9 résultats pour "logical"

• LOGICAL ANALYSIS - RUSSELL

• LOGICAL POSITIVISM

• theories of Common-sense reasoning

  formulas of some logical language, and that the reasoning tasks underlying this intelligence can then be accomplished by means of logical deduction. Both the idea of using logic as an underlying representation language for artificial intelligence and the emphasis on formalizing common-sense knowledge are present even in McCarthy's very early work (for example, McCarthy 1959 ), but the project receives its clearest articulation in a paper jointly authored by McCarthy and Patrick Hayes (1969 )...

• Conceptual analysis

  Kant's important idea that conceptual truths can be either analytic a priori or synthetic a priori is effectively erased by Gottlob Frege in his Foundations of Arithmetic (1884). Frege's overriding philosophical aim is to put mathematical proof on a firm footing by reducing the truths of arithmetic to analytic truths of logic. In view of this, the proper goal of an analysis is the production of non-circular, explanatory, yet meaning-preserving general definitions of fundamental concepts -...

• Causality and necessity in Islamic thought

  'necessary being' restricted to the One from which all the rest emanates while the remainder is characterized as 'possible in itself yet necessary by virtue of another' (Ibn Sina §5 ). In this way the order of the natural world is assured, since it derives from the one principle of being in a way that is modelled on logical derivation. In this way also, the necessity of causal interaction becomes virtually identical with that of logical entailment, thereby linking the entire universe in a...

• Classification - biology.

  species based on the fewest number of shared changes that have occurred from generation to generation. IV HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS Classification is one of the oldest sciences, but despite its age it is still a vigorous field full of new discoveries and methods. Much like other fields of science, greatthinkers have shaped the course of classification. One of the earliest classification schemes was established by Greek philosopher Aristotle, who lived in the 300s BC. Aristotle believe...

• Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Aesthetic attitude

  there are some features that everyone with normal eyes, ears and intelligence perceives - shape or loudness, forexample. But there are also features that are perceived only by people with a special sensitivity - balance or unity,for example. These latter people are the ones who have taste. If a vase is gracefully curved, either one sees thegracefulness or one does not. Sibley believes that this explains why aesthetic concepts are not condition-governed.That is, no list of non-aesthetic features...

• Carnap, Rudolf

  Wissenschaftslehre (Space: A Contribution to the Theory of Science) (1922), combined his undergraduate interests (as his career was to do). Anticipating his later principle of tolerance, this work argues that apparent disagreements among physicists, geometers and philosophers arise from the fact that they articulate wholly different concepts: physical, mathematical and visual space. The section on the last has a character reminiscent of Kant which he later repudiated, though some Kantian featu...

• Western Philosophy.

  the popular belief in personal deities, but he failed to explain the way in which the familiar objects of experience could develop out of elements that are totally differentfrom them. Anaxagoras therefore suggested that all things are composed of very small particles, or “seeds,” which exist in infinite variety. To explain the way in whichthese particles combine to form the objects that constitute the familiar world, Anaxagoras developed a theory of cosmic evolution. He maintained that the activ...