African religions
Publié le 22/02/2012
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The indigenous religions of
Africa. This entry discusses African religions south
of the Sahara Desert. North of the Sahara ISLAM has
been the dominant religion since the 600s C.E.
People have lived in Africa for tens, if not hundreds,
of thousands of years. Indeed, many believe
that the genus Homo fi rst evolved in Africa. Hominid
bones found at Olduvai Gorge in Kenya from
1959 on seem to confi rm this belief. Some are over
two million years old.
The history of Africa south of the Sahara is not
known as well as we would like. That is true of the
history of African religions, too. African religions
do have venerable pasts. For example, African rock
paintings often have mythological and religious
signifi cance. Some rock paintings date as far back
as 26,000 B.P. (before the present). It would be a
mistake, however, to think that traditional African
religions were static and never changed, as
was commonly thought in the late 1800s. Like all
religions, they changed and developed. For example,
in the last 500 years, many African peoples
acquired kings. They often thought these kings
were sacred.
There are thousands of African cultures, languages,
and religions. Obviously, it is impossible
to describe them all. But some features of African
religions appear fairly frequently.
Many traditional Africans know about a "high
god" who created the universe. This god is distant
and unconcerned with daily life. Africans tell
many different stories to explain why. They also
tell stories about the beings who fi rst invented cultural
products and social institutions. Other stories
tell about fi gures known as TRICKSTERS.
Some superhuman beings have a more direct
impact on human life. They include beings sometimes
called gods and sometimes called spirits. They
also include the souls of the dead. These souls may
be venerated as ancestors. They may also be considered
to be GHOSTS. Traditional Africans interact
with these beings by means of RITUALS.
Healing plays a large role in most African religions
(see HEALING, RELIGIOUS). Traditional Africans
often attribute sickness and misfortune to WITCHCRAFT
and sorcery. In some cases witchcraft may
cause disease without any conscious intention on
the part of the supposed witch. Traditional Africans
may consult specialists who know how to counteract
these forces. Sometimes traditional Africans
attribute diseases to "affl iction," that is, to a spirit
that is possessing a person. In these cases the spirit
needs to be expelled.
African religions generally have RITES OF PASSAGE
to make a transition from one stage of existence
to another. INITIATION rituals are particularly
well developed. SACRIFICES and offerings are very
important components of African ritual practice.
Music, dancing, and arts, such as mask-making,
also make major contributions to the practice of
African religions (see MUSIC AND RELIGION, DANCE AND
RELIGION, ART, RELIGIOUS, and MASKS AND RELIGION).
Many African religions also assign special roles
to chosen people. Such religious leaders include
priests (see PRIESTS AND PRIESTHOOD), prophets,
mediums, diviners, and kings.
At the end of the 20th century, only about
10 percent of Africans practiced traditional religions.
Roughly 50 percent practiced CHRISTIANITY
and 40 percent practiced Islam. During the late
19th and 20th centuries, Africans also developed
"new religions." Many of these new religions were
indigenous Christian churches. They either broke
away from mission churches or were founded
by African prophets. Often they combined traditional
African themes with Christianity or Islam.
Examples include the Aladura ("praying people")
churches of Nigeria, which eventually broke
away from their American parent church, and the
amaNazaretha Baptist Church, founded by the
Zulu prophet Isaiah Shembe (d. 1935). Other new
religions fi t traditional religious practices into the
organizational forms of Christianity and Islam. An
example is the Bwiti Church of Gabon.
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