1375 résultats pour "had"

• Homer I INTRODUCTION Homer According to tradition, the Greek poet Homer is believed to be the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two great epics of ancient Greek literature.

  The Return of OdysseusAfter the Greek warrior Odysseus returns from the Trojan War to his home in Ithaca, he kills the uninvited and unwantedsuitors of his wife, Penelope, who believed him to be dead. Odysseus’s astonishing skill with the bow convinces Penelopethat he is indeed her long-absent husband. This anonymous engraving is of an unknown date.Corbis The Odyssey narrates the return of the Greek hero Odysseus from the Trojan War. The opening scenes depict the disorder that has arisen in Ody...

• From Paradise Lost, Book I - anthology.

  At once as far as angels ken he viewsThe dismal situation waste and wild,A dungeon horrible, on all sides roundAs one great furnace flamed, yet from those flamesNo light, but rather darkness visibleServed only to discover sights of woe,Regions of sorrow, doleful shades, where peaceAnd rest can never dwell, hope never comesThat comes to all; but torture without endStill urges, and a fiery deluge, fedWith ever-burning sulphur unconsumed:Such place Eternal Justice had preparedFor those rebellious,...

• Big Bang Theory - astronomy.

  hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen atoms can only absorb and emit specific colors, or wavelengths, of light. The formation of atoms allowed many other wavelengths of light,wavelengths that had been interfering with the free electrons prior to the cooling of the universe, to travel much farther than before. This change set free radiation thatwe can detect today. After billions of years of cooling, this cosmic background radiation is at about 3 K (-270°C/-454°F).The cosmic background radiation was first d...

• Modern Dance I INTRODUCTION Modern Dance, tradition of theatrical dance unique to the 20th century.

  Though both had their own interests and styles, their collaboration helped establish modern dance as a 20th-century artform. Shawn helped overcome prejudices against men in the new field of modern dance.E.O. Hoppé/Corbis Because a dance language involves elements such as posture, use of the body’s weight, and the character of movements (sinuous, angular, and so forth)—as well asspecific movements of the head, torso, hands, arms, legs, and feet—most creators of modern dance have considered it ess...

• Sierra Leone (country) - country.

  commodities such as palm oil, palm kernels, coffee, cacao, ginger, kola nuts, and piassava (palm fibers) are grown for export. Cattle, goats, and sheep are raised, andthe fishing industry is of increasing importance. B Mining Gem and industrial diamonds are the leading mineral products of Sierra Leone. In 2004, 309,390 carats of gem-quality diamonds were produced. Rutile, a titanium oreof which Sierra Leone has one of the world’s largest deposits, and bauxite are also mined in large quantities....

• Cameroon - country.

  seminomadic herders of the north. Cattle, goats, and fowl are the most commonly raised animals. B Forestry and Fishing Timber is traditionally one of Cameroon’s most valuable exports, consisting mainly of mahogany, ebony, and teak. The timber cut in 2006 amounted to 11.4 million cu m(401 million cu ft). Most of the fish caught in Cameroon come from the country’s rivers and lakes and are consumed locally. However, deep-sea fishing activity isincreasing, especially from the port of Douala. Some 1...

• Richard Wagner I INTRODUCTION Richard Wagner (1813-1883), German composer, conductor, and essayist, one of the most influential cultural figures of the 19th century.

  May 1864 he was summoned to Munich by the 18-year-old King Ludwig II of Bavaria, who settled Wagner's debts, paid him a generous allowance, and provided himwith housing. Wagner was soon joined in his new home by Cosima von Bülow, Liszt’s daughter and the wife of German conductor and pianist Hans von Bülow. Wagnerand Cosima began a relationship that produced three children before the dissolution of the Bülows' marriage in 1870. Mounting hostility toward Wagner by members ofLudwig’s court resulted...

• The Gambia - country.

  The population of The Gambia (2008 estimate) is 1,735,464, making it one of the least populous countries of Africa. Still, the country has a fairly high overall populationdensity of 174 persons per sq km (449 per sq mi), and the population is increasing at a rate of 2.7 percent a year. Banjul, formerly called Bathurst, is the capital andonly seaport. The largest city is Serrekunda, a transportation hub and commercial center. B Religion and Language The great majority of the people of The Gambia...

• Barbados - country.

  Barbados is served by a public library system centered in Bridgetown. B Culture The culture of Barbados combines English institutions, which evolved through more than three centuries of English rule, with a folk culture of African origin. Because ofits English traditions, Barbados is sometimes called “Little England.” Cricket has traditionally been the national game, and the island has produced some of the sport’sgreatest players. Water sports including surfing, swimming, snorkeling, and sailin...

• Native American Literature I INTRODUCTION Leslie Marmon Silko Native American writer Leslie Marmon Silko is perhaps best known for her first novel, Ceremony (1977), a coming-of-age story about a young man of mixed Native American and white ancestry.

  SequoyahNative Americans did not use a complex written language before the immigration of Europeans to the Americas. In theearly 1820s the Cherokee leader Sequoyah developed an alphabet and written language for his native tongue. ManyCherokee learned the new written language readily, and in 1828 they published the first Native American newspaper,written in both Cherokee and English.THE BETTMANN ARCHIVE Before Native Americans came into contact with Europeans, many tribes supplemented the spoken...

• Arabic Literature I INTRODUCTION Arabic Literature, literature written in the Arabic language, from the 6th century to the present.

  The life of the Prophet Muhammad also generated its own literary sources, primary among which is the hadith. The hadiths were a collection of the Prophet's sayings and actions, transmitted through a chain of authorities said to go back to Muhammad himself. The two most famous collections of hadiths are those of al-Bukhari andMuslim in the 9th century. These works provide a wealth of information covering all aspects of a Muslim's life, from prayer to personal, social, and business conduct. The...

• Primate - biology.

  The primate order includes a handful of species that live entirely on meat (carnivores) and also a few that are strict vegetarians (herbivores), but it is composed chieflyof animals that have varied diets (omnivores). The carnivorous primates are the four species of tarsiers, which live in Southeast Asia. Using their long back legs, thesepocket-sized nocturnal hunters leap on their prey, pinning it down with their hands and then killing it with their needle-sharp teeth. Tarsiers primarily eat in...

• International Law.

  merchants), modernized the rights of neutrals during maritime war, and required blockades to be effective. The Declaration of Paris also initiated the practice of allowingnations other than the original signatories to accede (become a party to) to an agreement. In 1864 a conference convened in Geneva, Switzerland, at the invitation of the Swiss government. The conference approved a convention for the proper treatment ofwounded soldiers on the battlefield and the protection of medical personnel;...

• Automobile Racing.

  beginning in 1906 at Le Mans it came to refer to the principal F1 auto race in a given nation, except in the United States, where the term continues to be used lessdiscriminately. After the end of World War I in 1918, when automobile racing blossomed internationally, a series of GP races in several nations became reserved for F1competition, and an annual GP calendar was developed consisting of national races, such as the French Grand Prix and the British Grand Prix. An annual award calledthe Wor...

• Heart.

  situation. A Cardiac Cycle Although the right and left halves of the heart are separate, they both contract in unison, producing a single heartbeat. The sequence of events from the beginning ofone heartbeat to the beginning of the next is called the cardiac cycle. The cardiac cycle has two phases: diastole, when the heart’s chambers are relaxed, and systole,when the chambers contract to move blood. During the systolic phase, the atria contract first, followed by contraction of the ventricles. T...

• Evoquer le passe / / Mots clés à connaître IN (en, dans) Ex. : ln the 196o's many countries had...

  Evoquer le passe / / Mots clés à connaître IN (en, dans) Ex. : ln the 196o's many countries had to face social unrest. (Dans les an­ nées 1960, de nombreux pays ont dû faire face à des troubles sociaux.) ON (le) Ex. : On Tuesday November 10th 1960, he was sent to prison. (Le mardi 10 no­ vembre 1960, il a été envoyé en prison.) AGO (ily a) Ex. : About 30 years aga, we were all young rebels, and look at us today! (Il y a environ 30 ans, nous étions tous de jeunes rebelles, et regarde-nous au...

• If you had the opportunity, would you go and spend a year in a foreign country? Discuss the pros and cons.

  Sujet 2: If you had the opportunity, would you go and spend a year in a foreign country? Discuss the pros and cons. In our society, we can have the opportunity to travel and go abroad in a foreign country. People usually say that it’s a good thing because it’s a way to acquire knowledge. All the same, some persons think that to take a gap year is like going on holiday. On the one hand, I would like to go and spend a year in a foreign country since that would allow me to meet people and to go...

• hts

  The room smelled of rotten vegetables . She yawned and rubbed her eyes sleepily . These marks will never rub off (= be cleaned off) . Alice rubbed the sums off (= cleaned them off) the blackboard for the teacher . a sarcastic comment / remark Are you being sarcastic? The protesters scattered at the sound of gunshots . The soldiers came in and scattered the crowd . the scent of roses If you scratch beneath the surface you'l...

• Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Jeremy Bentham

  attack on the notions of natural law and natural rights has been more influential than his advocacy of the principleof utility: it has had the effect of making consequentialism respectable in moral philosophy.Consequentialists, like Bentham, judge actions by their consequences, and there is no class of actions which is ruledout in advance. A believer in natural law, told that some Herod or Nero has killed five thousand citizens guilty of nocrime, can say straightway ‘that was a wicked act'. The...

• Doris Lessing, The Fifth Child, ''Ben and his gang'' p. 145 ''Some weeks after'' to p. 149 ''popular mood or movement''

  Doris Lessing, The Fifth Child, “Ben and his gang” p. 145 “Some weeks after” to p. 149 “popular mood or movement” Page 2 of 8 p. 38 Also, many economic crises with several recessions (1973 and the oil shock, 1981 and 1990) with the fear of inflation. iii) responsible because a) utter laziness: “one after another, three girls came to help; th ey had just left school and could not easily find work. They were not much good. […] They came or didn’t come as the mood took them, and wo...

• Charlottetown - geography.

  Charlottetown was incorporated in 1855, with a population of 6500. On July 16, 1866, the city experienced its worst of several fires. “The Great Fire” broke out in an oldbuilding near the waterfront. It was thought to be deliberately set, and before it was brought under control it had destroyed nearly four city blocks. One hundred buildingswere lost, and 30 families were left homeless. The fire prompted the city government to promote brick construction, and the many brick buildings of the downto...

• Shaka - history.

  eliminate internal opponents, and he crushed and dispersed several groups. In 1827 the death of his mother, Nandi, and his subsequent declaration of mandatory publicmourning again served as an excuse for Shaka to execute his rivals and critics. Such actions, however, simply encouraged others who felt threatened to conspire againsthim. Even his amabutho began turning against him because they were exhausted by the incessant campaigns and wanted an opportunity to enjoy the fruits of theirconquests....

• Anglais - Spies during the cold war

  about the creation of a nuclear bomb. Melita Norwood was a secret agent, she worked for the NKVD. She joined the British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association, which was a cover to an English group of scientists who worked on the creation of nuclear weapon. She supplied lots of significant material on the bomb atom project. She used to photograph the documents and then she gave them to the Soviet Union. As a result the Soviet Union exploded its first atom bomb in 1949, 3 years before Britain....

• Myths and heroes

  their money and bought shares at the stock exchange to back the project and the help from the foundater of The Bank of America, the construction finally began in 1933. From this moment, thousands of workers moved tons of dirt and rocks to make way for almost 200,000 cubic yards of concrete needed to build the basis. Then 900,000 tons of steel were used, a staggering 1.2 million rivets were hammered into each tower which in turn support the 2 main cables, cables that are 36 inches in diameter and...

• Les politiques de Louis XIV

  Persecution of the Huguenots  1661 – 1679 Huguenot’s made to feel unwelcome:  Restrictions were imposed on their marriages and funerals.  Schools and churches were closed.  Huguenots were bribed to abandon their faith, the revenues of vacant   bishoprics being devoted to this objective.  A special government department, the “casse des conversions”, handled   this business – its leader, Paul Pellison, claimed to have converted fifty   thousand at the rate of 10 livres a head.  In 1668 one o...

• Aksum.

  doctrine that Christ was both divine and human. The Council of Chalcedon condemned Monophysitism in 451, and since that time the Coptic Church has beenindependent of other Christian churches. After the Council of Chalcedon, priests who continued to teach Monophysitism were persecuted in the eastern Roman Empire, and many migrated to Aksum. The influxof priests, along with the support of the royal family, strengthened missionary efforts in Aksum. Many churches and monasteries were founded after 4...

• Aksum - history.

  IV RELIGION Little is known about Aksumite religion before the conversion of King Ezana to Christianity. The names of some of the gods who were worshipped have survived. The chiefgod was Astar, associated with the Greek god Zeus. Mahrem was a war god, like the Greek god Ares, and a patron of the royal family. It is not known how the gods wereworshipped, though the remains of a number of religious buildings still exist. The largest such structure still standing is in Yeha. In these buildings, ar...

• Edmonton - geography.

  States airlines. Edmonton has a light-rail transit (LRT) system, which was the first of its kind in Canada, as well as an international airport and three smaller, special-purpose airports. V GOVERNMENT Seventeen separate cities, towns, and counties make up Edmonton’s metropolitan area. Each has its own municipal government, with an elected mayor or reeve andcouncil. In the city of Edmonton, the largest municipality, elections are held every three years for a mayor and for 12 councillors who rep...

• Celtics Win in 1957.

  The game stayed close throughout the first overtime and a last-second basket pulled the Hawks back into another tie, forcing a second extra period. Late in thesecond overtime Boston's Jim Loscutoff hit two free throws for a 125-123 Celtics lead in the final seconds. Because several St. Louis players had fouled out inovertime, Alex Hannum, the player-coach for the Hawks, inserted himself into the game for the first time in the series. Hannum threw an inbounds pass off thebackboard that Pettit gat...

• Lamia

  reason would tell him that it is not safe enough to depend only on a career as a poet. He saw in himself the ability and didn't let count anything else what could speak against the life of poet. This alike attitude is seen in Lycius when he listens to Lamia not to invite Appolonius to the marriage, even though he had learned everything by Appolonius, had always listen to his advices and obeyed his words. It is as if Keats saw himself turning away from his reason, shutting it out from his dream-l...

• Edgar Allan Poe.

  dulled themHow, then, am I mad? Harken! and observe how healthily—how calmly I can tell you the whole story. Poe’s other masterpieces of horror include “The Pit and the Pendulum” (1842), a spine-tingling tale of cruelty and torture, and “The Cask of Amontillado” (1846), aneerie tale of revenge. Although Poe believed that the short story was the most suitable form for fiction, he wrote a short novel, The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym (1838), in the hope of making some money. Based on tales of...

• Arthropod - biology.

  through a series of distinct phases to become adults. Larvae may also inhabit different environments and eat different foods than their parents. The life spans ofarthropods range from a few weeks to several decades. V ARTHROPOD EVOLUTION The evolutionary origins of modern arthropods are unclear and complex. It is generally accepted that the phylum is polyphyletic—that is, derived from several separateancestral lines. The ancestors of arthropods were ancient aquatic segmented worms, similar to p...

• Lincoln: "A House Divided" At the 1858 state Republican convention in Springfield, Illinois, the Republican Party's United States Senate candidate for Illinois and future president Abraham Lincoln delivered his famous "House Divided" speech.

  First, That no negro slave, imported as such from Africa, and no descendant of such slave can ever be a citizen of any state in the sense of that term as used in theConstitution of the United States. This point is made in order to deprive the negro, in every possible event, of the benefit of that provision of the United StatesConstitution which declares that 'The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States.' Secondly, That, 'sub...

• Roma Roman A legendary figure who came to be worshiped as a goddess, Roma was the personification of the city of Rome.

  became Rome. The first hill people settled appears to have been the Capitoline Hill. Archaeologists have discovered some of the oldest temples to the supreme Roman god, Jupiter, on this hill. According to legend, it was on this hill that Romulus founded his city. The next hill that settlers developed was the nearby Palatine, 1,250 yards to the southeast of the Capitoline Hill. Legend says that Evander, a leader from the Arcadia region of ancient Greece, settled this hill even before Romulus was...

• Johnson Knocks Out Jeffries.

  Through the fight's first three rounds the boxers—picking, jabbing, and feigning—proceeded slowly. Even at this cautious pace Johnson scored several shatteringblows, smiling or laughing several times during the early rounds. By the fourth round Johnson was in control, and he continued to batter Jeffries for ten more rounds. In the 15th, Johnson knocked down Jeffries with a left. Theformer champion rose groggily to his feet only to be met by another left from Johnson to the jaw. This punch pr...

• Titian.

  Flaying of Marsyas (circa 1570-76, Kroměříž, Czech Republic) and the Nymph and Shepherd (circa 1574, Kunsthistorisches Museum). Here colors are more subdued, but the turbulence of the brushwork, hardly matched again until 20th-century painting, almost submerges the form entirely. These late mythological paintings, whichTitian called poesie (poems), stand among the most formidable statements ever made of the irresistible, elemental powers of nature. These works are paralleled by a sequence...

• Maya Civilization - history.

  III CLASSIC PERIOD Maya Ruins, El SalvadorThe Maya occupied a large part of Central America, and their civilization reached its height between ad 300 and 900. Many ruins ofthe ancient civilization have been excavated in El Salvador, including huge limestone pyramids.Susan McCartney/Photo Researchers, Inc. Classic Maya civilization became more complex in about AD 300 as the population increased and centers in the highlands and the lowlands engaged in both cooperation and competition with each o...

• Cotton - biology.

  VII COTTONSEED Once a waste-disposal problem for gins, cottonseed is now a valuable by-product. The seed goes to oil mills, where it is delinted of its linters in an operation similar toginning. The bare seed is then cracked and the kernel removed. The meal that remains after the oil has been extracted is high in protein. Linters are used for paddingin furniture and automobiles, for absorbent cotton swabs, and for manufacture of many cellulose products such as rayon, plastics, lacquers, and sm...

• From The Pilgrim's Progress - anthology.

  First, The pilgrims were clothed with such kind of raiment as was diverse from the raiment of any that traded in that fair. The people, therefore, of the fair, made agreat gazing upon them: some said they were fools, some they were bedlams, and some they are outlandish men. (I Corinthians ii.7, S.) Secondly, And as they wondered at their apparel, so they did likewise at their speech; for few could understand what they said; they naturally spoke the language ofCanaan, but they that kept the f...

• From A Vindication of the Rights of Woman - anthology.

  Ignorance is a frail base for virtue! Yet, that it is the condition for which woman was organized, has been insisted upon by the writers who have most vehementlyargued in favour of the superiority of man; a superiority not in degree, but essence; though, to soften the argument, they have laboured to prove, with chivalrousgenerosity, that the sexes ought not to be compared; man was made to reason, woman to feel: and that together, flesh and spirit, they make the most perfect whole, byblending hap...

• Gun Control.

  Bridgeport, Connecticut, alleged that gun manufacturers acted negligently (not carefully enough) when marketing and distributing their products. The cities contended that gun manufacturers oversupplied gun dealers in areas with weak gun restrictions, knowing that individuals from areas with tougher laws wouldpurchase the guns. Other cities, such as New Orleans, Louisiana, and Atlanta, Georgia, used a different approach in lawsuits against gun makers. These cities allegedthat gun makers failed to...

• New Orleans - geography.

  levees bordering Lake Pontchartrain. On the 17th Street Canal, a section about 90 m (about 300 ft) wide collapsed, allowing a torrent of water to enter the city. The rapidlyrising waters flooded more than 80 percent of New Orleans. The disaster prompted a mandatory evacuation of the entire city. A week after the storm, the U.S. Army Corpsof Engineers finished patching the 17th Street Canal levee and began pumping water out of the city. But by then the damage was catastrophic. The city’s low-lyin...

• Peter Paul Rubens I INTRODUCTION Thetis Dipping Achilles in the Styx The sea nymph Thetis is seen dipping her son Achilles in the River Styx to make him immortal.

  Rubens, Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of LermaIn 1603 Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens traveled to Spain as part of a diplomatic mission. While there, he received acommission for this portrait of the Duke of Lerma, the powerful prime minister of Spanish king Philip III. The painting nowhangs in the Prado Museum in Madrid, Spain.The Prado Museum, Madrid/Archivo Fotografico Oronoz Shortly thereafter, following the example of many northern European artists of the period, Rubens traveled to Italy...

• Church (building) I INTRODUCTION Church (building), a building designed for worship for groups of Christians.

  nearby was a basilica; the two are now combined in one building, known as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The original Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome, replaced bythe present church during the Renaissance, was a huge processional basilica with projecting wings—transepts—forming a Latin cross in plan. The domed, centralizedform persisted in the Byzantine and Slavic East, where medieval churches, small in scale, often took the form of five domes arranged on a Greek cross plan. IV MEDIEVAL EUROPE...

• Cobra (snake) - biology.

  Most cobras prey on small rodents or other small mammals. They also eat birds, snakes, lizards, frogs, toads, insects, and even eggs. Water cobras catch fish and kingcobras specialize in eating other snakes. Similar to other venomous snakes, cobras use venom to subdue their prey before swallowing it whole, generally head first. Thevenom may contain substances that also break down the prey for digestion. Despite their potent venom and dramatic threat displays, cobras are hunted and eaten by a num...

• Jacksonville (Florida) - geography.

  and southern sections and avoiding the downtown bottleneck where Interstate 95 crosses the Saint Johns River at the Fuller Warren Bridge. In addition to being a regional highway crossroads, the city is a railway hub, with Amtrak passenger service and several freight routes. The city’s expanding airport,located in northern Jacksonville, was the nation’s fastest growing in passenger volume in the mid-1990s. V GOVERNMENT Jacksonville has a mayor-council form of municipal government. The mayor and...

• Titian I INTRODUCTION Titian (1477?

  Pesaro (1519-26), Titian effected a crucial change in Renaissance sacre conversazioni (paintings of the Virgin enthroned among saints) by placing the Virgin, traditionally at the composition's center, halfway up its right side, and by painting behind her in diagonal recession two giant columns that soar out of the picture'sspace. This new scheme was widely adopted by later artists, such as Paolo Veronese and the Carracci family, and, with its evocation of movement and infinity, it openedthe w...

• Madrid - geography.

  Madrid’s Plaza MayorBuilt in the early 17th century, the Plaza Mayor was used for a variety of activities, including bullfights, executions during theInquisition, and festivals. Today it is one of Madrid’s main tourist attractions.Cesar Lucas/The Image Bank The traditional heart of Madrid is an area 3.9 sq km (1.5 sq mi). In 1656 King Philip IV had a city wall built around the area. Over the next 200 years the city grew throughconstruction of taller buildings and the use of open land within the...

• Frank Lloyd Wright.

  C Usonian Houses Wright achieved his goal of low-cost, democratic American architecture with his Usonian houses of the 1930s. Usonia was Wright’s term for the United States of North America, with an i added for a pleasing sound. The Usonian house had a simple design, usually with an L-shaped floor plan. This plan separated the noisier living space on one leg of the L from the quieter bedroom space on the other leg. The floor was made of concrete slabs, typically in a square grid of 4 by 4...

• Chinese Music I INTRODUCTION Classical Peking Opera Of the many major forms of regional theater in China, Peking opera is by far the most famous.

  World Music TourClick on the instruments to hear music from around the world.© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. However, the Confucian beliefs about music were constantly eroded throughout Chinese history by a long tradition of popular entertainment music, favored both at thecourt and by the common folk. Although excluded from official ritual performances for several thousand years, Chinese women musicians and entertainers had a centraland formative role in this entertainment music as...