697 résultats pour "including"

• Civil Rights Movement in the United States - U.

  The Great Depression of the 1930s increased black protests against discrimination, especially in Northern cities. Blacks protested the refusal of white-owned businessesin all-black neighborhoods to hire black salespersons. Using the slogan “Don't Buy Where You Can't Work,” these campaigns persuaded blacks to boycott thosebusinesses and revealed a new militancy. During the same years, blacks organized school boycotts in Northern cities to protest discriminatory treatment of blackchildren. The bla...

• Welfare.

  industrializing societies. Governments typically financed social insurance programs with tax funds and direct levies on the wages of potential recipients. Social insurancereplaced part of incomes lost when workers became disabled, were laid off, or had reached an age that forced them out of the labor market. Later, governments of Germany, France, Belgium, Sweden, and other countries developed forms of social insurance that provided population-wide, or universal,coverage. Such forms included chil...

• Judaism.

  is learned or memorized”), the earliest document of rabbinic literature, edited in Palestine at the turn of the 3rd century. Subsequent rabbinic study of the Mishnah inPalestine and Babylonia generated two Talmuds (“that which is studied”; also called Gemera, an Aramaic term with the same meaning; see Talmud), wide-ranging commentaries on the Mishnah. The Babylonian Talmud, edited about the 6th century, became the foundation document of rabbinic Judaism. Early rabbinic writings also include exe...

• Planetary Science - astronomy.

  III ORIGINS AND COMPOSITIONS OF PLANETS Astronomers believe that planetary systems are formed of elemental materials that were created in the interiors of giant stars. Some of this material comes from giantstars that shed material into space as they age. Most of the matter to form planets, however, comes from stars that explode as supernovas and spread debris enrichedwith the heavier chemical elements into space. According to the currently accepted views, the most likely first stage in the evo...

• Bicycle.

  narrow as possible to minimize weight and interference with pedaling. F Specialty Bicycles Many other types of bicycles are designed for special purposes. Although not as common as standard single-rider racing, touring, mountain, or recreational bicycles,they nonetheless have significant niches. Recumbent bicycles are bicycles on which the rider sits upright as if in a chair, with legs and feet stretched out in front. Because they support the rider’s lower back,recumbents allow the rider far mo...

• Manhattan Project - U.

  other possible uses of nuclear energy, such as using uranium to operate large power plants or, perhaps, as power sources for ships or submarines. Then Nazi Germanyinvaded Poland on September 1, 1939, and Europe plunged into war. The scientists realized that any plans to build large-scale nuclear power plants would have to waituntil the war was over. Two weeks after the invasion of Poland, Hitler made a radio speech in which he threatened Britain with “a weapon against which there is no defense.”...

• Islam.

  commanded to face the Kaaba, an ancient shrine in the city of Mecca. The Qur’an also refers to the recitation of parts of the Qur’an as a form of prayer. However, evenwith its numerous references, the Qur’an alone does not give exact instructions for this central ritual of prayer. The most detailed descriptions of the rituals for prayer derive from the example set by the prophet Muhammad and are preserved in later Islamic traditions. Somedetails of these rituals vary, however all Muslims agree t...

• Applied ethics

  rule, while benefiting from the fact that everyone else is following it (see Universalism in ethics ). The applied ethicist, like the theoretical moral philosopher, must find a way to deal with this problem, but for the appliedethicist, the problem is bound up with the need to employ what is sometimes called moral casuistry. This ancientscience is not necessarily to be despised, for while a secondary meaning of the term ‘casuist' is indeed ‘sophist' or‘quibbler', it was not or...

• Emily Dickinson I INTRODUCTION Emily Dickinson Heralded as one of the most gifted American writers, Emily Dickinson authored nearly 2,000 poems.

  particular form of self-publication. She also read her poems aloud to several people, including her cousins Louise and Frances Norcross, over a period of three decades. Editions of Dickinson’s writings include The Poems of Emily Dickinson (3 volumes, 1955), The Letters of Emily Dickinson (3 volumes, 1958), and The Manuscript Books of Emily Dickinson (2 volumes, 1981). Contributed By:Martha Nell SmithMicrosoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

• Sommet de copenhague

• Snowboarding.

  In 1986 Europeans began organizing regional events. The International Snowboard Federation held its first World Championships in 1993. At the 1998 Winter Olympicsin Nagano, Japan, Europeans took nine of the 12 medals awarded. At the 2002 Winter Games in Salt Lake City, Utah, however, the United States led the way with fivemedals, including a 1-2-3 finish in the men’s halfpipe competition. Contributed By:Mary McKhannMicrosoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserv...

• Cairo (Egypt) - geography.

  of the city's oldest architectural monuments can be found. Old Cairo is the home of Cairo's Coptic Christian community, and the site of the Coptic Museum and a number ofCoptic churches. The irrigation of Cairo's desert periphery has allowed for the development of suburbs, such as Heliopolis, located to the northeast. Other modern suburbs are interspersedwith recently created migrant neighborhoods that accommodate the city's growing population. Industrial areas further crowd the city, restricting...

• Canada's Constitution Act of 1982 In 1982 the Canadian constitution was patriated, meaning it was brought further under Canadian control.

  10. Everyone has the right on arrest or detention (a) to be informed promptly of the reasons therefor; (b) to retain and instruct counsel without delay and to be informed of that right; and (c) to have the validity of the detention determined by way of habeas corpus and to be released if the detention is not lawful. 11. Any person charged with an offence has the right (a) to be informed without unreasonable delay of the specific offence; (b) to be tried within a reasonable time; (c) not to be...

• Wilt Chamberlain.

  The Lakers returned to the NBA finals the following year, but they lost to the Knicks. Chamberlain then retired as a player. He coached the San Diego Conquistadores ofthe American Basketball Association (ABA) for the 1973-74 season before leaving basketball for good. Many NBA teams tried to convince Chamberlain to return to thesport, but he refused their offers. In 1978 he was elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame. V LATER YEARS Chamberlain remained active during the remaining years of his lif...

• Wilt Chamberlain I INTRODUCTION Wilt Chamberlain (1936-1999), American professional basketball player, one of the greatest players in the history of the sport.

  The Lakers returned to the NBA finals the following year, but they lost to the Knicks. Chamberlain then retired as a player. He coached the San Diego Conquistadores ofthe American Basketball Association (ABA) for the 1973-74 season before leaving basketball for good. Many NBA teams tried to convince Chamberlain to return to thesport, but he refused their offers. In 1978 he was elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame. V LATER YEARS Chamberlain remained active during the remaining years of his lif...

• Cherokee.

  The old ways, including traditional crafts, are most strongly preserved by the Eastern Band, some of whom continue to live on the Qualla Reservation in North Carolina.The quality of North Carolina Cherokee basketry is considered to be equal to or better than that of earlier times. Farming, forestry, factory work, and tourism (about 5million tourists annually) are sources of income for eastern Cherokee. In 1984 the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma and the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians met in a join...

• New Zealand Facts and Figures.

  Other (including Jewish and Hindu) 28 percent HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancy Total 79.1 years (2008 estimate) Female 82.2 years (2008 estimate) Male 76.1 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 6 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 449 people (2004) Population per hospital bed 164 people (2002) Literacy rateTotal 99 percent (1995) Female Not available Male Not available Education expenditure as a share of gross national product (GN...

• Magna Carta I INTRODUCTION Magna Carta (Latin, "Great Charter"), document sealed by King John of England on June 15, 1215, in which he made a series of promises to his subjects that he would govern England and deal with his vassals according to the customs of feudal law (see Feudalism).

  The importance of the Magna Carta lies more in its symbolism than in its words. As a result, many modern rights have been based on the Magna Carta that wereunknown in the 13th century, including habeas corpus and the principle of no taxation without representation. Neither of these concepts existed in the original Magna Carta of 1215 but both became accepted as English law during the early 17th century. At that time, members of Parliament, the English legislative assembly, who opposed the rule...

• Magna Carta .

  The importance of the Magna Carta lies more in its symbolism than in its words. As a result, many modern rights have been based on the Magna Carta that wereunknown in the 13th century, including habeas corpus and the principle of no taxation without representation. Neither of these concepts existed in the original Magna Carta of 1215 but both became accepted as English law during the early 17th century. At that time, members of Parliament, the English legislative assembly, who opposed the rule...

• Mays Makes "The Catch".

  Game one was held at the Polo Grounds in New York. In the eighth inning, with the score tied, 2-2, the Indians put two men on base, Doby and Al Rosen. Durocherbrought in left-hander Don Liddle to face Cleveland first baseman Vic Wertz, who already had three hits in the game, including a two-run triple in the first. Wertzknocked a long drive to center field, the deepest part of the longest outfield in the league. A double or triple would score both runners, giving the Indians a two-runlead and a...

• Massachusetts - geography.

  mi). Other large artificial lakes include Wachusett Reservoir, East Brimfield Reservoir, and Cobble Mountain Reservoir. Assawompsett Pond, covering about 10 sq km(about 4 sq mi), is the largest natural lake. North Watuppa Pond and Long Pond are other large natural lakes. Lake Chaubunagungamaug, near Webster, is usuallycalled Webster Lake, because the Algonquian name is difficult to pronounce and spell. The full version of the Native American name is said to be the longest place-namein North Amer...

• Walt Disney I INTRODUCTION Walt Disney Walt Disney, an American cartoonist and film producer, started an entertainment empire with his creation of animated movies and world-renowned amusement parks.

  Donald DuckDonald Duck waves to visitors at Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida. The Disney Studios created the excitable duck in1934.Kelly-Mooney Photography/Corbis In 1923 Disney moved to Hollywood, California. He, his brother Roy O. Disney, and Iwerks began producing short animated films. In 1927 Disney created the cartooncharacter Oswald the Rabbit. A year later he produced another character, a mouse called Mortimer, but shortly after changed the name to Mickey. In 1928 MickeyMouse starred...

• Zoology - biology.

  is still in its infancy and is quite controversial, chiefly because it has raised anew the old dispute about whether behavior is genetically determined. See Animal Behavior; Sociobiology. Embryology, the study of the development of individual animals, has investigated the way in which developing parts interact—for example, the interactions between theeyestalk and the epidermis during development of the lens of the eye. The emerging field of molecular development applies the techniques of molecu...

• Multiple Sclerosis.

  slow the progress of the disease. It has become increasingly clear that early treatment is crucial to prevent or delay further damage to the nervous system. There are also treatments for specific symptoms, including corticosteroids (often taken intravenously), that can shorten the duration of an MS attack. Several drugs canrelieve spasticity, fatigue, and bladder problems. People with MS often find that nondrug treatments, such as regular exercise and adequate rest, can help them tomaintain more...

• Raphael (painter) I INTRODUCTION Raphael's La Belle Jardinière Completed in 1508 in Florence, La Belle Jardinière is one of the most famous Madonna portraits of Italian Renaissance painter Raphael.

  III ROMAN PERIOD Leo I and AttilaThis fresco by Italian Renaissance painter Raphael, Leo I Repulsing Attila (1512-1514, Vatican), depicts the confrontationbetween Pope Leo I and Attila the Hun outside Rome in the 5th century. Whereas the figures on the left exemplify theclassical poise typical of the High Renaissance, the tumultuous activity of the figures on the right prefigures the dynamicenergy of the later baroque style.Scala/Art Resource, NY In 1508 Raphael was called to Rome by Pope Juli...

• Edmonton - Geography.

  both of which built fur trading posts near present-day Edmonton in 1795. The posts were rebuilt several times, always along the North Saskatchewan River, whichprovided the traders’ main transportation route. The last move came in 1830, when Fort Edmonton was erected on the high bluff where the Alberta Legislature nowstands. For the next 50 years, the fort was the major trading center on the western plains. The modern city began to take shape after 1900, when central Alberta was opened to Europea...

• Roman Art and Architecture - history.

  house, records office, and basilica. Imperial Forum, RomeThe Roman Forum was founded at the beginning of the Roman republic (around 500 bc), and it continued to develop into the late 2ndcentury ad. Among the ruins seen here are the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina (since converted into a church, background, left),the foundations of the Basilica Julia (foreground, center), and the three remaining columns of the Temple of Castor and Pollux(background, right).Donadoni/Bruce Coleman, Inc. The basili...

• Prokaryote - biology.

  earliest organisms to evolve, an estimated 3.4 billion to 3.5 billion years ago. The environment of the early Earth lacked oxygen, and cyanobacteria probably usedfermentation (a chemical process performed without the presence of oxygen) to produce the energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cyanobacteria introduced oxygen into the atmosphere through the process of photosynthesis. As the oxygen content in the atmosphere increased over the centuries, bacteria evolved that usedthis oxygen in...

• Australia - country.

  itself forms most of the border between New South Wales and Victoria. Considerable lengths of the Murray, Darling, and Murrumbidgee rivers are navigable during thewet seasons. The central plains region, also known as the Channel Country, is interlaced by a network of rivers. During the rainy season these rivers flood the low-lying countryside,but in dry months they become merely a series of water holes. The Victoria, Daly, and Roper rivers drain a section of the Northern Territory. In Queensland...

• Australia - Geography.

  itself forms most of the border between New South Wales and Victoria. Considerable lengths of the Murray, Darling, and Murrumbidgee rivers are navigable during thewet seasons. The central plains region, also known as the Channel Country, is interlaced by a network of rivers. During the rainy season these rivers flood the low-lying countryside,but in dry months they become merely a series of water holes. The Victoria, Daly, and Roper rivers drain a section of the Northern Territory. In Queensland...

• Phoenix (city, Arizona) - geography.

  The company’s irrigation system followed the network of canals that were built there by the Hohokam some 500 years earlier. In October 1870, several settlers foundedthe site of modern Phoenix. In recognition of the former Hohokam culture, settler Darrell Duppa likened the new community to the phoenix, a mythological bird thatconsumed itself by fire every 500 years and arose anew from the ashes. Thereafter, the group adopted Phoenix as the settlement’s name. Within a short time the areawas produc...

• Canadian Literature I INTRODUCTION Canadian Literature, literature of the peoples of Canada.

  William Henry DrummondPoet William Henry Drummond described the lives of French Canadian farmers, loggers, and rural workers in verse thatreflected their mix of French and English speech. He gained recognition in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.Library of Congress In the early 19th century, most Canadian poetry imitated earlier British poetry. Poets Oliver Goldsmith (grandnephew of the Anglo-Irish writer of the same name),Charles Sangster, Charles Mair, and Levi Adams exemplified literary...

• Colombia - country.

  In Bogotá the average high temperature in January is 20°C (68°F), and in July the average high is 19°C (65°F). The highs for the same months in Barranquilla are 32°C(89°F) and 33°C (91°F). Throughout the year, three-month periods of rain and dry weather alternate. Along the Pacific coast precipitation is heavy. At Bogotá the annual rainfall averages about1,060 mm (about 42 in), and in Barranquilla it averages about 800 mm (about 32 in). Dry weather prevails on the slopes of the Cordillera Orient...

• Utah - geography.

  Temperatures decrease from the south to the north in the state. In the mountains the average temperature drops about 0.5°C (about 1°F) for every about 300 m(about 1,000 ft) rise in elevation. Average July temperatures range from less than 16°C (60°F) in the mountains to more than 27°C (80°F) in a few locations insouthern Utah. At Salt Lake City average July temperatures range from a low of 18°C (64°F) to a high of 33°C (92°F). There is a great variation between daytime andnighttime temperatures,...

• Utah - USA History.

  Temperatures decrease from the south to the north in the state. In the mountains the average temperature drops about 0.5°C (about 1°F) for every about 300 m(about 1,000 ft) rise in elevation. Average July temperatures range from less than 16°C (60°F) in the mountains to more than 27°C (80°F) in a few locations insouthern Utah. At Salt Lake City average July temperatures range from a low of 18°C (64°F) to a high of 33°C (92°F). There is a great variation between daytime andnighttime temperatures,...

• Tennessee (state) - geography.

  The climate of Tennessee is characterized by hot summers, mild winters, and abundant rainfall. C1 Temperature Average July temperatures range from less than 21° C (70° F) in the Blue Ridge region to 27° C (80° F) at Nashville and Memphis. Maximum daytime temperatures insummer often rise above 35° C (95° F) in central and western Tennessee. Daytime temperatures in the mountains rarely rise above 32° C (90° F). Summer nights tendto be warm and muggy in central and western Tennessee, but temperatu...

• Tennessee (state) - USA History.

  The climate of Tennessee is characterized by hot summers, mild winters, and abundant rainfall. C1 Temperature Average July temperatures range from less than 21° C (70° F) in the Blue Ridge region to 27° C (80° F) at Nashville and Memphis. Maximum daytime temperatures insummer often rise above 35° C (95° F) in central and western Tennessee. Daytime temperatures in the mountains rarely rise above 32° C (90° F). Summer nights tendto be warm and muggy in central and western Tennessee, but temperatu...

• Claude Monet I INTRODUCTION Monet's Gardens at Giverny From 1890 until his death in 1926, Claude Monet lived and painted in the small village of Giverny, near Paris.

  small works, Monet’s quick daubs of fresh colors aptly capture the movement of the water and gaiety of the scene. Despite his father's disapproval, in 1870 Monet married Camille, who had already borne him a son. To escape the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), during whichGerman troops threatened Paris, the couple went to London, then to Holland. They returned in 1872 and settled in Argenteuil, a sailing center on the Seine Riveroutside Paris. Monet painted numerous vibrant, light-filled views of...

• Colorado - geography.

  Although the rivers of Colorado are navigable only by small boats, they are important as a source of irrigation water for use in Colorado and adjoining states. However,the water level of the rivers fluctuates seasonally and from year to year. The level is generally low in winter and high in spring and summer, during the runoff of meltedsnow from the mountains. Colorado has no large lakes of natural origin, but there are numerous small lakes in the mountains. The largest bodies of water in Colora...

• Colorado - USA History.

  Although the rivers of Colorado are navigable only by small boats, they are important as a source of irrigation water for use in Colorado and adjoining states. However,the water level of the rivers fluctuates seasonally and from year to year. The level is generally low in winter and high in spring and summer, during the runoff of meltedsnow from the mountains. Colorado has no large lakes of natural origin, but there are numerous small lakes in the mountains. The largest bodies of water in Colora...

• Federalism.

  the Commerce Clause during the New Deal in the 1930s. The New Deal, which President Franklin Roosevelt created to confront the country’s economic depression,included laws affecting nearly every home and workplace. The Supreme Court upheld most of Roosevelt’s New Deal initiatives, including laws setting minimum standardsfor pay and working conditions, protecting labor unions, and regulating farm production. After World War II (1939-1945), national authority under the Commerce Clausecontinued to g...

• Kidney.

  secretion. An additional function of the kidney is the processing of vitamin D; the kidney converts this vitamin to an active form that stimulates bone development. Several hormones are produced in the kidney. One of these, erythropoietin, influences the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. When the kidney detectsthat the number of red blood cells in the body is declining, it secretes erythropoietin. This hormone travels in the bloodstream to the bone marrow, stimulating theproducti...

• Alternative Medicine.

  The field of chiropractic was founded by David Daniel Palmer in the 1890s. He believed that joint subluxation, or a partial dislocation, is a causal factor in disease andthat removal of the subluxation by thrusting on the bony projections of the vertebrae restores health. In addition to manipulating and adjusting bone and tissue, particularly in the spinal column, chiropractors use a variety of manual, mechanical, and electrical treatments.Chiropractors are most widely recognized for providing d...

• Denmark - country.

  forests, which cover just 11.6 percent of the country, include conifers (mainly fir, spruce, larch, and pine), beech, oak, birch, and ash. Several varieties of ferns andmosses common to the northern European mainland are also found. Wild animals are scarce. Natural animal life is limited to deer and small animals such as foxes,squirrels, hares, wild ducks, pheasants, and partridges. Numerous species of freshwater fish live in Denmark’s streams and lakes. F Environmental Issues Considered highly...

• Tragedy I INTRODUCTION Euripides Unlike other 5th-century BC Greek playwrights, tragic poet Euripides addressed the plight of the common people, rather than that of mythic heroes.

  SenecaSeneca was a Roman philosopher, dramatist, and statesman. His tragedies later influenced Renaissance dramatists,including William Shakespeare. The bust of Seneca shown here is a Roman copy of a Greek original.Art Resource, NY Aeschylus is one of the best known of the ancient Greek tragic playwrights. The author of some 90 plays, he established many of the conventions of the tragic dramaticform, which he perfected throughout his career. Aeschylus's skillful use of poetic language and brilli...

• Nile - Geography.

  The Nile is also a source of hydroelectric power ( see Waterpower), although the river’s potential as a source of electricity has yet to be fully exploited. Dams to provide hydroelectricity (and control flooding) have been constructed along the Nile in Egypt, Sudan, and Uganda. Additional hydroelectric projects are planned. IV HISTORY OF THE NILE A Ancient Egypt and the Nile The first great African civilization developed in the northern Nile Valley in Egypt in about 3300 BC. Settlements alon...

• Chad - country.

  B Industries The processing of cotton and cottonseed oil and the manufacturing of peanut oil are major industries in Chad. Modern meatpacking plants have been established inN’Djamena and Sarh. The fishing industry furnishes fresh, dried, and smoked fish for domestic use and export. Petroleum mining and processing are increasinglyimportant industries in Chad. Gold and natron, a mineral used to make soap, glass, paper, and medicines, are also mined. Forestry is important in the south. The outputo...

• Ice Ages.

  B Future Ice Ages The record of previous glacial activity is the best indicator for future ice ages. Scientists examine the evidence for the numerous 100,000-year glacial-interglacial cycleswithin the present ice age to attempt a forecast of future ice ages. Since all previous ice ages lasted tens of millions of years, our present ice age will likely continue fora considerable amount of time. Each glaciation begins slowly and may take 80,000 years or more to reach its maximum extent. A rapid me...

• Alzheimer's Disease.

  compared residents of Ibadan, Nigeria, who eat a mostly low-fat vegetarian diet, with African Americans living in Indianapolis, Indiana, whose diet included a variety ofhigh-fat foods. The Nigerians were less likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease compared to their U.S. counterparts. Some researchers suspect that health problems suchas high blood pressure, atherosclerosis (arteries clogged by fatty deposits), high cholesterol levels, or other cardiovascular problems may play a role in the devel...

• Kentucky - geography.

  The climate of Kentucky is characterized by warm or hot summers and cool winters. Throughout the year, temperatures do not vary greatly from place to place,although they are generally slightly lower in the Appalachian Plateaus region than elsewhere in the state. Average July temperatures are usually from 24° to 27°C (76°to 80°F) in the central and western areas and from 23° to 24°C (74° to 76°F) in the east. January averages range from below 1°C (34°F) in the northern Bluegrassregion to more tha...