30 résultats pour "ethics"
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Applied ethics
rule, while benefiting from the fact that everyone else is following it (see Universalism in ethics ). The applied ethicist, like the theoretical moral philosopher, must find a way to deal with this problem, but for the appliedethicist, the problem is bound up with the need to employ what is sometimes called moral casuistry. This ancientscience is not necessarily to be despised, for while a secondary meaning of the term ‘casuist' is indeed ‘sophist' or‘quibbler', it was not or...
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Medical Ethics.
medical profession. In recent years, however, the field of medical ethics has struggled to keep pace with the many complex issues raised by new technologies for creating and sustaininglife. Artificial-respiration devices, kidney dialysis, and other machines can keep patients alive who previously would have succumbed to their illnesses or injuries.Advances in organ transplantation have brought new hope to those afflicted with diseased organs. New techniques have enabled prospective parents to con...
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Analytic ethics
once substantive content has been admitted, the challenge can be pushed further. Why say that content issecondary and expressive force primary? Noncognitivists will point to the success of their ‘internalist' account of therelation of moral judgment and motivation. But Foot challenges this. If a person calls their project an ethical marvelbecause it publicizes their company, we do not know what they are talking about. But someone who says, ‘Sure, aprogressive tax on incomes would be more...
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Business ethics
literature, and both accommodate the central issues of business ethics. 2 Internal stakeholders: the case of employees Perhaps the leading 'internal' stakeholders of a firm are its employees, whose fortunes depend on those of the firm in the most direct way. The firm may be the only source of income for each of its employees, and the income may be used to support many others. Employees may depend on their job for a considerable proportion of their social life and their most rewarding activity...
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Written code of ethics : An alternative to discrimination
For fighting against discrimination, we must have companies which work on the uses. Anyway, it is in this spirit that Orange has built a network of “ethnical correspondents” with the different economic entities of the group. Because a code of ethics world be useful if reflects the company’s and it is leaders. Moreover, if the integrity’s culture and ethics is carried by the company, then it can become a value generation. This is one of the reason why people choose one company over another:...
- ethics and religion
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Common-sense ethics
mind, common to all human beings. Reid thought this showed that God meant it to guide our wills. It is both an intellectual and active power. As an intellectual power, it enables us to intuit directly the first principles of morality. Reid thought that moral reasoning, and indeed all reasoning, must start from self-evident first principles which we perceive immediately. If we had to figure out the basic principles of morality by a process of ratiocination, as Locke maintained, morality would not...
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Business ethics project
B-The four CSR Models: The Economic, Philanthropic, Social Web and Integrative Model The Economic Model of CSR holds that the primary duty of business is to fulfill economic functions. Therefore, the social responsibility of business managers is simply to pursue profits but of course within the law. We usually refer to profits as a direct measure to see how well a business firm is meeting the society's expectations. Profits is in fact the best indication that the company is being effective a...
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- Encyclopedia of Philosophy: ABELARD'S ETHICS
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Bioethics
death ; Reproduction and ethics ). Since medical ethics has been perhaps the major growth area of applied ethics, this broader usage of the term 'bioethics' has become dominant in the Anglo-American world (see Medical ethics ). More broadly still, and in keeping with V.R. Potter 's introduction of the term ( 1971 ), 'bioethics' refers to the moral, social and political problems that arise from biology and the life sciences generally and that involve, directly or indirectly, human wellbein...
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Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics
2) Hume, enquiry concerning the principles of morals self love vs public affection The second appendix is intended to clarify the meaning of the term self-love. Does this term connote only those actions which are selfish in the narrower sense of the word, or is it possible that it includes actions which are usually called altruistic? The question arises from the fact that moral sentiments are said to have their origin in the feelings. Whose feelings are referred to in this connection? Is it...
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Aristotle
I
INTRODUCTION
Aristotle (384-322
BC),
Greek philosopher and scientist, who shares with Plato and Socrates the distinction of being the most famous of ancient philosophers.
succession of individuals. These processes are therefore intermediate between the changeless circles of the heavens and the simple linear movements of the terrestrialelements. The species form a scale from simple (worms and flies at the bottom) to complex (human beings at the top), but evolution is not possible. C Aristotelian Psychology For Aristotle, psychology was a study of the soul. Insisting that form (the essence, or unchanging characteristic element in an object) and matter (the commonu...
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Aristotle.
succession of individuals. These processes are therefore intermediate between the changeless circles of the heavens and the simple linear movements of the terrestrialelements. The species form a scale from simple (worms and flies at the bottom) to complex (human beings at the top), but evolution is not possible. C Aristotelian Psychology For Aristotle, psychology was a study of the soul. Insisting that form (the essence, or unchanging characteristic element in an object) and matter (the commonu...
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Western Philosophy.
the popular belief in personal deities, but he failed to explain the way in which the familiar objects of experience could develop out of elements that are totally differentfrom them. Anaxagoras therefore suggested that all things are composed of very small particles, or “seeds,” which exist in infinite variety. To explain the way in whichthese particles combine to form the objects that constitute the familiar world, Anaxagoras developed a theory of cosmic evolution. He maintained that the activ...
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Simone de Beauvoir
the human is characterized by both the lack of being and an unrealizable passion, the ‘desire of being' (désir d'être ), that is, to attain a fixed identity or essence. Beauvoir adds to this the Heideggerian notion of Erschlossenheit (disclosure; in French, dévoilement ), therewith pointing also to the positive side of existence. According to her, the human being not only lacks and desires being, but also wants to ‘disclose being' . Or, through the human's vain desire, the world is d...
- PRINCIPIA ETHICA (PRINCIPES ÉTHIQUES), 1903. George Edward Moore
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Confucian philosophy, Chinese
occupies a pre-eminent place in the history of Chinese philosophy. The core of Confucian thought lies in the teachings of Confucius (551-479 BC) contained in the Analects ( Lunyu ), along with the brilliant and divergent contributions of Mencius (372?-289 BC) and Xunzi ( fl. 298-238 BC), as well as the Daxue (Great Learning) and the Zhongyong (Doctrine of the Mean), originally chapters in the Liji (Book of Rites). Significant and original developments, particularly along a quasi-metaphysica...
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Charity
agapē and eros . They are totally incompatible. He goes on to say that Christians have nothing of their own. The love they show to others is the love that God has infused into them (Romans 5: 5). The renowned Protestant scholar Karl Barth ( 1967 ) also saw the need to distinguish eros and agap ē . He went on to say, however, that the kind of relationship in which only God was at work and humans were mere channels of divine action could not be described as a covenant relationship, and yet,...
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What are reasons and why do they matter in ethics?
despite the valid classifications, any reason can play any role and thus, explanatory reasons could be used as justification just as normative reasons could be used as an explanation. (Alvarez 2009). Indeed we can look at the explanatory and normative not as two sorts of reasons, but rather as ?two questions that we use the single notion of a reason to answer? (Dancy 2000). Of course, dealing with ethics people should also analyze their actions, as well as the actions of others, taking into cons...
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Aquinas' Moral Philosophy
From remarks such as this Aquinas' followers developed the famous doctrine of double effect. If an act, not evil initself, has both good and bad effects, then it may be permissible if (1) the evil effect is not intended, and (2) thegood effect is not produced by means of the bad, and (3) on balance, the good done outweighs the harm. Thereare many everyday applications of the principle of double effect: e.g. there is nothing wrong with appointing thebest person to a job, though you know that by d...
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Euthanasia.
permission from the family. B In Other Countries In 1995 the Northern Territory of Australia became the first jurisdiction to explicitly legalize voluntary active euthanasia. However, the federal parliament of Australiaoverturned the law in 1997. In 2001 The Netherlands became the first country to legalize active euthanasia and assisted suicide, formalizing medical practices that thegovernment had tolerated for years. Under the Dutch law, euthanasia is justified (not legally punishable) if the...
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Plato
I
INTRODUCTION
Plato (428?
one of the individuals escapes from the cave into the light of day. With the aid of the sun, that person sees for the first time the real world and returns to the cave withthe message that the only things they have seen heretofore are shadows and appearances and that the real world awaits them if they are willing to struggle free oftheir bonds. The shadowy environment of the cave symbolizes for Plato the physical world of appearances. Escape into the sun-filled setting outside the cave symbolize...
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Plato.
one of the individuals escapes from the cave into the light of day. With the aid of the sun, that person sees for the first time the real world and returns to the cave withthe message that the only things they have seen heretofore are shadows and appearances and that the real world awaits them if they are willing to struggle free oftheir bonds. The shadowy environment of the cave symbolizes for Plato the physical world of appearances. Escape into the sun-filled setting outside the cave symbolize...
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Buddhism.
Although never actually denying the existence of the gods, Buddhism denies them any special role. Their lives in heaven are long and pleasurable, but they are in thesame predicament as other creatures, being subject eventually to death and further rebirth in lower states of existence. They are not creators of the universe or incontrol of human destiny, and Buddhism denies the value of prayer and sacrifice to them. Of the possible modes of rebirth, human existence is preferable, because thedeitie...
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Welfare.
industrializing societies. Governments typically financed social insurance programs with tax funds and direct levies on the wages of potential recipients. Social insurancereplaced part of incomes lost when workers became disabled, were laid off, or had reached an age that forced them out of the labor market. Later, governments of Germany, France, Belgium, Sweden, and other countries developed forms of social insurance that provided population-wide, or universal,coverage. Such forms included chil...
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Christianity.
history of architecture. See Basilica; Church; Early Christian Art and Architecture;Prayer. C Christian Life The instruction and exhortation of Christian preaching and teaching concern all the themes of doctrine and morals: the love of God and the love of neighbor, the twochief commandments in the ethical message of Jesus (see Matthew 22: 34-40). Application of these commandments to the concrete situations of human life, bothpersonal and social, does not produce a uniformity of moral or polit...
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Cohen, Hermann
foundation of being in thought: thought as the origin of being. Reflecting the constantly progressing sciences withtheir shifting paradigms, the system of categories and judgments represented in Cohen's logic is open-ended - quitea contrast to Kant's efforts to find fixed normative patterns in our thinking as earnest of its objectivity. There areother deviations: most strikingly, Kant's ‘thing-in-itself' (noumena) (see Kant, I. §3) is eliminated as a superfluousdogmatic prejudice. In another not...
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Sidgwick
went on amongst the clever young men in the society known as ‘the Apostles', which he joined in his second year. Sidgwick described his joining the Apostles as having ‘more effect on my intellectual life than any one thing thathappened to me afterwards'. He described the spirit of the group as that of ‘the pursuit of truth with absolute devotion and unreserve by a group of intimate friends' ([5.30], 134). THE RELIGIOUS BACKGROUND Victorian England has been faulted for many things, but mor...
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Baumgardt, David
In his unpublished History of Modern Ethics Baumgardt essayed a synoptic view of the ethical theories of the past two hundred and fifty years. He was especially drawn to the utilitarianism of Bentham , which he came to know well in England. His book Bentham and the Ethics of Today (1952) included hitherto unpublished writings of Bentham, and Bentham's utilitarianism provided the point of departure for his own ethical hedonism. Seeking to rehabilitate a philosophical tradition stigmati...
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Virtue and Happiness (the system of aristotle)
along the correct part of the road by mastering our initial swerves towards the kerb and towards the oncomingtraffic. Once we have learnt, by whatever means, the right amount of some kind of action – whether it is the rightlength of an after-dinner speech, or the right proportion of one's income to give to charity – then, Aristotle says,we have ‘the right prescription' (orthos logos) in our mind. Virtue is the state which enables us to act in accordancewith the right prescription.Virtue concerns...