Fall, the
Publié le 17/01/2022
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A story told by Jews, Muslims, and especially
Christians. It explains why human beings no
longer live in paradise close to GOD.
Religious people have told many different
stories to explain why the world we live in is not
everything we might wish for. According to several
stories told in ancient Mesopotamia, the gods created
human beings to do the work they themselves
did not want do (see MESOPOTAMIAN RELIGIONS). Other
peoples have told stories about successive ages in
which the world gets progressively worse and we,
unfortunately, are living in the last age. Examples
of this kind of story are Hesiod's account of the
fi ve ages of the world, gold, silver, bronze, heroic,
and iron; stories in India of the four yugas; and
the Japanese Buddhist notion of MAPPO. According
to Gnostics and Manichaeans, the universe and
people came into being when light and goodness
somehow became mixed with darkness and EVIL.
In this view, it is not the fall but creation itself that
disturbs the original ideal state (see GNOSTICISM and
MANICHAEISM).
The Hebrew BIBLE records another story, the
story of the Fall. According to Christian interpretation,
it tells how the serpent tempted the mother of
all people, EVE. The god YHWH ("the Lord") had
forbidden ADAM and Eve to eat from two trees, the
tree of life and the tree of the knowledge of good
and evil. The serpent convinced Eve to eat from
the tree of knowledge. She did, and then tempted
Adam to do so, too. As a result, God expelled
Adam and Eve from the garden. He cursed Eve to
bear children in pain, and he cursed Adam to till
the ground with diffi culty. Death was also a result
of the Fall.
Later folklore elaborated this story. Jews,
Christians, and Muslims came to identify the serpent
with SATAN. They told different versions of a
story in which Satan was a fallen ANGEL. Muslims
also told how Adam and Eve quarreled after the
Fall and how God reconciled them at the Mount of
Mercy in the sacred area around MECCA.
The story of the Fall is especially signifi cant
in CHRISTIANITY. Traditional Christians see it as the
event that made it necessary for JESUS to become
incarnate and die on the cross. In the NEW TESTAMENT
PAUL develops these ideas most fully. He
makes Jesus into the second or new Adam, who
undoes what the fi rst or old Adam had done. Later,
under the infl uence of Paul, AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO
formulated the idea of original SIN. In this view sin
is not an act done against God's will; it is a state
of life that began with the Fall. Because of the Fall,
all human beings live in sin from the moment they
are conceived. Augustine's views later became the
basis for John CALVIN's notion that after the Fall,
human beings live in a state of utter depravity.
That is, without GRACE they are unable to do what
pleases God.
Not all of those who have told the story of the
Fall of Adam and Eve have seen it as something
negative. Many Gnostics believed that the god of
the Jews who created the world as an evil, deluded
being. For them the central religious problem was
ignorance; knowledge was the means to SALVATION.
Salvation began when Eve violated the commands
of the evil creator and ate from the tree of knowledge.
Thus, what Jews, Christians, and Muslims
see as the fi rst transgression was, for Gnostics, the
beginning of salvation.
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