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A) Introduction : why hair is political 1988 :Andrea Benton Rushing, professor of English and Black studies at Amherst College wrote an essay for feminist studies : importance of hair iin African-american history ( p 1) « Hair is the be-all and the end-all « wrote Village voice staff writer Lisa Jones in 1991. «  Evertyhing I know from American history i learnt from looking at black people's hair. « ( p 2) afri-americ historically symbolized and continues to reflect struggles over race and gender in the US ( p 2) : shown in recent years by afri-american critiques of white-owned businesses engaged in the «  ethnic «  beauty trade.     History, Politics, and Black Women's Beauty Culture «  beauty culture « ( 20th) : tools, methods, and business practices of altering and caring for women's appearance ( p 2-3) images about afri-americ beauty standards in print advertising... indirectly characterized black women's beauty a a social issue ( p 4)     Beauty Culture, Consumer Culture, and African Americans :   20th in US largely defined by consumerism ( p 6) getting one's hair done : act of consumption + activity ( p 6) 1935-1970s : marrket research studies of black consumer h abits emerged : afri-americ consumers worthy of avertisers' attention ( p 7) Afric-americ spent more money on personal care products ( hair care included) than whites ( p 7)   Race, Beauty Culture, and African American Women : historian Jackson Lears and feminist scholar Susan Borlo argued that advertising and consumer culture have presented the human body as malleable and always in need of improvement ( p 7) + advertisements have given people a narrow body ideal to strive for and aa limited route to achieve it : through the p...