284 résultats pour "university"

• Tunisia - country.

  mixture of Berber and Arab stock, and they regard themselves as Arabs. Nearly everyone speaks Arabic. The population of Tunisia is concentrated in the coastal plain. It is fairly dense in the hilly north, but the arid plateau, basin, and south are thinly settled. About two-thirds of the country’s people live in urban areas. A Principal Cities The capital and largest city of Tunisia is the seaport of Tunis. Other important cities include Sfax, a port and center of trade on the eastern coast; Sūs...

• Kyrgyzstan - country.

  are Bishkek, the capital, located on the Chu River in the far north; and Osh, located in the Fergana Valley. A Ethnic Groups Ethnic Kyrgyz make up about 65 percent of the population of Kyrgyzstan. Uzbeks, who live primarily in the Fergana Valley, constitute about 14 percent of thepopulation. Russians, who live principally in Bishkek and other industrial centers, make up about 13 percent of the population. Other ethnic groups include Hui (ChineseMuslims, also known as Dungans), Ukrainians, Uygur...

• Estonia - country.

  protest the expansion of open-pit phosphorite mining in northeastern Estonia. Their success in stopping the expansion prompted further demonstrations as part of thecountry’s independence movement. Since independence Estonia has taken measures to protect the environment. The government has ratified international agreementsto reduce emissions of hazardous wastes and greenhouse gases, as well as to protect biodiversity, wetlands, and endangered species. Estonians cherish thecountryside, and 31 perc...

• Bosnia and Herzegovina - country.

  Serb military campaigns in 1992 and 1993 and Croat campaigns in 1993 and 1995 were aimed at expelling others from areas claimed by these groups. By the end ofthe war almost all non-Serbs had been expelled from Serb-claimed lands in eastern and northern Bosnia, and non-Croats from Croat-claimed lands in southwesternBosnia. In turn, most non-Muslims had left land under Muslim control in northwestern Bosnia. The largest cities had mixed populations in 1991, but the war and its aftermath made them a...

• Ghana - country.

  times of depressed cacao prices, Ghana has significantly increased exports of timber to generate needed revenue. In 1988 Ghana initiated a conservation plan called the Forest Resource Management Project. In 1989 Ghana restricted the export of 18 tree species, and in 1994 thecountry banned the export of raw logs. About 4.8 percent (1997) of the country’s land is officially protected, but illegal logging threatens Ghana’s remaining forests. Deforestation, overgrazing, and periodic drought have led...

• Robin George Collingwood, The Ides of History, 1946, Oxford University Press, 1994, p. 429 sv., trad. pers.

  Textes commentés La distinction entre l'histoire comme ce qui advient et l'histoire comme historiographie semble aller de soi, et on déplore souvent l'ambiguïté du français sur ce point, alors que l'allemand, par exemple, dispose des deux termes de Geschichte et Historie. La thèse de Collingwood considère au contraire que la différence est superficielle, de sorte que l'homophonie en français entre l'histoire comme cours des événements et l'histoire comme...

• Brandenburg Technical University Cottbus Department 1, Institute of Mathematics Chair for Numerical Mathematics an Scientific Computing Prof.

  )  1 = 1 ;  2= 3 = 2i Eigenvectors: 0 @ 1  1 1 0 1  5 0 1 1  1 A ~x= ~ 0  1 = 1: 0 @ 0 1 1 0 0 5 0 1 2 1 A ; ~x =t(1 ;0 ;0) T  1 = 2 i: 0 @ 1 2i 1 1 0 1 2i 5 0 1 1 2i 1 A ~x= ~ 0 0 @ 1 2i 1 1 0 1 1 2i 0 0 0 1 A ~x= ~ 0 ; ~x = 2i 1 2i; 1 2i; 1 T  1 = 2i: 0 @ 1 + 2 i 1 1 0 1 + 2 i5 0 1 1 + 2 i1 A ~x= ~ 0 0 @ 1 + 2 i1 1 0 1 1 + 2 i 0 0 0 1 A ~x= ~ 0 ; ~x = 2i 1 + 2 i; 1 + 2 i;1 T H 13.3: det(A E ) = det  1  1 1 3   = (1 )(3 ) 1 = 2 4 + 2 : Eigenvalues: 1= 2 = 2 p 2 E...

• Columbus (Ohio) - geography.

  A balance among manufacturing, technology, research, and financial activities has helped Columbus’s economy to continue to boom. Much of the city’s expansion resultsfrom its function as a sophisticated service center. By 1990 manufacturing occupied only 12 percent of the area’s labor force. That contrasted with services, includinggovernment, finance, and transportation and utilities, which accounted for almost 60 percent of all employment. The two largest employers in Columbus are state governme...

• Relationship between religion, spirituality, and young Lebanese university students’ well-being.

  Senior study Relationship between religion, spirituality, and young Lebanese university students’ well-being. Fall 2021 Contents Abstract........................................................................................................................................... 3 Literature review............................................................................................................................. 3 Methods............................................................

• english history

  He was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. Smith studied social philosophy at the University of Glasgow and the University of Oxford. Smith obtained a professorship at Glasgow teaching moral philosophy. Smith returned home and spent the ten years writing The Wealth of Nations , publishing it in 1776. He became famous for this book, which had a profound influence on modern economics and concepts of individual free...

• HISTOIRE DE KEYNE BRITISH

  He was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. Smith studied social philosophy at the University of Glasgow and the University of Oxford. Smith obtained a professorship at Glasgow teaching moral philosophy. Smith returned home and spent the ten years writing The Wealth of Nations , publishing it in 1776. He became famous for this book, which had a profound influence on modern economics and concepts of individual free...

• New York (ville)1PRÉSENTATIONNew York (ville), en anglais New York City, ville du sud-est de l'État de New York, située dans le nord-est des États-Unis, à l'embouchure de l'Hudson, sur l'océanAtlantique.

  Les différents districts de New York sont reliés entre eux par de nombreux ponts et tunnels : Brooklyn Bridge, Manhattan Bridge, Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel entre Manhattanet Brooklyn ; Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, l’un des plus longs ponts suspendus du monde, entre Brooklyn et Staten Island ; Queensboro Bridge entre Manhattan et leQueens ; Triborough Bridge entre Manhattan, le Queens et le Bronx ; enfin, le George Washington Bridge, les tunnels Holland et Lincoln, et la voie Port Authority Trans-Hudso...

• New Jersey - geography.

  C Soils Broadly defined, all of New Jersey’s soils are podzolic soils; that is, they are acidic and contain fairly high amounts of iron oxides. The soils in northern New Jersey areirregular in quality and contain rock fragments and small stones deposited by the continental glaciers of the last Ice Age. The soils of the inner coastal plain, unaffectedby glaciation, are the richest in the state, while those of the outer coastal plain are generally infertile. The newer soil classification system d...

• New Jersey - USA History.

  C Soils Broadly defined, all of New Jersey’s soils are podzolic soils; that is, they are acidic and contain fairly high amounts of iron oxides. The soils in northern New Jersey areirregular in quality and contain rock fragments and small stones deposited by the continental glaciers of the last Ice Age. The soils of the inner coastal plain, unaffectedby glaciation, are the richest in the state, while those of the outer coastal plain are generally infertile. The newer soil classification system d...

• Slovakia - country.

  The country is divided informally into the three regions of Western Slovakia, Central Slovakia, and Eastern Slovakia, corresponding to administrative divisions that wereabolished in 1989. Most of Slovakia’s 600,000 Hungarians live in the southern parts of Western and Central Slovakia, which served as the cultural center of Hungary forseveral centuries after Hungary proper was invaded by the Ottomans in the 16th century. The Ruthenian and Ukrainian minorities are concentrated in the northernregio...

• Latvia - country.

  The population of Latvia is about 2,245,423 (2008 estimate), yielding an average population density of 35 persons per sq km (91 per sq mi). Latvia is highly urbanized.Some 66 percent of the population lives in urban areas, with nearly one-third of the total population residing in the capital, Rīga. Other important cities includeDaugavpils, an industrial center in the southeast, on the Daugava River; Liep āja, an important port on the Baltic Sea; Jelgava, an industrial center near Rîga; J ūrmala,...

• Tajikistan - country.

  by more than 100 percent due to a high birth rate and improvements in medical care. During the early 1990s, however, the growth rate began to decline due to civilwar and emigration. A Ethnic Groups and Languages Tajiks constitute the largest ethnic group in Tajikistan, making up about 65 percent of the population. The peoples who live in Gorno-Badakhshan, located in the Pamirs,are classified as Tajiks, although their languages and customs are distinct. The largest minority group in the country...

• Bulgaria - country.

  E Climate Most of Bulgaria has a continental climate, with cold winters and hot summers. The climate in general is more severe than in other European areas of the samelatitudes, and the average annual temperature range is greater than that of neighboring countries. Severe droughts, frosts, winds, and hail storms frequently damagecrops. A Mediterranean climate, with dry summers and mild, humid winters, prevails in the valley of the southwestern Rhodope Mountains; the northern limit of theclimati...

• Latin American Independence.

  be inferior and were not permitted a university education. In the lowest caste were the African slaves. As the Spanish monarchy tried to increase its authority, it was hampered by the power of the Catholic Church. The church, including various religious orders, hadacquired great wealth, including large holdings of land, in the colonies. The Jesuit order especially had gained extraordinary wealth and political influence, and it alsocontrolled much of the university and high school education in th...

• Denmark - country.

  forests, which cover just 11.6 percent of the country, include conifers (mainly fir, spruce, larch, and pine), beech, oak, birch, and ash. Several varieties of ferns andmosses common to the northern European mainland are also found. Wild animals are scarce. Natural animal life is limited to deer and small animals such as foxes,squirrels, hares, wild ducks, pheasants, and partridges. Numerous species of freshwater fish live in Denmark’s streams and lakes. F Environmental Issues Considered highly...

• Galileo I INTRODUCTION Galileo (1564-1642), Italian physicist and astronomer who, with German astronomer Johannes Kepler, initiated the scientific revolution that flowered in the work of English physicist Sir Isaac Newton.

  V WORK IN ASTRONOMY During most of his time in Padua, Galileo showed little interest in astronomy, although in 1595 he declared in a letter that he preferred the Copernican theory that Earthrevolves around the Sun to the assumptions of Aristotle and Ptolemy that planets circle a fixed Earth ( see Astronomy: The Copernican Theory ; Ptolemaic System). A Observations with the Telescope In 1609 Galileo heard that a telescope had been invented in Holland. In August of that year he constructed a t...

• Galileo.

  V WORK IN ASTRONOMY During most of his time in Padua, Galileo showed little interest in astronomy, although in 1595 he declared in a letter that he preferred the Copernican theory that Earthrevolves around the Sun to the assumptions of Aristotle and Ptolemy that planets circle a fixed Earth ( see Astronomy: The Copernican Theory ; Ptolemaic System). A Observations with the Telescope In 1609 Galileo heard that a telescope had been invented in Holland. In August of that year he constructed a t...

• Fredericton - Geography.

  As a provincial center for government, forestry, military activities, and agriculture, Fredericton grew from 4400 residents in 1848 to 7117 by 1901. Telegraph lines wereestablished in 1851, telephones in 1888, and radio broadcasts in 1923. Early newspapers included the New Brunswick Reporter (1844-1902) and the Maritime Farmer (1879-1905). After 1850 Fredericton flourished as an industrial town. Sawmills, shipyards, tanneries, boot and shoe factories, carriage shops, iron foundries, brickyard...

• Italy - country.

  C Natural Resources Italy is poor in natural resources. Much of the land is unsuitable for agriculture because of mountainous terrain or unfavorable climate. Italy, moreover, lacks substantialdeposits of basic natural resources such as coal, iron, and petroleum. Natural gas is the country’s most important mineral resource. Other deposits include feldspar andpumice. Many of Italy’s mineral deposits on the islands of Sicily and Sardinia had been heavily depleted by the early 1990s. Italy is rich...

• Cloning - biology.

  found that such embryo cells are totipotent (able to give rise to all the different cell types in the body). Exploiting this characteristic, scientists developed three techniques to clone embryo cells: blastomere separation, blastocyst division, and somatic cell nuclear transfer. A Blastomere Separation In blastomere separation, scientists fertilize an egg cell with a sperm cell in a laboratory dish. The resulting embryo is allowed to divide until it forms a mass of aboutfour cells. Scientist...

• Civil Rights Movement in the United States - U.

  The Great Depression of the 1930s increased black protests against discrimination, especially in Northern cities. Blacks protested the refusal of white-owned businessesin all-black neighborhoods to hire black salespersons. Using the slogan “Don't Buy Where You Can't Work,” these campaigns persuaded blacks to boycott thosebusinesses and revealed a new militancy. During the same years, blacks organized school boycotts in Northern cities to protest discriminatory treatment of blackchildren. The bla...

• Saskatoon - geography.

  The principal tourist attraction is Wanuskewin Heritage Park, just north of the city. The park has 19 archaeological sites representing more than 5,000 years of indigenousculture of the northern plains. The city is home to the Saskatoon Blades, an ice hockey team in the Western Hockey League. Annual events in the city include theShakespeare on the Saskatchewan Festival, the SaskTel Jazz Festival, Winterfest, and the ethnic celebrations of Folkfest. IV ECONOMY Saskatoon’s economy has fluctuated...

• Vienna - geography.

  V HISTORY Throughout its existence Vienna has been a frontier post. Originally a Celtic settlement (Vindobona), it was taken over by the Romans in the 1st century BC and fortified by Emperor Augustus as part of the defenses against the Germanic tribes that lived north of the Danube. In the 5th century AD, however, the Romans evacuated thearea. In the 9th century Austria became part of the renewed Roman Empire of Charlemagne, and in 976 Emperor Otto II granted it to the Babenberg family. By the...

• Aidan DODSON 1981, « Nefertiti's Regality : a Comment », JEA 67, 179-180.

  1982, «Gaston Maspero andtheBirth ofthe Egypt Exploration Fund(1881-3) »,JEA 68,299-317. 1985, Flinders Petrie.ALife inArchaeology, Londres. Comte DUMESNIL DUBUISSON 1969, «Le décor asiatique ducouteau deGebel el-Arak »,BIFAO 68,63-84. Françoise DUNAND 1980, «Fête, tradition, propagande: lescérémonies enl'honneur deBérénice, filledePtolémée III,en 238 a.C. », dans LivreduCentenaire, MIFAO104,287-301. 1983, «Culte royaletculte impérial enÉgypte. Continuités etruptures »,Aegyptiaca Treverensia 2,4...

• Intelligence.

  education. Teachers had no way of knowing which of the “slow” students had true learning problems and which simply had behavioral problems or poor prior education.In 1904 the French Ministry of Public Instruction asked Binet and others to develop a method to objectively identify children who would have difficulty with formaleducation. Objectivity was important so that conclusions about a child’s potential for learning would not be influenced by any biases of the examiner. The governmenthoped tha...

• Kolkata - geography.

  Other places of interest in Kolkata are the fashionable Jawaharlal Nehru (formerly Chowringhee) Road, the city’s main thoroughfare; the Raj Bhavan (1802; formerly calledthe Government House), the state governor’s residence; the Indian Museum (1875), which contains noted displays on archaeology and natural history; and the BirlaIndustrial and Technological Museum. The Botanical Gardens (1786) in Hāora (or Howrah), Kolkata’s twin city, features many tropical plants in addition to a famous banyantr...

• language in society

  2 Acknowledgement First and foremost, I wish to express my deep appreciation to my supervisor Dr. Salah Kaouache for his patience, determination and guidance that have seen me through this project. His comments and clarifications have been for immense help to me in writing this dissertation. I am very grateful to him for his insightful feedback and constant encouragement throughout. I also thank Pr. Zahri Harouni, Pr. Hacene Saadi, Dr.Youcef Beghoul, Dr....

• Cincinnati - geography.

  and managed the Reds. The University of Cincinnati men’s basketball team enjoyed considerable success in the 1990s. IV ECONOMY Cincinnati, from its earliest beginnings, has functioned as a major port on the Ohio River. Distribution of raw materials as well as manufactured goods is one of the city’schief economic activities. Although Cincinnati remains one of the world’s leading centers for the distribution of bituminous (soft) coal, this trade is gradually declining. Coal from Kentucky and W...

• Nuclear Energy I INTRODUCTION Gundremmingen Nuclear Power Plant, Germany The first of three boiling-water nuclear reactors at Germany's Gundremmingen plant began operating in 1966 but was permanently shut down after being decommissioned in 1983.

  such as ¯U is induced by the absorption of a neutron as in producing cesium-140, rubidium-93, three neutrons, and 200 MeV, or 3.2 × 10 -11 J (7.7 × 10 -12 cal). A nuclear fission reaction releases 10 million times as much energy as is released in a typical chemical reaction. See Nuclear Chemistry. III NUCLEAR ENERGY FROM FISSION The two key characteristics of nuclear fission important for the practical release of nuclear energy are both evident in equation (2). First, the energy per fiss...

• Fidel Castro.

  result, Castro formed a radical branch of the Ortodoxo Party called the Radical Action Orthodox wing. This organization supported Chibás in the 1948 election. PrioSocarrás won the election, despite Castro’s efforts. After Chibás committed suicide in 1951, Castro believed he should become the leader of the Ortodoxo Party and ran for a seat in the Cuban House of Representatives inthe 1952 election. Before that election could occur, however, General Fulgencio Batista staged a bloodless coup d’etat...

• Segregation in the United States - U.

  acts of discrimination. Writing for the court, Justice Joseph Bradley declared: “When a man has emerged from slavery, and by the aid of beneficent legislation ... theremust be some stage in the progress of his elevation when he takes the rank of a mere citizen, and ceases to be the special favorite of the laws, and when his rights as acitizen, or a man, are to be protected in the ordinary modes by which other men’s rights are protected.” Rather than being the “special favorites” of the law, blac...

• Geoffrey Chaucer I INTRODUCTION Geoffrey Chaucer Fourteenth-century English poet and public servant Geoffrey Chaucer wrote verse renowned for its humor, understanding of human character, and innovations in poetic vocabulary and meter.

  Tale of the Wife of BathThe Canterbury Tales by English poet Geoffrey Chaucer contains 22 verse tales and 2 prose tales presumably told bypilgrims to pass the time on their way to visit a shrine in Canterbury, England. An excerpt from the tale of the Wife ofBath is heard here. The wife relates that she has been married and widowed five times but the church has recognized onlyone marriage. You can follow the Middle English text and modern translation as you listen to the audio excerpt.The Wife of...

• William Faulkner I INTRODUCTION William Faulkner Twentieth-century American novelist William Faulkner wrote novels that explored the tensions between the old and the new in the American South.

  Faulkner’s “powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel.” He also wrote numerous short stories, many of the best of which werepublished in book form in Go Down, Moses (1942) and The Collected Stories (1950; Pulitzer Prize, 1951). In-between his fiction works, which until late in his career did not always pay well, Faulkner wrote screenplays for Hollywood; two of his more prominent scripts were for the motion pictures To Have and Have Not (1944) and The Big S...

• Jakarta - geography.

  voluntary movement of families to Indonesia's less populated islands). Jakarta is a magnet for migrants from other areas of Indonesia; during the late 1980s an estimated 250 migrants arrived daily. Most were between the ages of 15 and39 years, many with six years of education or less. There is also a significant number of commuters and seasonal migrants who work in government, manufacturing,and services. In addition, many of these temporary residents are engaged in informal employment as drivers...

• Ecuador - geographie.

  1944 lief eine Kampagne zur Bekämpfung des Analphabetentums an. Der Alphabetisierungsgrad liegt bei 93,1 Prozent. Der Schulbesuch ist kostenlos und alle Kinder sindfür die Dauer von 10 Jahren schulpflichtig. In vielen ländlichen Gegenden fehlen jedoch Bildungseinrichtungen. 4.1 Bildung und Schulwesen Zu den wichtigsten Hochschulen gehören in Quito die Central University of Ecuador (1769) und die Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador (1946). Daneben gibt es dieUniversität Cuenca (1868) und d...

• Benin - country.

  French is the official language of Benin, but most people speak an African language. Each of the country’s ethnic groups has its own language. Fon is the most widelyspoken language. About 52 percent of the population professes traditional religious beliefs, chiefly Vodun, a belief in spirits. Arab merchants introduced Islam to the region, and today it isthe religion of some 20 percent of the people, most of whom live in the north. Christianity, especially Roman Catholicism, is the religion of ab...

• Los Angeles - geography.

  size and population) among all the cities in Los Angeles County. It is irregular in shape because it has grown over the years through the annexation of surrounding territoryand cities. The city proper is shaped like a lighted torch, its narrow handle extending north from the Port of Los Angeles to downtown Los Angeles, and its flames flickeringirregularly to the north, west, and northwest. Several separate cities—such as Beverly Hills, Santa Monica, and Culver City—are partly or completely surro...

• Myanmar - geographie.

  Die Amtssprache ist das Birmanische, das zu den siehe sinotibetischen Sprachen gehört und von etwa zwei Dritteln der Bevölkerung gesprochen wird. Das birmanische Alphabet stützt sich auf das Sanskrit und auf eine Form des Alphabets der Pali- Sprache, in der die heiligen Schriften des Buddhismus überliefert sind ( siehe indische Sprachen). Rund 15 Prozent der Bevölkerung sprechen Shan und Karen, der übrige Teil spricht Mon; gebildete Birmanen sprechen außerdem Englisch. Zudem gibt es einebeac...

• Kuwait (country) - country.

  Oil revenues have allowed Kuwait to build an extensive educational system, yielding a literacy rate of 84 percent. Public school is free and compulsory from the age of 6to 13, and several private schools also teach this age group. Kuwait University (founded in 1966) is also free and offers programs in a wide range of professional andscientific fields at several campuses. Both the extensive library system at Kuwait University and the collection at Kuwait National Museum (1957) were heavily damage...

• Dentistry.

  Together with dentists, dental hygienists and dental assistants make up the team that provides dental care to patients. Hygienists record patient medical histories, suchas blood pressure and pulse. They clean teeth, apply sealants and fluoride treatments, teach patients sound oral hygiene practices, and often assist with X rays. Manyhygienists receive a two-year associate degree, while others may choose to enroll in a four-year program at a university or in a master’s degree program. There are25...

• London - geographie.

  Westminster sowie die Margaretenkirche sind seit 1987 Weltkulturerbestätten der UNESCO. Im Westen liegt auch der Hyde Park, die größte Parkanlage Londons, der inwestlicher Richtung bis in die Stadtbezirke Knightsbridge und Kensington reicht, beides äußerst elegante Wohnviertel mit vielen Sehenswürdigkeiten, darunter dasWarenhaus von Harrods, die Royal Albert Hall und die South-Kensington-Museen. Direkt im Süden von West End, am anderen Flussufer, befindet sich der Lambeth-Palast des Erzbischofs...

• Bahrain - country.

  A Religion Almost all Bahrainis and the majority of nonnatives are followers of Islam (Muslims). About 70 percent of all native Bahrainis belong to the Shia branch of Islam, whilethe remainder, including the ruling al-Khalifa clan, are adherents of the Sunni branch. Non-Muslims, including Hindus, Buddhists, Christians, and Jews, account for 15percent of the total population. High unemployment among the Shia population has caused considerable discontent on the part of this group toward the Sunni...

• Südafrika - geographie.

  100 Schlangenarten. 3 BEVÖLKERUNG Von den 43,8 Millionen Einwohnern (2008) sind etwa 75 Prozent Schwarze, 14 Prozent Weiße, 8 Prozent Mischlinge und 3 Prozent Asiaten. Die Schwarzafrikaner gehörenneun Volksgruppen an: den Zulu, den Xhosa, den Tswana, den Venda, den Sotho, den Ndebele, den Tsonga, den Swasi und den Pedi. Die Zulu als größte dieserVolksgruppen stellen etwa 20 Prozent der Gesamtbevölkerung. Die Weißen stammen überwiegend von britischen, holländischen, deutschen und französisch-hug...

• Azerbaijan - country.

  second most important industrial center after Baku. A Ethnic Groups Azerbaijan, including the autonomous exclave of Naxçivan, is populated mostly by ethnic Azerbaijanis, who are also known as Azeris. The ethnic composition of thecountry changed due to a civil war between the government of Azerbaijan and Armenian secessionists in the Nagorno-Karabakh enclave. Beginning in 1988, when thepeople of Nagorno-Karabakh unilaterally decided to secede from Azerbaijan, nearly the entire Azerbaijani popula...

• Armenia (country) - country.

  because of ethnic tension brought on by a secessionist conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, a region inhabited predominantly by Armenians in western Azerbaijan. In thereverse direction, many Armenian refugees entered Armenia from Azerbaijan during the conflict. Armenia’s official state language is Armenian, an Indo-European language with no surviving close relatives. It has a unique 38-letter alphabet that dates from the early5th century. Of its many spoken dialects, the most important are Eastern or Y...