Slovenia - country.
Publié le 04/05/2013
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Democratic Party of Slovenia, the Christian Democratic Party, United List, the Slovenian National Party, the Democratic Party of Slovenia, and Greens of Slovenia.
Slovenia has eight trial courts, four appellate courts, and a Supreme Court.
The Assembly appoints all judges, including the justices of the Supreme Court.
Slovenia hasan extensive network of social service programs sponsored by the government, including low-cost medical coverage and retirement pensions.
Slovenia had an army of 6,550 active-duty soldiers in 2004, with a large reserve force.
Conscription begins at age 18 and lasts seven months.
Slovenia is a member ofthe Council of Europe(CE), the Central European Initiative (CEI), and the United Nations (UN).
In 2002 the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) offeredmembership to Slovenia, which formally joined NATO in 2004.
Slovenia also has signed defense accords with Austria and Hungary.
VI HISTORY
Under the Roman Empire (27 BC-AD 476), Slovenia was part of the provinces of Pannonia and Noricum.
During the 6th century AD, the region was invaded by the Mongolian Avars and later by Slavs who threw off Avar domination.
A period of Bavarian rule ensued, during which most of the people converted to Roman Catholicism.In AD 623, chieftain Franko Samo created the first independent Slovene state, which stretched from Lake Balaton (now located within Hungary) to the Mediterranean.
It lasted until late in the 8th century, when the region became part of the Frankish Empire.
In the 10th century it was reorganized as the duchy of Carantania by HolyRoman Emperor Otto I.
From 1335 until 1918, except for a brief interlude from 1809 to 1814, Slovenes were governed by the Habsburgs of the Austro-HungarianEmpire in the Austrian crown lands of Kärnten (Carinthia), Carniola, and Steiermark (Styria), except for a minority in the republic of Venice.
During the Napoleonic Wars, the region was taken from Austria by France and reorganized as part of the Illyrian Provinces from 1809 to 1814.
This brief period of liberalrule fostered Slovene and South Slav nationalism that triumphed at the close of World War I in 1918, with the formation of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, andSlovenes (renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929).
In 1941, during World War II, Germany, Hungary, and Italy divided the territory among themselves.
In spite offorced transfers of populations during the war, since 1945 most Slovenes have lived in the Slovenian republic, which in 1947 also acquired Slovenian-speaking districtson the Adriatic Sea (in Istria) from Italy.
Slovenia’s dissatisfaction with the Yugoslav federation grew during the 1980s, with increased sentiment first for greater autonomy and then for independence.
AsCommunist power crumbled throughout Eastern Europe, Slovenia held the first multiparty elections in Yugoslavia since World War II in April 1990.
The winning coalitioncalled for independence, and nearly 90 percent of Slovenia’s population voted for independence in a referendum in December 1990.
In June 1991, following various political upsets, including Serbian refusal to transfer the country’s rotating presidency to the Croatian representative, Slovenia andCroatia each declared independence from Yugoslavia.
The Serb-dominated Yugoslav People’s Army (JNA) sent forces to both republics in an attempt to secureYugoslavia’s borders.
In Slovenia a ten-day war ensued, in which Slovene forces defeated the JNA.
The JNA’s defeat, perhaps coupled with fighting in Serbia’s closerneighbor, Croatia, allowed Slovenia quickly to secure true independence as well as international recognition as a separate republic.
In January 1992 the EuropeanCommunity (now the European Union, or EU), led by Germany, acknowledged the independence of Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The United Statesacknowledged the countries’ independence in April.
Independent Slovenia’s first presidential and parliamentary elections were held in December 1992.
Milan Kučan, president of the republic since 1990, was reelected tothe office by 64 percent of the vote.
The center-left Liberal Democracy of Slovenia (LDS), headed by Janez Drnovšek, won a plurality of seats in parliament, andDrnovšek became the country’s prime minister.
The Christian Democratic Party won the second largest number of parliamentary seats.
In 1992 Slovenia began instituting economic reforms and joined various international organizations.
It also become a haven for refugees of the surrounding war-tornrepublics, and by mid-1993 about 60,000 people had sought refuge in Slovenia.
In 1994 and early 1995 Slovenia made progress in resolving its disputes with Italy andCroatia—the only lingering complications from the republic’s quest for sovereignty.
In January 1994 Slovenia and Croatia reached an agreement on decommissioning theshared nuclear power facility at Krško, near the Slovenia-Croatia border.
Slovenia and Italy worked successfully to negotiate their dispute over the property rights of ethnic Italians who fled Slovenia after World War II and whose property wasconfiscated by the Yugoslav government.
Italy had threatened to block Slovenia’s entry into the EU until the issue was resolved, but the Italian government backed offfrom this stance in early 1995.
In June 1996 Slovenia signed an association agreement with the EU; in December 1997 it was invited to begin the process of becoming afull member.
It finally joined the EU as a full member in 2004.
In November 1996 Slovenia held elections to the State Assembly.
The LDS, which campaigned to integrate Slovenia into both the EU and NATO, remained the country’sstrongest party, winning 25 of 90 seats.
However, it did not receive an overall majority, leading to a period of political deadlock.
In January 1997 the LDS and itspartners succeeded in forming a coalition government.
That month the State Assembly reelected Drnovšek as prime minister by a narrow margin.
In November 1997President Ku čan won election to a third and final term.
Drnovšek’s government collapsed in April 2000 after the State Assembly refused to support his attempt to assemble a new cabinet.
The collapse touched off a month-long political crisis as deputies divided over calling early elections or installing an interim government.
The crisis subsided in May when the parliament voted to replaceDrnovšek with Andrej Bajuk, an economist and candidate of a newly formed coalition of conservative parties.
Bajuk led an interim government until October, when theLDS swept national elections, and Drnovšek reclaimed the post of prime minister.
In December 2002 Drnovšek was elected president of Slovenia.
Drnovšek resigned as prime minister and leader of the LDS to assume the presidency.
The parliamentelected Anton Rop, a finance minister in the previous government, to succeed Drnovšek as prime minister.
After 13 years of LDS dominance in Slovenia, the Slovenian Democratic Party (SDS) captured the most votes in the 2004 parliamentary elections.
The party formed acenter-right coalition government and SDS leader Janez Janša became prime minister.
Contributed By:Sabrina P.
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