173 résultats pour "germany"
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Winston Churchill.
sufficient tools to break the stalemate on the western front and he worked on developing armored fighting vehicles (tanks) to break the deadlock and end theslaughter. As the lines hardened on the western front, Churchill focused on a campaign to force open the Dardanelles Strait, controlled by the Ottoman Empire, to give the Allies adirect route to Russia through the Black Sea. Such a move would bring much-needed supplies to the Russian armies and eliminate the Ottomans from the war. Whenthe nav...
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Winston Churchill .
sufficient tools to break the stalemate on the western front and he worked on developing armored fighting vehicles (tanks) to break the deadlock and end theslaughter. As the lines hardened on the western front, Churchill focused on a campaign to force open the Dardanelles Strait, controlled by the Ottoman Empire, to give the Allies adirect route to Russia through the Black Sea. Such a move would bring much-needed supplies to the Russian armies and eliminate the Ottomans from the war. Whenthe nav...
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Napoleonic Wars .
Before the effect of British sea power could be manifest, however, Napoleon increased his power over the Continent. In 1806 Prussia, aroused by Napoleon's growingstrength in Germany, joined in a Fourth Coalition with Britain, Russia, and Sweden. Napoleon badly defeated the Prussians in the Battle of Jena on October 14, 1806,and captured Berlin. He then defeated the Russians in the Battle of Friedland and forced Alexander I to make peace. By the principal terms of the Treaty of Tilsit, Russiagave...
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United Nations.
and programs to carry out its recommendations. It elects members to serve on certain agencies and programs, and it coordinates those programs through variouscommittees. B Security Council The Security Council is the most powerful body in the UN. It is responsible for maintaining international peace, and for restoring peace when conflicts arise. Its decisionsare binding on all UN members and have the force of international law. The Security Council has the power to define what is a threat to sec...
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Military Religious Orders .
Hospitalers’ charitable functions were playing a secondary role to their military duties. Successes in war defending the Holy Land enriched the order with vast gifts ofproperty in Europe and Palestine. In the 12th century the Hospitalers acquired three impressive fortresses in Palestine at Krak des Chevaliers, Belvoir, and Margat. Atthe height of their power in the 13th century, the Hospitalers regularly supplied 500 knights to defend the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem against the Empire. The Crusad...
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Capital Punishment.
deterrent effect. Capital punishment advocates note that because the death penalty is reserved for the most aggravated murders, the deterrent effect of capitalpunishment on such crimes may not be apparent in data on homicide rates in general. Supporters also urge that the conflicting results of various studies indicate thatthe deterrent effect of the death penalty cannot not be proven or disproven with any certainty. They maintain that in the absence of conclusive proof that the threat ofexecuti...
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Figure Skating World Champions.
1979 Vladimir Kovalev (USSR) 1980 Jan Hoffmann (East Germany) 1981 Scott Hamilton (United States) 1982 Scott Hamilton (United States) 1983 Scott Hamilton (United States) 1984 Scott Hamilton (United States) 1985 Alexandr Fadeev (USSR) 1986 Brian Boitano (United States) 1987 Brian Orser (Canada) 1988 Brian Boitano (United States) 1989 Kurt Browning (Canada) 1990 Kurt Browning (Canada) 1991 Kurt Browning (Canada) 1992 Viktor Petrenko (CIS) 1993 Kurt Browning (Canada) 1994 Elvis Stojko (Canada) 1995...
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Figure Skating World Champions
Men's Individual Champions.
1979 Vladimir Kovalev (USSR) 1980 Jan Hoffmann (East Germany) 1981 Scott Hamilton (United States) 1982 Scott Hamilton (United States) 1983 Scott Hamilton (United States) 1984 Scott Hamilton (United States) 1985 Alexandr Fadeev (USSR) 1986 Brian Boitano (United States) 1987 Brian Orser (Canada) 1988 Brian Boitano (United States) 1989 Kurt Browning (Canada) 1990 Kurt Browning (Canada) 1991 Kurt Browning (Canada) 1992 Viktor Petrenko (CIS) 1993 Kurt Browning (Canada) 1994 Elvis Stojko (Canada) 1995...
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Berlin - geography.
new offices of the federal government. Near Tiergarten is the Kulturforum complex, including the Museum of Applied Arts, and the Bauhaus Archives and Museum, whichdocuments the modernist Bauhaus school of architecture and design that flourished from 1919 to 1933. A museum complex lines the south edge of Tiergarten. West of the city center, in the contemporary borough of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, is the Kurfürstendamm, a boulevard that became the commercial center of West Berlinafter the end of...
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German Literature
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INTRODUCTION
German Literature, literature written in the German language from the 8th century to the present, and including the works of German, Austrian, and Swiss authors.
Till EulenspiegelThe medieval peasant Till Eulenspiegel appears in many German folktales as a trickster who outwits people in positions ofauthority. In this image his first name is spelled Tyll.Keystone Pressedienst GmbH The rise of the middle class in the 14th and 15th centuries and the struggles of the peasants against the nobility culminated in the great 16th-century religiousrevolution known as the Reformation. This movement was reflected in literature, especially by Martin Luther, whose tra...
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Summer Olympics Medal Standings.
Great Britain GBR 56 51 38 145 United States of America USA 23 12 12 47 Sweden SWE 8 6 11 25 France FRA 5 5 9 19 Germany GER 3 5 6 14 Hungary HUN 3 4 2 9 Canada CAN 3 3 10 16 Norway NOR 2 3 3 8 Italy ITA 2 2 0 4 Belgium BEL 1 5 2 8 Australasia ANZ 1 2 2 5 Russia RU1 1 2 0 3 Finland FIN 1 1 3 5 South Africa RSA 1 1 0 2 Greece GRE 0 3 0 3 Denmark DEN 0 2 3 5 Bohemia BOH 0 0 2 2 Netherlands NED 0 0 2 2 Austria AUT 0 0 1 1 Source: International Olympic Committee (IOC).. Stockholm, 1912Part...
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Summer Olympics Medal Standings.
Great Britain GBR 56 51 38 145 United States of America USA 23 12 12 47 Sweden SWE 8 6 11 25 France FRA 5 5 9 19 Germany GER 3 5 6 14 Hungary HUN 3 4 2 9 Canada CAN 3 3 10 16 Norway NOR 2 3 3 8 Italy ITA 2 2 0 4 Belgium BEL 1 5 2 8 Australasia ANZ 1 2 2 5 Russia RU1 1 2 0 3 Finland FIN 1 1 3 5 South Africa RSA 1 1 0 2 Greece GRE 0 3 0 3 Denmark DEN 0 2 3 5 Bohemia BOH 0 0 2 2 Netherlands NED 0 0 2 2 Austria AUT 0 0 1 1 Source: International Olympic Committee (IOC).. Stockholm, 1912.Par...
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Illustration
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INTRODUCTION
Illustration, pictorial material appearing with a text and amplifying or enhancing it.
Hypnerotomachia PoliphiliThe Hypnerotomachia Poliphili (The Strife of Love in a Dream), a work attributed to Dominican monk Francesco deColonna, was first published in Venice, Italy, in 1499 by Aldus Manutius. Its text and its beautiful woodcut illustrationsinfluenced Renaissance art and architecture. This illustration shows the book’s protagonist, Poliphilus, asleep under a tree.The Pierpont Morgan Library/Art Resource, NY The first illustrated book with a text printed from movable type was pro...
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Austria - country.
Wildlife is generally scarce in Austria. Chamois, deer, and marmot are still present; bear, which were once abundant, are now almost completely absent. Hunting isstrictly regulated to protect the remaining species. F Environmental Issues Industrial emissions, a high volume of tourist traffic, and significant air pollution from other countries—principally the former East Germany, Slovakia, and the CzechRepublic—combine to make acid rain the major environmental problem in Austria. One-quarter of...
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D-Day Invasion.
The Allied planners focused on the beaches around Caen and the Cotentin Peninsula in northern France rather than those of Calais, even though it meant the forcewould be crossing at a wider part of the English Channel. That disadvantage was far outweighed by what the site offered: comparatively scanty defensive fortificationsand beachhead ideally suited for successful exits. The clincher was an isolated battlefield that the Germans would have difficulty reinforcing. The date was set for May 1, 19...
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European Union .
safeguard the interests of the member states, a common assembly with advisory authority only, and a court of justice to settle disputes. D European Economic Community (EEC) In 1957 the participants in the ECSC signed two more treaties, known as the Treaties of Rome. These treaties created the European Atomic Energy Community(Euratom) for the development of peaceful uses of atomic energy and, most important, the European Economic Community (EEC, often referred to as the CommonMarket). The EEC tr...
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France - country.
In both the Paris and Aquitaine basins, fertile soils derived from limestone and wind-deposited dust, called loess, have supported prosperous agriculture since ancienttimes. Other lowlands in France are scattered and relatively small. They include the Alsace Plain in the east, bordering Germany, the valley of the Rhône River in thesoutheast, and the Languedoc Plain along the Mediterranean coast. A2 Uplands France contains several regions of uplands, the worn down remains of ancient mountain sys...
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Manhattan Project - U.
other possible uses of nuclear energy, such as using uranium to operate large power plants or, perhaps, as power sources for ships or submarines. Then Nazi Germanyinvaded Poland on September 1, 1939, and Europe plunged into war. The scientists realized that any plans to build large-scale nuclear power plants would have to waituntil the war was over. Two weeks after the invasion of Poland, Hitler made a radio speech in which he threatened Britain with “a weapon against which there is no defense.”...
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Charlemagne
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INTRODUCTION
Charlemagne (742?
border province). These officials were key to administering the empire. They were kings in miniature, with all of the administrative, judicial, and military authority of theemperor within their respective districts. Each political district had its parallel in a church district, or diocese, headed by a bishop, with similar authority in all mattersrelated to the church. Both counts and bishops were vassals of the emperor, and were overseen by representatives of Charlemagne known as missi dominici...
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Charlemagne.
border province). These officials were key to administering the empire. They were kings in miniature, with all of the administrative, judicial, and military authority of theemperor within their respective districts. Each political district had its parallel in a church district, or diocese, headed by a bishop, with similar authority in all mattersrelated to the church. Both counts and bishops were vassals of the emperor, and were overseen by representatives of Charlemagne known as missi dominici...
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Charlemagne .
border province). These officials were key to administering the empire. They were kings in miniature, with all of the administrative, judicial, and military authority of theemperor within their respective districts. Each political district had its parallel in a church district, or diocese, headed by a bishop, with similar authority in all mattersrelated to the church. Both counts and bishops were vassals of the emperor, and were overseen by representatives of Charlemagne known as missi dominici...
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Soccer's Big Show Comes to the United States.
There were many doubters, both overseas and within the United States. Some U.S. sportswriters derided the idea of holding the World Cup in the United States asakin to staging the World Series in India—how could there be any local interest? Foreign critics felt that money was the sole reason for FIFA's decision and that thesport was about to be cheapened to make it acceptable to Americans. The rumors flew: FIFA was going to enlarge the goals, it would allow timeouts (unheard of inthe sport) to ac...
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Great Depression in the United States - U.
prices would continue to rise and they could soon sell their stocks at a profit. The widespread belief that anyone could get rich led many less affluent Americans into the market as well. Investors bought millions of shares of stock “on margin,” arisky practice similar to buying products on credit. They paid only a small part of the price and borrowed the rest, gambling that they could sell the stock at a highenough price to repay the loan and make a profit. For a time this was true: In 1928 the...
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Christmas.
The new custom of Christmas gift giving allowed the marketplace to exert an unprecedented influence on holiday celebrations. Commercial innovations such asdepartment stores and mass advertising further expanded the custom of exchanging Christmas gifts. Seasonal retail sales helped fuel the economy, causing merchantsand advertisers to become some of the season’s most ardent promoters. Many holiday celebrants regretted these changes, however, and began voicing the nowcommon lament that Christmas h...
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World Track and Field Records.
Women's Records: Hurdles.Event Record Holder Country Date 100 m 12.21 sec Yordanka Donkova Bulgaria Aug. 20, 1988 400 m 52.34 sec Yuliya Pechonkina Russia Aug. 8, 2003 . Women's Records: Relay Races.Event Record Holder Country Date 400 m(4 x 100) 41.37 sec National team (Gladisch,Rieger, Auerswald, Göhr) East Germany Oct. 6, 1985 800 m(4 x 200) 1 min, 27.46 sec National team 'Blue' (Jenkins,Colander-Richardson, Perry,Jones) United States April 29, 2000 1,600 m(4 x 400) 3 min, 15.17 sec Nation...
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World Track and Field Records.
Women's Records: HurdlesEvent Record Holder Country Date 100 m 12.21 sec Yordanka Donkova Bulgaria Aug. 20, 1988 400 m 52.34 sec Yuliya Pechonkina Russia Aug. 8, 2003 . Women's Records: Relay RacesEvent Record Holder Country Date 400 m(4 x 100) 41.37 sec National team (Gladisch,Rieger, Auerswald, Göhr) East Germany Oct. 6, 1985 800 m(4 x 200) 1 min, 27.46 sec National team 'Blue' (Jenkins,Colander-Richardson, Perry,Jones) United States April 29, 2000 1,600 m(4 x 400) 3 min, 15.17 sec National...
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Slovenia - country.
Democratic Party of Slovenia, the Christian Democratic Party, United List, the Slovenian National Party, the Democratic Party of Slovenia, and Greens of Slovenia. Slovenia has eight trial courts, four appellate courts, and a Supreme Court. The Assembly appoints all judges, including the justices of the Supreme Court. Slovenia hasan extensive network of social service programs sponsored by the government, including low-cost medical coverage and retirement pensions. Slovenia had an army of 6,550 a...
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Toys.
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INTRODUCTION
Toys, objects that serve as playthings for children. Although the
clay. These readily available elements were also used to make more elaborate toys as human society advanced. Archaeologists have found primitive, handmade toys such as wooden or cloth dolls, clay marbles, and terracotta figures that date back thousands of years. In ancientEgypt, Greece, and Rome, people placed dolls or clay figures in the graves or tombs of children for them to play with in the afterlife. The yo-yo may seem like a 20th-century fad, but it actually dates back at least 2,500 years...
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"Aux vainqueurs la spoliation" - Critique (Anglais)
Decided by the Allied troops (so de facto by the World War I victors) without consulting Germany, it has heavy consequences on the shaping of a new post-war Europe. Indeed, its article 231 4 held Germany accountable for the war and the country was consequently forced to pay for the reparations caused by the conflict. On top of that, Germany saw its influence limited while its territory was partitioned: in 1914, Germany had...
- Volleyball World Champions Year Country Men 1949 USSR 1952 USSR 1956 Czechoslovakia 1960 USSR 1962 USSR 1966 Czechoslovakia 1970 East Germany 1974 Poland 1978 USSR 1982 USSR 1986 United States 1990 Italy 1994 Italy 1998 Italy 2002 Brazil 2006 Brazil Women 1952 USSR 1956 USSR 1960 USSR 1962 Japan 1966 Japan 1970 USSR 1974 Japan 1978 Cuba 1982 China 1986 China 1990 USSR 1994 Cuba 1998 Cuba 2002 Italy 2006 Russia Source: Fédé
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USA in WWI
II) The United States’ entrance in WWI as decisive fact of the Allies’ victory A] The US in war: role of the US power Woodrow Wilson was re-elected president in 1917 by promising peace, but he supported the need for American military engagement in Europe. The United States had already invested materially and financially with the Triple Entente, and its defeat would have cost them dearly. The president was also very attached to democracy, and that is why he opposes the Central powers alongside th...
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Rhine - geography.
and Black Sea. The Rhine drains an area noted for its mineral, industrial, and agricultural wealth, and has been open to international navigation since 1868 by terms of theMannheim Convention. Modern technology now allows 24-hour navigation on the Rhine and the transport of heavier loads, including coal, iron ore, grain, potash,petroleum, iron and steel, timber, and other commodities. Rhine at Arnhem, NetherlandsSince Roman times the Rhine River has been an important shipping route, and its natu...
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Louis Battles Schmeling.
overpowered, Schmeling managed only to land three lackluster blows. “It was no fight,” wrote a New York Daily News reporter. “It was a slaughter, so one-sided and ending so abruptly, expert and customer alike felt cheated of thrills.” To the endless delight of most Americans, this time it was Schmeling who could not leave the ring under his own power. Louis's savage body blows literally brokeSchmeling's back in two places. Schmeling's performance was so disastrous that his handlers disable...
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Men's Track and Field Individual: Olympic Gold Medalists.
1896 Thomas Burke United States 54.20 1900 Maxwell Long United States 49.40 1904 Harry Hillman United States 49.20 1906 Paul Pilgrim United States 53.20 1908 Wyndham Halswelle United Kingdom 50.00 1912 Charles Reidpath United States 48.20 1920 Bevil Rudd South Africa 49.60 1924 Eric Liddell United Kingdom 47.60 1928 Ray Barbuti United States 47.80 1932 William Carr United States 46.20 1936 Archie Williams United States 46.50 1948 Arthur Wint Jamaica 46.20 1952 V. George Rhoden Jamaica 45.90 1956...
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Men's Track and Field Individual: Olympic Gold Medalists.
1896 Thomas Burke United States 54.20 1900 Maxwell Long United States 49.40 1904 Harry Hillman United States 49.20 1906 Paul Pilgrim United States 53.20 1908 Wyndham Halswelle United Kingdom 50.00 1912 Charles Reidpath United States 48.20 1920 Bevil Rudd South Africa 49.60 1924 Eric Liddell United Kingdom 47.60 1928 Ray Barbuti United States 47.80 1932 William Carr United States 46.20 1936 Archie Williams United States 46.50 1948 Arthur Wint Jamaica 46.20 1952 V. George Rhoden Jamaica 45.90 1956...
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Europe - geography.
movement of a segment of the Earth’s crust against the stable shield during the Caledonian orogeny (about 500 to 395 million years ago) raised the mountains of Ireland,Wales, Scotland, and western Norway. Subsequent erosion has rounded and worn down these mountains in the British Isles, but the peaks of Norway still reach 2,472 m(8,110 ft). The second major geological region, a belt of sedimentary materials, sweeps in an arc from southwestern France northward and eastward through the Low Countri...
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Joseph Stalin
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INTRODUCTION
Joseph Stalin (1879-1953), general secretary of the Communist Party
V FOREIGN POLICIES Although Stalin’s policy in the mid-1930s was to support the Communist International (Comintern) in forming a popular front against the rise of fascism in Europe, hegave up the idea of collective security with the West and in August 1939 decided upon an alliance with Nazi Germany. The “Secret Protocols” of the German-SovietNonaggression Pact carved up Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence; the Soviets allowed Germany to invade Poland in exchange for Hitle...
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Joseph Stalin.
V FOREIGN POLICIES Although Stalin’s policy in the mid-1930s was to support the Communist International (Comintern) in forming a popular front against the rise of fascism in Europe, hegave up the idea of collective security with the West and in August 1939 decided upon an alliance with Nazi Germany. The “Secret Protocols” of the German-SovietNonaggression Pact carved up Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence; the Soviets allowed Germany to invade Poland in exchange for Hitle...
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Joseph Stalin .
V FOREIGN POLICIES Although Stalin’s policy in the mid-1930s was to support the Communist International (Comintern) in forming a popular front against the rise of fascism in Europe, hegave up the idea of collective security with the West and in August 1939 decided upon an alliance with Nazi Germany. The “Secret Protocols” of the German-SovietNonaggression Pact carved up Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence; the Soviets allowed Germany to invade Poland in exchange for Hitle...
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Olympic Games.
the next decade nearly all the ISFs abolished the distinction between amateurs and professionals, accepting so-called open Games. One of the most visible examples of the policy change came in 1992, when professional players from the National Basketball Association (NBA) were permitted to play inthe Summer Games in Barcelona, Spain. Professionals from the National Hockey League (NHL) became eligible to participate beginning with the 1998 Winter Olympics inNagano, Japan. V CEREMONIES The Olymp...
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Syria - country.
D Education Primary education is free and compulsory for all children aged 6 through 12. Some 78 percent of the adult Syrian population was estimated to be literate in 2005.Primary schools enrolled 2.8 million pupils in the 2000 school year, and 1.1 million students attended secondary schools and vocational institutes. In 1998, 94,110 Syrian students were enrolled in institutes of higher education. Syria has universities in Damascus, Ḩalab, Ḩim ş, and Al L ādhiq īyah. Also in Damascus isthe Ar...
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Belgium - country.
European Union (EU) directives aimed at improving Belgium’s environmental conditions concern water treatment and water quality, both significant issues in such anindustrial center. Before these directives were issued, the Meuse River, a major source of drinking water, had become polluted from steel production wastes. Otherrivers were polluted with animal wastes and fertilizers. However, Belgium failed to meet EU targets set for the early 2000s for protecting its rivers from farm pollutionand for...
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Communism.
In Britain, Robert Owen, a philanthropic Welsh manufacturer, strove against the social problems brought about by the Industrial Revolution and sought to improve thewelfare of workers. As manager of a cotton mill, he enhanced the environment of his workers by improving their housing, modernizing mill equipment for greater safetyand sanitation, and establishing low-priced stores for the workers and schools for their children. Owen believed that workers, rather than governments, should createthe in...
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Communism .
In Britain, Robert Owen, a philanthropic Welsh manufacturer, strove against the social problems brought about by the Industrial Revolution and sought to improve thewelfare of workers. As manager of a cotton mill, he enhanced the environment of his workers by improving their housing, modernizing mill equipment for greater safetyand sanitation, and establishing low-priced stores for the workers and schools for their children. Owen believed that workers, rather than governments, should createthe in...
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Denmark - country.
forests, which cover just 11.6 percent of the country, include conifers (mainly fir, spruce, larch, and pine), beech, oak, birch, and ash. Several varieties of ferns andmosses common to the northern European mainland are also found. Wild animals are scarce. Natural animal life is limited to deer and small animals such as foxes,squirrels, hares, wild ducks, pheasants, and partridges. Numerous species of freshwater fish live in Denmark’s streams and lakes. F Environmental Issues Considered highly...
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Czech Republic - country.
enforcement of environmental regulations. Environmental considerations have also led some government officials to promote nuclear energy as a key source of powerfor the country’s future. The Czech Republic produces most of its energy by burning domestic coal. Much of the coal burned is low quality with a high ash and sulfur content—a key componentof acid rain—producing high levels of air pollution. Forests in the Czech Republic are among the most seriously affected by acid rain in all of Europe....
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Sweden - country.
mi) and is Sweden’s second largest lake, after Vänern. The two lakes, together with several smaller lakes, rivers, and canals, form an internal water route called theGöta Canal. Built in the early 19th century, the Göta Canal extends for about 386 km (about 240 mi) and provides a scenic transportation link between the Baltic Sea,at Stockholm, and the Kattegat. Sweden’s other large lakes in the district include Mälaren, Hjälmaren, and the famously picturesque Siljan. D Climate Although one-seven...
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Johann Sebastian Bach.
from his duties, and even tossed him into jail for “too obstinately requesting his dismissal.” But after several weeks the duke saw it was of no use and let him go. E Köthen: 1717-1723 Bach’s new employer, Leopold, loved and understood music and could play the violin, viola da gamba, and harpsichord as well as sing bass. The prince held Bach in highregard and stood as godfather for his seventh child. Bach, in turn, named the child Leopold August in his employer’s honor. Bach later said that the...
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Johann Sebastian Bach
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INTRODUCTION
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750), German composer and one of the world's greatest musical geniuses.
Bach served nine years at the Weimar court, first as organist and then, from 1714, as concertmaster as well. His employer, Wilhelm Ernst, duke of Weimar, was a greatadmirer of the organ, and spurred by the duke’s enthusiasm Bach proceeded to compose a vast number of unprecedented works for the instrument: the Orgelbüchlein (“Little Organ Book”), a collection of small chorale preludes for the church year; the so-called Great Eighteen Chorales of larger size; and a series of dramatic preludes a...
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Terrorism.
exploitation, ethnic discrimination, and religious persecution. Perceived inequities in the distribution of wealth and political power have led some terrorists to attempt tooverthrow democratically elected governments. To achieve a fairer society, they would replace these governments with socialist or communist regimes. Left-wingterrorist groups of the 1960s and 1970s with such aims included Germany’s Baader-Meinhof Gang, Italy’s Red Brigades, and the Weather Underground ( see Weathermen) in the...