Devoir de Philosophie

french versification

Publié le 14/10/2014

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Section 7 French Versification Spondees, trochees, dactyls, iambs... unlike our colleagues in English, we in French do not have to bother with these terms inherited from Latin prosody. This has less to do with the vagaries of national literary traditions, than with the nature of the two languages themselves. English words have stressed and unstressed syllables which, when repeated through a line of verse or a poem, create the strong rhythms we call metre. So Shakespeare's dramatic verse, to take a particularly well-known example, is written in a metre called iambic pentameter, so called because each line is made up of five pairs of short and long beats called iambs ("To be, or not to be..." = ? ¯ ? ¯ ? ¯ ...). French rhythms are far less varied than English. Although normal spoken French does not, it is true, give every syllable precisely equal stress (most notably in the case of the so-called mute or atonic e, which is usually unstressed or elided altogether), in French verse every syllable is considered to have equal value. This means that in order to scan a line of French poetry all you basically need to know is how to count syllables. However, there are a few rules concerning how mute es scan that affect the syllable count of a line of French poetry. These are explained below under Counting the syllables in an alexandrine. The Alexandrine The alexandrine is the dominant verse form in French from the late sixteenth century onwards. An alexandrine always has twelve syllables and is most often rhymed aabb (rhyming couplets or rimes plates), abab (rimes croisées), or abba (rimes embrassées). Since the sixteenth century, the rules of French versification have required that masculine and feminine rhymes alternate. A rhyme is masculine in French when the rhyme sound is stressed and feminine when it incorporates a stressed and an unstressed syllable: in practice this means that rhyme sounds ending in a mute e or an ée are feminine and that all others are masculine. For examples of feminine rhymes see examples 2, 4, 5, 6, and lines 1 and 3 of 8 below. Note that there is no connection between masculine and feminine rhymes, on the one hand, and masculine and feminine nouns, on the other; feminine nouns can give masculine rhymes (for example vé...

« Cæsuras, hemistichs, and  coupes In French poetry the  cæsura  (fr.  césure ) is the fixed point in the middle of any line of   more than eight syllables, usually marked by a stress on the immediately preceding   syllable. In practice this looks most like a pause required by sense or syntax. When   French verse is scanned, the cæsura is conventionally marked by a double bar (//).  A  cæsura   divides   the   line   into   two   hemistichs   (fr.

  h émistiche ),   which   are   not   necessarily   of   equal   length   (in   a   decasyllabic   line,   for   example,   the   caesura   might   come   after   the   fourth,   or   the   sixth   syllable).

    In   classical   alexandrines   (that   is   alexandrines   that   follow   the   poetic   conventions   codified   in   the   sixteenth   century),   however, the cæsura always comes after the sixth syllable. This rule is self­consciously   pointed up by the following famous lines from Boileau’s  Art Po étique : 1 Que toujours dans vos vers, // le sens coupant les mots, Suspende l’h émistiche, // en marque le repos.  Note   that   the   accented   syllables   vers ,   mots ,   ­ stiche ,   ­pos ,   fall   at   the   end   of   each   hemistich, and a cæsura or line break immediately follows. A secondary cæsura, or  coupe  in French, will often divide hemistichs. These   are conventionally marked by a single bar (/). Unlike the primary cæsura, this division   is mobile, and often depends upon the interpretation of the reader. It is the play of   these cuts, or pauses in the line which essentially structures the rhythm of a line of   verse. Note that in later verse (after the mid­nineteenth century), the primary cæsura   tends to lose its centrality behind the stronger and more irregular rhythms of the   coupes . Take for example the following line of Val éry: 2 Qui pleure l à, / sinon (//) le vent simpl(e), /  à cette heure. Notice here that the cæsura is scarcely marked at all (although its virtual presence— i.e.

  its  presence   with   respect   to   the   classical   norm—is   signalled   parenthetically)   and   the line for all intents and purposes divides into a tripartite rhythm of 4+5+3 syllables. Counting the syllables in an alexandrine Some alexandrines seem to have more that twelve syllables, some to have fewer. To   understand how an alexandrine (or any line of French verse) scans you need to know   2. »

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