San Antonio (city, Texas) - geography.

San Antonio (city, Texas) - geography. I INTRODUCTION San Antonio (city, Texas), city in south central Texas and the seat of Bexar County. A cultural and commercial center, San Antonio is famous for its Spanish heritage and its unique mix of Mexican, Anglo, and German cultures. The city is located in an area of rolling hills on the San Antonio River and San Pedro Creek, which issue from springs in the city. The streams bubble forth from the huge Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio's only source of water, which collects rainwater from the Texas Hill Country to the northwest and channels it underground through porous limestone. San Antonio has a tropical climate, with very hot summers and mild winters. Temperatures in July average a high of 35°C (95°F) and a low of 24°C (75°F); January averages a high of 16°C (61°F) and a low of 3°C (38°F). Precipitation is plentiful, with 790 mm (31 in) falling annually, much of it in summer. In 1691 Spanish explorers named the San Antonio River for Saint Anthony of Padua because they first encountered it on the saint's feast day. The city itself grew out of the Royal Presidio of San António de Béjar, a fortified settlement founded in 1718. It was built to protect the Mission San António de Valero established at the same time. The mission soon became nicknamed The Alamo, and because of the role it played in the Texas Revolution (1835-1836) it has become San Antonio's premier landmark and a shrine to Texas independence. II SAN ANTONIO AND METROPOLITAN AREA San Antonio is a picturesque city that is noted for its plazas, numerous parks, spacious residential districts, and many buildings of historic interest. The city itself covers a land area of 862.2 sq km (332.9 sq mi). It is the heart of a metropolitan area, composed of the counties of Bexar, Comal, Guadalupe, and Wilson, with a land area of 8,616.4 sq km (3,326.8 sq mi). Some 34 cities and towns are located in the metropolitan region, most of which are relatively small. Six small cities exist as enclaves within San Antonio itself: Leon Valley, Alamo Heights, Terrell Hills, Castle Hills, Balcones Heights, and Olmos Park. The narrow upper course of the San Antonio River, spanned by many bridges, winds through the city, making a horseshoe-shaped bend around the central business district. Along its banks in midtown is the Paseo del Rio, or River Walk, a popular walkway with shops and restaurants shaded by large cypress and palm trees. Scenic excursions aboard small riverboats through the district are among the city's premier activities for visitors. HemisFair Plaza, site of a world's fair in 1968 celebrating the city's 250th anniversary, adjoins the river. The site of downtown recreation and entertainment, the plaza contains a convention center and the Tower of the Americas, a spire 190 m (622 ft) high that affords panoramic views of the city. The river winds past La Villita, or The Little Village, a complex of restored buildings from the city's earliest residential settlement and now an arts and crafts community. To the west of downtown San Antonio is Market Square, patterned after markets in Mexico. Immediately south of downtown, along the river, is the King William District, an area settled in the 19th century by wealthy Germans and noted for its unique architecture. Spaced along the river south of downtown San Antonio are the four missions constructed by the Spanish that comprise the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park: Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Acuña, San José y San Miguel de Aguayo, San Juan Capistrano, and San Francisco de la Espada. Other important architectural sites in the city are the Spanish Governor's Palace (completed in 1749), once the seat of Spanish government in Texas; San Fernando Cathedral, originally constructed by workers from the Canary Islands after they arrived in 1731 and rebuilt in 1873 after a fire; the Quadrangle at Fort Sam Houston (1878); and the Bexar County Courthouse, constructed of pink granite and sandstone and completed in 1895. III POPULATION The population of San Antonio in 2000 was 1,144,646, up from 935,933 in 1990. In 2006, it was estimated at 1,296,682. The San Antonio metropolitan area had a population of 1,942,217 in 2006, up from 1,302,099 in 1990. According to the 2000 census, whites were 67.7 percent of the city's population, blacks 6.8 percent, Asians 1.6 percent, Native Americans 0.8 percent, and Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders 0.1 percent. People of mixed heritage or not reporting race were 23 percent of the population. San Antonio is distinctive for its large number of residents with Hispanic heritage, composing 58.7 percent of the population in the city. Hispanic is considered by the census to be a linguistic and cultural distinction rather than a racial category and Hispanics can therefore be of any race; in San Antonio most are white. The Anglo and more affluent minority populations have over the years moved to outlying areas north and east of the downtown, where rolling hills make attractive home sites and retirement developments. San Antonio's population growth can be partially explained by its desirability as a retirement community, with excellent medical facilities and attractive geographic surroundings. But more important, San Antonio serves as a cultural and economic magnet for immigrants from Mexico and the Río Grande Valley, which is predominantly Hispanic in ethnic origin and cultural sensitivities. Since the 1960s rapid population growth in the Río Grande Valley, brought about by increased immigration from Mexico to Texas, has in turn spurred increased settlement in the San Antonio region. Consequently, the city has developed an even stronger Hispanic presence. IV EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS Institutions of higher education in San Antonio include a campus (founded in 1969) of the University of Texas, the University of Texas Health Service Center at San Antonio (1959), St. Mary's University of San Antonio (1852), Our Lady of the Lake University of San Antonio (1895), University of the Incarnate Word (1881), and Trinity University (1869). A leading cultural attraction is the San Antonio Museum of Art. Housed in a renovated historic brewery from the late 19th century, the museum focuses particular attention on art of the Americas, from pre-Columbian to contemporary works. The Marion Koogler McNay Art Museum displays works by some of the finest painters of the postimpressionism style, while the Witte Museum features hands-on exhibits of Texas history, natural science, and anthropology. The Institute of Texan Cultures, part of the University of Texas at San Antonio, explores the contributions of 28 different ethnic groups toward the settlement of the state. The San Antonio Symphony plays in the restored Majestic Theater. V RECREATION Rides on a historic carousel, an aerial tram, a model train, and horses are all available at Brackenridge Park, San Antonio's leading recreational facility. Inside the park is the Japanese Tea Gardens, with winding walkways, stone bridges, and calm pools in what was once a rock quarry. The San Antonio Zoological Gardens and Aquarium, also in the park, is one of the nation's largest zoos, with more than 700 species on display. The San Antonio Biological Gardens and Conservatory is a 13-hectare (33acre) horticultural facility that specializes in Texas flora. The SBC Center is the home venue for the San Antonio Spurs of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the San Antonio Silver Stars of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). The dome also serves as the site for the Alamo Bowl, an annual post-season college football game. Large themed amusement parks in the San Antonio area are Fiesta Texas and Sea World of Texas. San Antonio's major annual event is the Fiesta, a ten-day celebration in late April with carnivals, ethnic feasts, art exhibits, and numerous parades. The Texas Folklife Festival is in August, and the annual San Antonio Livestock Show and Rodeo in February. During the Christmas season the city celebrates by illuminating trees and bridges with thousands of lights and participating in a floating parade in which Santa Claus arrives by river. VI ECONOMY San Antonio by 2000 had become the ninth largest city in the United States. Its economy historically was based on providing commercial, manufacturing, and financial services for an agricultural area extending to the south and west of the city. With plentiful attractions and pleasant weather when much of the nation is experiencing cold winter weather, San Antonio has also become a frequent convention host and tourist destination. Manufactures include refined petroleum, processed food, apparel, microprocessors and semiconductors, agricultural equipment, aerospace equipment, and eyewear. San Antonio has also relied economically on a strong military presence. Located near the city are Fort Sam Houston, the headquarters of the Fifth Army and home to the huge Brooke Army Medical Center; Randolph Air Force Base, headquarters of the Air Education and Training Command; Brooks Air Force Base, home to the School of Aerospace Medicine; and Lackland Air Force Base, a major training center for recruits. In 1995 a federal commission voted to close Kelly Air Force Base, home to the San Antonio Air Logistics Center and a major employer in the city. While national reductions in the size of the military during the 1990s damaged the city's economy, during the same period the tourist industry increased in importance. The health service sector also grew, as San Antonio emerged as the center for health care for the Río Grande Valley and northern Mexico. Biosciences-related research, as well as applied engineering and physical sciences research and development, is being carried out in San Antonio at the Southwest Research Institute and the Texas Research Park. A major spur to the economy has been the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which allows the area to draw upon its historic links to Mexico and to solidify its credibility as an international financial center. It was chosen, for example, as the site of the North American Development Bank. Two of the nation's principal interstate freeways cross in San Antonio. Interstate 10, the main route across the southern United States, connects the city with Houston to the east. Products from Mexico are frequently transported on Interstate 35, which also ties the city to the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan region to the north. Interstate 37 links the city with Corpus Christi on the Gulf of Mexico. San Antonio has good railroad connections to the nation as well as passenger train service. Air transportation is through San Antonio International Airport. VII GOVERNMENT San Antonio's government consists of a council composed of 11 members elected for two-year terms. Ten members are selected from districts; the 11th is chosen by voters citywide and acts as mayor. The council appoints a city manager, who administers the city under policies established by the council. VIII HISTORY The site of San Antonio was long inhabited by the Coahuiltec Native American people and would later be a transition zone for the Plains peoples, including the Apache and the Comanche. Permanent European settlement began in 1718. In that year, Spaniards established the mission of San António de Valero and the presidio (a fortified community) of San António de Béjar on opposite banks of the upper San Antonio River. The mission of San José y San Miguel de Aguayo, now often referred to as Mission San José, was established nearby in 1720. By 1731 three other missions were operating in the river valley south of Mission San José. In that same year a group from the Canary Islands arrived, persuaded by the Spanish to move to the frontier, and established a community named Villa de San Fernando. Later this community was consolidated with the presidio and with the small settlement that had developed around the earliest mission to form the community of San Antonio. During much of the 18th century, the San Antonio area was dominated by Mission San José, which flourished as one of the most prosperous and influential missions in Texas. Then, in 1793, nearly all the missions in Texas were secularized and most of the mission buildings in the San Antonio area were abandoned. However, the community of San Antonio remained the principal settlement in Texas during the years that Texas was under Spanish, and then Mexican, rule. San Antonio incorporated as a city in 1809. In 1813 during the Mexican War for Independence the city was briefly freed from Spanish rule, but was quickly reconquered by Royalist forces. It remained a center of Spanish Texas until Mexican independence in 1821, and then was the center for Mexican Texas. During the Texas Revolution, Texas troops captured the town in December 1835, but General Antonio López de Santa Anna recaptured the city with the fall of The Alamo on March 6, 1836 (see Texas: Texas Revolution). Reclaimed with the end of the revolution in April, San Antonio was chartered in 1837 as the seat of Bexar County. After Texas entered the Union in 1845, the city enjoyed rapid growth as the servicing and distribution center for the western movement of settlers. In 1860 its population was the largest in Texas, with German immigrants outnumbering both the Anglo and Hispanic populations. The city served as a Confederate depot during the American Civil War (1861-1865). But lacking a port or complex transportation network, the city's economic importance was limited until the coming of the Galveston, Harrisburg, and San Antonio Railroad in 1877. Thereafter it emerged quickly as the shipping and manufacturing center of southern and western Texas. Until 1910 most of the new immigrants to the area were Anglos from southern states, and the city grew to about 70,000 inhabitants. The pattern changed with the turmoil of the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920), which initiated an influx of new settlers from Mexico into the Río Grande Valley. The ambiance of the city began to change from one of a Spanish setting to one of Texas-Mexican culture. San Antonio prospered during the world wars of the first half of the 20th century through the concentration of major military bases in the area. The advent of the automobile allowed San Antonio citizens to migrate toward the north and away from the downtown. The migrations heightened tensions in the 1920s and 1930s between a growing Hispanic population, located mostly on the west side of the city, and the more affluent Anglo suburbs. The lack of high paying manufacturing jobs and the reliance on government and tourist industries kept San Antonio in the bottom tier income compared to other cities in the state, and the difference in Anglo and Hispanic incomes heightened the ethic tensions. One result was a reluctance on the part of Anglo leadership to undertake urban renewal and flood control projects for the downtown areas. Floods in 1921 killed an estimated 50 people, and lesser but important ones in the latter part of the decade also caused damage. In response, the federal government, as part of jobs-creating programs during the Great Depression of the 1930s, paid for the construction of the Paseo del Rio (which aided flood control), refurbished the missions, and started other urban renewal projects. Renewal projects were expanded in the 1960s, as Hispanics began the domination of San Antonio politics and as tourism became the most important segment of the area's economic well-being. Two important events in this ongoing process were the receiving of federal funds for HemisFair, a world's fair that highlighted San Antonio and its downtown area and culture, and the election in 1981 of Henry Cisneros, the first Hispanic mayor of a major American city. These events demonstrated the importance of cleaning up and rebuilding the downtown and signified the political accommodation of Anglo and Hispanic politicians. San Antonio still faces complicated economic problems. In 1995 a federal commission voted to close Kelly Air Force Base, site of the economically important Air Logistics Center, as part of a nationwide consolidation program. A more far-reaching problem is the fragility of the city's water supply. The Edwards Aquifer, the principal source of water for the metropolitan area, is being depleted through overuse and periodic spells in which rainfall is insufficient to recharge it. Meeting the various residential, industrial, and agricultural demands on the water source may do much to shape the future of San Antonio in terms of both population growth and manufacturing expansion in surrounding areas. Contributed By: Robert A. Calvert Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.