36 résultats pour "aristotle"
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Aristotle.
succession of individuals. These processes are therefore intermediate between the changeless circles of the heavens and the simple linear movements of the terrestrialelements. The species form a scale from simple (worms and flies at the bottom) to complex (human beings at the top), but evolution is not possible. C Aristotelian Psychology For Aristotle, psychology was a study of the soul. Insisting that form (the essence, or unchanging characteristic element in an object) and matter (the commonu...
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Aristotle
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INTRODUCTION
Aristotle (384-322
BC),
Greek philosopher and scientist, who shares with Plato and Socrates the distinction of being the most famous of ancient philosophers.
succession of individuals. These processes are therefore intermediate between the changeless circles of the heavens and the simple linear movements of the terrestrialelements. The species form a scale from simple (worms and flies at the bottom) to complex (human beings at the top), but evolution is not possible. C Aristotelian Psychology For Aristotle, psychology was a study of the soul. Insisting that form (the essence, or unchanging characteristic element in an object) and matter (the commonu...
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Aristotle (384-322 BC)
to support any detailed intellectual biography of Aristotle. A few points, however, may suggest a partial chronology.(1) Some of Aristotle's frequent critical discussions of Plato and other Academics may have been written (in someversion) during Aristotle's years in the Academy. The Topics may reflect the character of dialectical debates in the Academy. (2) It is easier to understand the relation of the doctrine of substance in the Categories and Physics I-II to the doctrine and argument o...
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: METAPHYSICS (the system of aristotle)
study something as a being is to study something about which true predications can be made, precisely from thepoint of view of the possibility of making true predications of it. Aristotle's first philosopher is not making a study ofsome particular kind of being; he is studying everything, the whole of Being, precisely as such. Now an Aristotelian science is a science of causes, so that the science of Being qua being will be a science whichassigns the causes of there being any truths whatever abo...
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Virtue and Happiness (the system of aristotle)
along the correct part of the road by mastering our initial swerves towards the kerb and towards the oncomingtraffic. Once we have learnt, by whatever means, the right amount of some kind of action – whether it is the rightlength of an after-dinner speech, or the right proportion of one's income to give to charity – then, Aristotle says,we have ‘the right prescription' (orthos logos) in our mind. Virtue is the state which enables us to act in accordancewith the right prescription.Virtue concerns...
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Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics
2) Hume, enquiry concerning the principles of morals self love vs public affection The second appendix is intended to clarify the meaning of the term self-love. Does this term connote only those actions which are selfish in the narrower sense of the word, or is it possible that it includes actions which are usually called altruistic? The question arises from the fact that moral sentiments are said to have their origin in the feelings. Whose feelings are referred to in this connection? Is it...
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How to live a good life according to aristotle and kant
Similarities and differences between them Kant and Aristotle: Kant and Aristotle both agree that for someone to be virtuous they must have good external conditions and that the state/government can help them achieve that and what separates human beings from animals is our capacity to reason. The difference is the way they achieve virtue for Kant it is trough learning the categorical imperative and acting upon it and for Aristotle it is by learning the 2 kinds of knowledge scientific knowledge...
- Encyclopedia of Philosophy: POLITICS (the system of aristotle)
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- Encyclopedia of Philosophy: THE THEORY OF DRAMA (the system of aristotle)
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Aristotelianism, medieval
are introduced by the interaction of Aristotle with Jewish, Christian and Islamic religious thinking. The Christianambiguities are perhaps the most familiar. Almost all of the Christian Aristotelians in the Latin West were members ofthe clergy. Most spent their professional lives teaching and writing, not the liberal arts or philosophy, but Christiantheology. It remains controversial whether or to what extent we can find an autonomous or even a textuallydistinguishable Aristotelian p...
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Aquinas' Moral Philosophy
From remarks such as this Aquinas' followers developed the famous doctrine of double effect. If an act, not evil initself, has both good and bad effects, then it may be permissible if (1) the evil effect is not intended, and (2) thegood effect is not produced by means of the bad, and (3) on balance, the good done outweighs the harm. Thereare many everyday applications of the principle of double effect: e.g. there is nothing wrong with appointing thebest person to a job, though you know that by d...
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Thomas Aquinas
them being there).11 But God is also the final cause of creatures, that to which they aim, tend, or return (reditus),that which contains the perfection or goal of all created things.12 According to Aquinas, everything comes from Godand is geared to him. God accounts for there being anything apart from himself, and he is what is aimed at byanything moving towards its perfection. Aristotle says that everything aims for its good (Ethics I, i, 1094a3).Aquinas says that any created good derives...
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History of Chemistry - chemistry.
even better distillation apparatus than the Arabs had made and to condense the more volatile products of distillation. Among the important products obtained in thisway were alcohol and the mineral acids: nitric, aqua regia (a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric), sulfuric, and hydrochloric. Many new reactions could be carried outusing these powerful reagents. Word of the Chinese discovery of nitrates and the manufacture of gunpowder also came to the West through the Arabs. The Chinese atfirst use...
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Classification - biology.
species based on the fewest number of shared changes that have occurred from generation to generation. IV HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS Classification is one of the oldest sciences, but despite its age it is still a vigorous field full of new discoveries and methods. Much like other fields of science, greatthinkers have shaped the course of classification. One of the earliest classification schemes was established by Greek philosopher Aristotle, who lived in the 300s BC. Aristotle believe...
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Tragedy
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INTRODUCTION
Euripides
Unlike other 5th-century BC Greek playwrights, tragic poet Euripides addressed the plight of the common people, rather
than that of mythic heroes.
SenecaSeneca was a Roman philosopher, dramatist, and statesman. His tragedies later influenced Renaissance dramatists,including William Shakespeare. The bust of Seneca shown here is a Roman copy of a Greek original.Art Resource, NY Aeschylus is one of the best known of the ancient Greek tragic playwrights. The author of some 90 plays, he established many of the conventions of the tragic dramaticform, which he perfected throughout his career. Aeschylus's skillful use of poetic language and brilli...
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Theater
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INTRODUCTION
The Art of Theater
BBC Worldwide Americas, Inc.
Theater at EpidaurusAncient Greek dramas were performed in open-air theaters like this one in Epidaurus, Greece, which was designed byPolyclitus the Younger in 350 bc. A festival of ancient Greek drama is still held in the summer in this 14,000-seat theater.Roger Wood/Corbis Fundamental to the theater experience is the act of seeing and being seen; in fact, the word theater comes from the Greek word theatron , meaning 'seeing place.' Throughout the history of world cultures, actors have used...
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Galileo
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INTRODUCTION
Galileo (1564-1642), Italian physicist and astronomer who, with German astronomer Johannes Kepler, initiated the scientific revolution that flowered in the work of
English physicist Sir Isaac Newton.
V WORK IN ASTRONOMY During most of his time in Padua, Galileo showed little interest in astronomy, although in 1595 he declared in a letter that he preferred the Copernican theory that Earthrevolves around the Sun to the assumptions of Aristotle and Ptolemy that planets circle a fixed Earth ( see Astronomy: The Copernican Theory ; Ptolemaic System). A Observations with the Telescope In 1609 Galileo heard that a telescope had been invented in Holland. In August of that year he constructed a t...
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Galileo.
V WORK IN ASTRONOMY During most of his time in Padua, Galileo showed little interest in astronomy, although in 1595 he declared in a letter that he preferred the Copernican theory that Earthrevolves around the Sun to the assumptions of Aristotle and Ptolemy that planets circle a fixed Earth ( see Astronomy: The Copernican Theory ; Ptolemaic System). A Observations with the Telescope In 1609 Galileo heard that a telescope had been invented in Holland. In August of that year he constructed a t...
- Encyclopedia of Philosophy: MORAL PHILOSOPHY: WISDOM AND UNDERSTANDING (the system of aristotle)
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Albert the Great
Aristotle seems more Neoplatonic than Aristotelian, it is precisely because it is based as much on the philosophies ofArabic commentators on Aristotle (Alfarabi, Avicenna, the Liber de causis and Averroes) as it is on the philosophy of Aristotle himself. As the principal engineer of the introduction of philosophy to the Latins, Albert tried to portray ashomogeneous a philosophy that is not and cannot be homogeneous in the eyes of the philologist. It is, however,this Arabic-Latin version of Ari...
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Comedy
Socrates suffered in the comedy of Aristophanes. Throughout history, opposition to comedy and laughter has been strongest in societies which emphasize physical restraint, decorum and conformity. Many medieval monastic orders had statutes forbidding laughter. The Puritan and Victorian eras saw many condemnations of comedy and laughter. The more authoritarian the regime, the greater its suppression of comedy. Hitler even set up ‘joke courts' to punish those who made fun of his regime - one Berl...
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Western Philosophy.
the popular belief in personal deities, but he failed to explain the way in which the familiar objects of experience could develop out of elements that are totally differentfrom them. Anaxagoras therefore suggested that all things are composed of very small particles, or “seeds,” which exist in infinite variety. To explain the way in whichthese particles combine to form the objects that constitute the familiar world, Anaxagoras developed a theory of cosmic evolution. He maintained that the activ...
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Averroes
relatively shorter and somewhat more accessible and hence popular form, presumably for the edification of thecaliph and his educated retinue.Besides these commentaries, Averroes composed a number of smaller independent treatises, particularly on issuesrelating to epistemology and physics, both terrestrial and celestial. He also wrote two defences of philosophy,against the critical onslaught of al-Ghazz&l( and the theologians of Islam.In these apo!ogia, Averroes insists upon respecting...
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Ancient Greece.
The first culture of Aegean civilization on the Greek mainland is named Mycenaean for the palace at Mycenae on the Pelopónnisos. Scholars call the Mycenaeans the“earliest Greeks” because they are the first people known to have spoken Greek. Mycenaean culture developed later than Minoan. The ancestors of the Mycenaean people wandered onto the mainland from the north and the east from about 4000 to2000 BC, mixing with the people already there, and by about 1400 BC the Mycenaeans had become very...
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Ancient Greece .
The first culture of Aegean civilization on the Greek mainland is named Mycenaean for the palace at Mycenae on the Pelopónnisos. Scholars call the Mycenaeans the“earliest Greeks” because they are the first people known to have spoken Greek. Mycenaean culture developed later than Minoan. The ancestors of the Mycenaean people wandered onto the mainland from the north and the east from about 4000 to2000 BC, mixing with the people already there, and by about 1400 BC the Mycenaeans had become very...
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Ancient Greece - USA History.
The first culture of Aegean civilization on the Greek mainland is named Mycenaean for the palace at Mycenae on the Pelopónnisos. Scholars call the Mycenaeans the“earliest Greeks” because they are the first people known to have spoken Greek. Mycenaean culture developed later than Minoan. The ancestors of the Mycenaean people wandered onto the mainland from the north and the east from about 4000 to2000 BC, mixing with the people already there, and by about 1400 BC the Mycenaeans had become very...
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Anaxagoras
condition. These he may have conceived as small particles - that would make sense of the explanation in fragment1 that nothing was manifest 'on account of smallness'. So interpreted, Anaxagoras is making the general assumptionthat instances of whatever clearly differentiated species of living things now exist must also have existed at least inseminal form before cosmogony. The thesis in fragment 1 - that there is no lower limit on how small something couldbe in the original condition - has as it...
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Aquinas, Thomas
part in an academic disputation. Having failed in his efforts to shake his best student's arguments on this occasion, Albert declared, 'We call him the dumb ox, but in his teaching he will one day produce such a bellowing that it will be heard throughout the world' . In 1252 Aquinas returned to Paris for the course of study leading to the degree of master in theology, roughly the equivalent of a twentieth-century PhD. During the first academic year he studied and lectured on the Bible; the...
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: al-Farabi, Abu Nasr
fully justifies Fakhry's characterization of al-Farabi, cited earlier, as 'the founder of Arab Neo-Platonism'. 3 Epistemology Farabian epistemology has both a Neoplatonic and an Aristotelian dimension. Much of the former has already been surveyed in our examination of al-Farabi's metaphysics, and thus our attention turns now to theAristotelian dimension. Our three primary Arabic sources for this are al-Farabi's Kitab ihsa' al-'ulum , Risala fi'l-'aql and Kitab al-huruf . It is...
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Byzantine philosophy
important and most prolific of the Byzantine polymaths, Ioannes Italos, Theodoros of Smyrna, Eustratios of Nicaea and Michael of Ephesos. The last two are better known as commentators on Aristotle. The general outlook of the pre-eminent philosophers of this period, and the particular tendencies in their work, display the basic characteristics of Byzantine philosophy but with some distinctive features, such as an even stronger leaning towards the classical models of Greek philosophy and attempts...
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Bonaventure
an advanced theology student, he lectured on the Bible (1248-50) and the Sentences of Peter Lombard (1250-2). From 1253 to 1257, when he resigned his position to serve as minister general of the Franciscan Order, Bonaventure was regent master of the Franciscan school at Paris. Works composed during this period include the disputed questions De scientia Christi (Concerning Christ's Knowledge) and De mysterio Trinitatis (On the Mystery of the Trinity) . The Breviloquium , a highly cond...
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Alexander of Aphrodisias
possessing life, or, more shortly, of an organic body, and regards the soul of a living creature as its form. But it iscontroversial how this is to be understood. Some have interpreted Aristotle's notion of soul as a functionalist one;but this view has been criticized on the grounds that it does not do justice to the close connection in Aristotlebetween the performance of a given function and the particular arrangement needed for it. This close connectionbetween form and matter in Aristotle's th...
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Casuistry
handbooks of the Middle Ages and reached its fullest expression in Roman Catholic textbooks of moral theology of the Counter-Reformation. The method was also embraced by a number of Anglican divines and members of the Reformed tradition. The impetus behind the case-method lay in the desire among theologians and philosophers to discover the moral norms embodied in divine law in the circumstances of human life, rather than finding them in antecedent absolute norms which one could then apply to a s...
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Republic (government).
South African Republic (1852) and the Orange Free State (1854), were finally annexed by Britain after the Boer War (1899-1902). Both in the United States and otherrepublics, however, the passage of the century was generally marked by democratization of the electoral process through the enlargement of the electorate. Two waves of new-state formations occurred in the 20th century—the first one after World War I, the second after World War II. Most of the newly independent statesestablished themsel...
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Heredity - biology.
allele from the mother and a mutated allele from the father. In both of these cases, the child will be a carrier. The child develops the disease only if he or she receives amutated allele from each parent. When both parents are carriers, there is a 25 percent chance that a child will be disease-free, a 25 percent chance that it will have thedisease, and a 50 percent chance that it will be a carrier. Examples of genetic diseases that follow the dominant-recessive pattern include sickle-cell anemi...
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Italian Literature
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INTRODUCTION
Italian Literature, literature written in the Italian language from about the 13th century to the present.
Dante’s Inferno and PurgatoryThis illustration comes from a late Gothic edition of The Divine Comedy by the great Italian poet Dante Alighieri. Lucifer,the devil, is at the center of Earth, and the mouth of hell, the inferno, opens below him. At the opposite pole is a mountainleading to purgatory. The manuscript is in the National Library in Florence, Italy.Scala/Art Resource, NY Dante is one of the great figures of world literature. He is remarkable for the loftiness of his thought, the vividne...