LANG, FRITZ

LANG, FRITZ (1890–1976), director; deemed the most ingenious filmmaker of the Weimar era. Born in Vienna, he studied architecture at the city's Technische Hochschule. But an interest in art led him to the Kunstakademie and then to Munich's Kunstgewerbeschule. He ended his studies in 1911 and traveled extensively before settling in Paris in 1913 and working as a painter, fashion designer, and cabaret performer. The war forced Lang's return to Austria.* After enlisting, he was wounded at the front and thereafter acted for the troops during his convalescence. He also began writing about motion pictures. An interest in scriptwriting and acting led him in 1918 to Berlin,* where he became an editor at Decla for Eric Pommer. He eventually took German citizenship and in 1922 married the writer Thea von Harbou, who assisted him with several films. Lang wrote and directed his first film,* Halbblut (Half caste) in 1919, completing production in five days. About a dozen films followed before the appearance in 1922 of Dr. Mabuse, der Spieler (Dr. Mabuse, the gambler), his first hit. His two-part Nibelungen appeared in 1924, and his well-known Metropolis was made with a seven-million-mark budget in 1927. Fusing Expressionist, psychological, and realistic elements, he was among UFA's* leading directors by the mid-1920s and a member of Berlin's cultural elite. Judging film an art form and an extension of the theater,* he resented the claim that movies were simply commercial entertainment. Much of his early work was marked by shadows, moving light, and a use of imposing architecture. M, which appeared in 1931, was his first sound film and his final German triumph. Matching the success of Metropolis, M confronts the melodrama of a psychopathic murderer of little girls unable to control his actions; based on a true story, it was Lang's favorite film. Das Testament des Dr. Mabuse (The last will of Dr. Mabuse), filmed in 1932, is an allegory on Nazi terrorism that the NSDAP banned. Goebbels invited Lang to head Germany's film industry in 1933 but Lang, who had visited Hollywood in 1924, forfeited status and wealth and, after working briefly in Paris and London, returned to California. He also left Thea von Harbou, a committed Nazi. The decision was difficult chiefly because he viewed America as a cultural wasteland—a country devoted to greed rather than artistic quality. Nevertheless, he was attracted by America's technical superiority. His first major American film, Fury, appeared in 1936. After signing a contract with Paramount in 1940, he created his own company, Diana Productions, in 1945.