals with drinking problems remainambivalent and confused. Until the mid-20th century, the typical picture of the alcoholic was of someone without steady employment, unable to sustain familyrelationships and most likely in desperate financial straits. But this stereotype was largely dispelled when highly respected people publicly admitted their alcoholdependence and...
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Buddhism.
Although never actually denying the existence of the gods, Buddhism denies them any special role. Their lives in heaven are long and pleasurable, but they are in thesame predicament as other creatures, being subject eventually to death and further rebirth in lower states of existence. They are not creators of the universe or incontrol of human destiny, and Buddhism denies the value of prayer and sacrifice to them. Of the possible modes of rebirth, human existence is preferable, because thedeitie...
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Libya - country.
junipers and mastic trees are found in the higher elevations. Only a few large mammals are found in Libya. Wildlife includes desert rodents, hyenas, gazelles, and wildcats. Eagles, hawks, and vultures are common. E Environmental Issues Libya has undertaken a number of major irrigation projects intended to ease the country’s water shortage. The most ambitious is the so-called Great Man-Made River(GMMR), a massive 25-year irrigation scheme begun in 1984. The GMMR is a vast water pipeline system d...
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Cosmology - astronomy.
In 1917 American scientist Harlow Shapley measured the distance to several groups of stars known as globular clusters. He measured these distances by using amethod developed in 1912 by American astronomer Henrietta Leavitt. Leavitt’s method relates distance to variations in brightness of Cepheid variables, a class of starsthat vary periodically in brightness. Shapley’s distance measurements showed that the clusters were centered around a point far from the Sun. The arrangement of theclusters was...
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Constitution of the United States.
chief executive should have the power to veto legislation, should be elected by Congress or the people, should be eligible to run for reelection, and should command thearmed forces. Some delegates even hoped for a limited monarchy. Not until September 8, more than three months after the convention started, did the final shape ofthe presidency emerge: a single leader, elected to a four-year term and eligible for reelection, with authority to veto bills enacted by Congress. The president was alsog...
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Constitution of the United States - U.
chief executive should have the power to veto legislation, should be elected by Congress or the people, should be eligible to run for reelection, and should command thearmed forces. Some delegates even hoped for a limited monarchy. Not until September 8, more than three months after the convention started, did the final shape ofthe presidency emerge: a single leader, elected to a four-year term and eligible for reelection, with authority to veto bills enacted by Congress. The president was alsog...