Roman underworld
Publié le 17/01/2022
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While most strongly
influenced by Greek mythology, the Roman view of
an underworld, was, in the earliest ages, simply a
realm below the Earth, a realm of riches, a place
where gods and goddesses awaited the spring.
Dis Pater, originally an Etruscan god of riches,
became the early Roman god who ruled over the
underworld. He was the god of the precious gems
and metals found deep below the surface of the
Earth. Proserpina, an ancient goddess of fertility
and of the germination of seeds, was originally associated
with Dis. Over time, however, the underworld
became connected with death, not only of people
but of nature, as winter settled in and people awaited
spring. Dis Pater and Proserpina emerged from the
underworld to plant seeds and return life to the
Earth.
By the middle of the third century b.c., Dis Pater
and Proserpina had also become the rulers of the realm
of dead spirits. Together they became an official part
of the Roman religious ceremonies. Beginning in 249
b.c., Romans held games known as the Ludi Tarentini
or Tarentine Games, to recognize, honor, and appease
these two gods. Much of the mythology of Dis Pater
and Proserpina had by this time taken on the stories
of the Greek gods Hades (or Pluto) and Persephone,
who ruled over a realm also known as Hades.
However, Roman mythology also included spirits
of the dead who did not appear to inhabit this under-world. The Manes, beneficial spirits of the dead, were
called upon in ceremonies held over graves in February
to watch over and protect the living. They were
in turn ruled over by the goddess Mania, an ancient
goddess of crossroads. The Lares, household gods,
were believed to be the spirits of a family's ancestors
who watched over the home.
Romans also deified their founders, Aeneas and
Romulus and Remus, and their emperors, without
associating them with this underworld.
By the first century b.c., Roman historians and
poets were describing the underworld as a rugged,
craggy, gloomy place inhabited by the spirits of the
night and the souls of the dead. According to Virgil,
in his masterpiece the Aeneid, the entrance to hell
was located on the edge of Lake Averna, a lake in the
center of a dormant volcanic crater near Naples, and
also near the cave of the Sibyl of Cumae.
Liens utiles
- Laverna Roman A goddess of the Underworld of ancient Italian origins.
- Orcus Roman Either an ancient Roman god of the Underworld (2) or an alternative name for Dis, the primary Roman god of this land of the dead.
- Pluto Greek and Roman A name used to refer to the god of the underworld.
- Proserpina Roman Queen of the Underworld (2) and the consort or wife of Dis, the Roman god of the underworld.
- Dis (Dis Pater, Dispater) Roman The richest of the ancient Roman gods; a god or king of the Underworld (2), the realm of the dead.