1588 résultats pour "year"

• Connecticut - USA History.

  The state’s shoreline, when all the bays and inlets are taken into account, has a total length of 995 km (618 mi). The coastline is deeply indented by long estuaries androcky inlets, and there are many sandy beaches and stretches of tidal marsh. There are several good harbors along the coast, the most important of which is at NewHaven. A few small islands lie offshore in Long Island Sound. D Climate Connecticut has long, hot summers and cold winters. The climate does not vary greatly from place...

• Washington (state) - geography.

  The crest of the Cascade Range divides Washington into two distinct climatic regions. The area west of the Cascades, which is exposed throughout the year to rain-bearing winds from the Pacific Ocean, has a temperate marine type of climate that is characterized by mild wet winters and cool summers. The Cascades prevent themoist air blowing in from the Pacific from reaching eastern Washington. The Rocky Mountains on the eastern border also represent a climatic barrier. As a result, thesevere winte...

• Washington (state) - USA History.

  The crest of the Cascade Range divides Washington into two distinct climatic regions. The area west of the Cascades, which is exposed throughout the year to rain-bearing winds from the Pacific Ocean, has a temperate marine type of climate that is characterized by mild wet winters and cool summers. The Cascades prevent themoist air blowing in from the Pacific from reaching eastern Washington. The Rocky Mountains on the eastern border also represent a climatic barrier. As a result, thesevere winte...

• Kyrgyzstan - country.

  are Bishkek, the capital, located on the Chu River in the far north; and Osh, located in the Fergana Valley. A Ethnic Groups Ethnic Kyrgyz make up about 65 percent of the population of Kyrgyzstan. Uzbeks, who live primarily in the Fergana Valley, constitute about 14 percent of thepopulation. Russians, who live principally in Bishkek and other industrial centers, make up about 13 percent of the population. Other ethnic groups include Hui (ChineseMuslims, also known as Dungans), Ukrainians, Uygur...

• Inca Empire.

  The Incas’ public works were built through a labor tax known as mit’a. This tax required most people incorporated into the Inca Empire to provide labor for public worksduring certain portions of each year. This labor tax supported large-scale public works that required the marshalling of large labor forces, such as for the building offorts, roads, and bridges, or the mining of metals and gems. It also allowed the emperor to raise large armies to undertake wars of conquest. Road building was impo...

• Inca Empire - History.

  The Incas’ public works were built through a labor tax known as mit’a. This tax required most people incorporated into the Inca Empire to provide labor for public worksduring certain portions of each year. This labor tax supported large-scale public works that required the marshalling of large labor forces, such as for the building offorts, roads, and bridges, or the mining of metals and gems. It also allowed the emperor to raise large armies to undertake wars of conquest. Road building was impo...

• Blacks in Latin America.

  Throughout Latin America and the Caribbean the slave population declined at the astonishing rate of 2 to 4 percent a year; thus, by the time slavery was abolished, theoverall slave population in many places was far less than the total number of slaves imported. The British colony of Jamaica, for example, imported more than 600,000slaves during the 18th century; yet, in 1838, the slave population numbered little more than 300,000. The French colony of Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti)imported mo...

• Railroads.

  III GAUGES The gauge of track is the distance between the inner edges of the rails at points 1.59 cm (0.626 in) below the top of the heads. In the United States, Canada, theUnited Kingdom, Mexico, Norway, Sweden, and much of continental Europe, the standard gauge is 143.51 cm (56.5 in). Why this measurement became the standard isa matter of speculation. Probably the tradition is inherited from early tramroads built to accommodate wagons with axles 1.5 m (5 ft) long; some of the early edge rail...

• Greece - country.

  minerals, such as chromium, copper, uranium, and magnesium, are relatively small. Greece’s small petroleum deposits, located under the Aegean Sea near the island ofThásos, are rapidly being depleted. There are no significant reserves of natural gas. Greece’s forests, probably abundant in ancient times, have been significantly depleted. Subsequent soil erosion has made reforestation efforts difficult. Although muchof Greece’s soil is rocky and dry, the country’s mountains are interspersed with sm...

• Elizabeth I I INTRODUCTION Elizabeth I (1533-1603), queen of England and Ireland (1558-1603), daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn.

  Catholic challenges and plots persisted through much of Elizabeth’s reign, and Elizabeth reacted to them strongly. In 1569 a group of powerful Catholic nobles innorthern England rose in rebellion but were savagely repressed. The northern earls were executed, their property and those of their followers was confiscated, and theirheirs were deprived of their inheritance. In 1570 the pope excommunicated Elizabeth, sanctioning Catholic efforts to dethrone her. In 1571 an international conspiracywas u...

• Elizabeth I.

  Catholic challenges and plots persisted through much of Elizabeth’s reign, and Elizabeth reacted to them strongly. In 1569 a group of powerful Catholic nobles innorthern England rose in rebellion but were savagely repressed. The northern earls were executed, their property and those of their followers was confiscated, and theirheirs were deprived of their inheritance. In 1570 the pope excommunicated Elizabeth, sanctioning Catholic efforts to dethrone her. In 1571 an international conspiracywas u...

• Elizabeth I .

  Catholic challenges and plots persisted through much of Elizabeth’s reign, and Elizabeth reacted to them strongly. In 1569 a group of powerful Catholic nobles innorthern England rose in rebellion but were savagely repressed. The northern earls were executed, their property and those of their followers was confiscated, and theirheirs were deprived of their inheritance. In 1570 the pope excommunicated Elizabeth, sanctioning Catholic efforts to dethrone her. In 1571 an international conspiracywas u...

• Andrew Jackson.

  against a resolution praising President George Washington’s administration. Jackson claimed that Washington’s policy toward Native Americans was too lenient and thatJay’s Treaty, concluded with the British under Washington’s administration, was too damaging to American interests. After one year in the House, Jackson was elected to fill out an unexpired term in the U.S. Senate, the other chamber of the Congress of the United States. He servedfrom September 1797 to April 1798 and then retired to p...

• Andrew Jackson

  against a resolution praising President George Washington’s administration. Jackson claimed that Washington’s policy toward Native Americans was too lenient and thatJay’s Treaty, concluded with the British under Washington’s administration, was too damaging to American interests. After one year in the House, Jackson was elected to fill out an unexpired term in the U.S. Senate, the other chamber of the Congress of the United States. He servedfrom September 1797 to April 1798 and then retired to p...

• Andrew Jackson - USA History.

  against a resolution praising President George Washington’s administration. Jackson claimed that Washington’s policy toward Native Americans was too lenient and thatJay’s Treaty, concluded with the British under Washington’s administration, was too damaging to American interests. After one year in the House, Jackson was elected to fill out an unexpired term in the U.S. Senate, the other chamber of the Congress of the United States. He servedfrom September 1797 to April 1798 and then retired to p...

• Nevada - geography.

  The Truckee, Carson, and Walker rivers flow out of the Sierra Nevada, thread their way around several of the desert ranges, and also end in closed basins. The Walkerflows into Walker Lake, the Carson into Lahontan Reservoir. The major part of the Truckee’s flow is now diverted to Lahontan Reservoir, although as required by lawsome of it empties into Pyramid Lake. Because these three streams flow constantly, the lakes into which they empty never dry up. Winnemucca Lake formerly receivedoverflow w...

• Nevada - USA History.

  The Truckee, Carson, and Walker rivers flow out of the Sierra Nevada, thread their way around several of the desert ranges, and also end in closed basins. The Walkerflows into Walker Lake, the Carson into Lahontan Reservoir. The major part of the Truckee’s flow is now diverted to Lahontan Reservoir, although as required by lawsome of it empties into Pyramid Lake. Because these three streams flow constantly, the lakes into which they empty never dry up. Winnemucca Lake formerly receivedoverflow w...

• Bangladesh - country.

  F Environmental Issues Waterborne diseases such as cholera are a serious threat to public health in Bangladesh. Until the 1970s, many of Bangladesh’s people became sick from drinkingpolluted water drawn from surface rivers. Aid agencies such as the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) built shallow wells throughout the country to help provide asafe source of drinking water to Bangladesh’s poor. In the 1990s, however, it was discovered that many of these wells were contaminated by arsenic, a...

• Northwest Territories - Geography.

  million years ago by the severe bending (folding) and faulting (breaking) of sedimentary rock that was once part of the Interior Plains. During the Wisconsin Ice Age,alpine glaciers covered the Cordillera, and the movement of the glaciers created razor-sharp peaks and ridges in these mountains. The moving glaciers also createdbroad U-shaped valleys. To the east of the Interior Plains, the ancient rocks of the Canadian Shield are exposed at the Earth’s surface, resulting in a rough, rolling terra...

• Northwest Territories - Canadian History.

  million years ago by the severe bending (folding) and faulting (breaking) of sedimentary rock that was once part of the Interior Plains. During the Wisconsin Ice Age,alpine glaciers covered the Cordillera, and the movement of the glaciers created razor-sharp peaks and ridges in these mountains. The moving glaciers also createdbroad U-shaped valleys. To the east of the Interior Plains, the ancient rocks of the Canadian Shield are exposed at the Earth’s surface, resulting in a rough, rolling terra...

• Lyndon B.

  A1 First Years in Office Johnson quickly made a two-fold reputation. He was a firm supporter of Roosevelt’s program, both domestic and foreign, and he was also a tireless worker on behalf ofthe voters he represented. Often the two activities coincided, as was the case when he helped to bring public power into Texas through the Rural ElectrificationAdministration and the Lower Colorado River Authority. He also secured funds for the building of dams, roads, and other public improvements in his di...

• Austria - country.

  Wildlife is generally scarce in Austria. Chamois, deer, and marmot are still present; bear, which were once abundant, are now almost completely absent. Hunting isstrictly regulated to protect the remaining species. F Environmental Issues Industrial emissions, a high volume of tourist traffic, and significant air pollution from other countries—principally the former East Germany, Slovakia, and the CzechRepublic—combine to make acid rain the major environmental problem in Austria. One-quarter of...

• Bulgaria - country.

  E Climate Most of Bulgaria has a continental climate, with cold winters and hot summers. The climate in general is more severe than in other European areas of the samelatitudes, and the average annual temperature range is greater than that of neighboring countries. Severe droughts, frosts, winds, and hail storms frequently damagecrops. A Mediterranean climate, with dry summers and mild, humid winters, prevails in the valley of the southwestern Rhodope Mountains; the northern limit of theclimati...

• Ancient Egypt.

  around 4500 BC. The style and decoration of the pottery found at these sites differ from those of pottery found in Upper Egypt. The northern type eventually fell out of use. Other differences between the peoples in Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt include the nature of their architecture and the arrangements for burial of the dead, thelatter perhaps signifying differing religious beliefs. B Unification and Early Dynastic Period By 3500 BC, the settlement of Hierakonpolis, located on the west bank...

• Ancient Egypt - USA History.

  around 4500 BC. The style and decoration of the pottery found at these sites differ from those of pottery found in Upper Egypt. The northern type eventually fell out of use. Other differences between the peoples in Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt include the nature of their architecture and the arrangements for burial of the dead, thelatter perhaps signifying differing religious beliefs. B Unification and Early Dynastic Period By 3500 BC, the settlement of Hierakonpolis, located on the west bank...

• The Souls of Black Folk by W.

  in amused contempt and pity. One ever feels his two-ness,—an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in onedark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder. The history of the American Negro is the history of this strife—this longing to attain self-conscious manhood, to merge his double self into a better and truer self. Inthis merging he wishes neither of the older selves to be lost. He would not Africanize America, f...

• Nunavut - Canadian History.

  The Arctic Lands is a complex geological area that is centered on the Arctic Ocean. It includes coastal plains, plateaus, and mountains. Coastal plains and plateaus arefound in the western Northwest Territories section of the Arctic Lands, such as on Victoria Island, which is mostly a large, flat plateau. In striking contrast to theserelatively gentle landscapes, the eastern Nunavut section of the Arctic Lands is dominated by a jagged chain of ice-covered mountains. The mountains on EllesmereIsl...

• United Nations.

  and programs to carry out its recommendations. It elects members to serve on certain agencies and programs, and it coordinates those programs through variouscommittees. B Security Council The Security Council is the most powerful body in the UN. It is responsible for maintaining international peace, and for restoring peace when conflicts arise. Its decisionsare binding on all UN members and have the force of international law. The Security Council has the power to define what is a threat to sec...

• New Mexico - geography.

  New Mexico’s major river is the Río Grande, originating in southern Colorado, and flowing southward for 760 km (470 mi) through the state. Between the San LuisValley and Española Valley the river flows in a deep canyon known as the Río Grande Gorge; then, below White Rock Canyon, it flows through several valleys containingagricultural land. Most of the water of the Río Grande is used to irrigate these valleys. The Río Grande’s waterflow in New Mexico is extremely low. One of the major tributarie...

• New Mexico - USA History.

  New Mexico’s major river is the Río Grande, originating in southern Colorado, and flowing southward for 760 km (470 mi) through the state. Between the San LuisValley and Española Valley the river flows in a deep canyon known as the Río Grande Gorge; then, below White Rock Canyon, it flows through several valleys containingagricultural land. Most of the water of the Río Grande is used to irrigate these valleys. The Río Grande’s waterflow in New Mexico is extremely low. One of the major tributarie...

• Jane Austen I INTRODUCTION Jane Austen English author Jane Austen crafted satirical romances set within the confines of upper-middle-class English society.

  up their personal pride and prejudices before they can enter into a happy relationship together. As do Austen’s earlier writings, Pride and Prejudice displays the themes of appearance versus reality, and impulse versus deliberation. Elizabeth, trusting her own impulses, makes a mistake about Darcy and his apparent arrogance that deliberation and further experience eventually cause her to correct. Of Elizabeth, Austenwrote: “I must confess that I think her as delightful a creature as ever appea...

• Guatemala - country.

  C Climate The climate of Guatemala varies according to elevation, from hot coastal plains to cold mountain heights. Most of the population lives between 900 and 2,400 m (3,000and 8,000 ft) above sea level, where there are warm days and cool nights with average annual temperatures of 20°C (68°F). The coastal regions are hot and humid,with average annual temperatures of 28°C (83°F). A rainy season, from May through October, is sometimes called “winter” because it brings cloudy afternoons andlower...

• Liechtenstein Facts and Figures.

  HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancy Total 80 years (2008 estimate) Female 83.5 years (2008 estimate) Male 76.4 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 5 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician Not available Population per hospital bed Not available Literacy rateTotal 100 percent (1981) Female 100 percent (1981) Male 100 percent (1981) Education expenditure as a share of gross national product (GNP) Not available Number of years of compulsory...

• Albania - country.

  Joining the international community in its concern over the degradation of the environment, Albania is party to international agreements concerning biodiversity, climatechange, and wetlands. III THE PEOPLE OF ALBANIA In 2008 Albania’s population estimate was 3,619,778, resulting in an average density of 132 persons per sq km (342 per sq mi). More and more people have left ruralareas for urban ones, particularly in the northern districts, such that in 2005 some 45 percent of the population live...

• Arthropod - biology.

  through a series of distinct phases to become adults. Larvae may also inhabit different environments and eat different foods than their parents. The life spans ofarthropods range from a few weeks to several decades. V ARTHROPOD EVOLUTION The evolutionary origins of modern arthropods are unclear and complex. It is generally accepted that the phylum is polyphyletic—that is, derived from several separateancestral lines. The ancestors of arthropods were ancient aquatic segmented worms, similar to p...

• Europe .

  D Vegetation Although much of Europe, particularly the west, was originally covered by forest, the vegetation has been transformed by human habitation and the clearing of land.Only in the most northerly mountains and in parts of north central European Russia has the forest cover been relatively unaffected by human activity. On the otherhand, a considerable amount of Europe is covered by woodland that has been planted or has reoccupied cleared lands. The largest vegetation zone in Europe, cuttin...

• Europe - Geography.

  D Vegetation Although much of Europe, particularly the west, was originally covered by forest, the vegetation has been transformed by human habitation and the clearing of land.Only in the most northerly mountains and in parts of north central European Russia has the forest cover been relatively unaffected by human activity. On the otherhand, a considerable amount of Europe is covered by woodland that has been planted or has reoccupied cleared lands. The largest vegetation zone in Europe, cuttin...

• champ magnétique

  By agreement, we call « north magnetic pole » the place where goes out the magnetic field and « south magnetic pole » the place where enters the magnetic field. Scientists found that the magnetic field enters in the north hemisphere and goes out in the south hemisphere. So, the north magnetic pole located in Canada is actually the south magnetic pole. However, because he is situated near the geographic north, we call it North Pole magnetic. Evolution of the Earth's magnetic field : Since the sev...

• Uzbekistan Facts and Figures.

  Other 7.1 percent Religious affiliationsMuslim (mostly Sunni) 76 percent Atheist 3 percent Christian 2 percent Nonreligious 18 percent Other 1 percent HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancyTotal 65.4 years (2008 estimate) Female 69 years (2008 estimate) Male 62 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 68 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 347 people (2004) Population per hospital bed 182 people (2003) Literacy rateTotal 99.2 percent (200...

• Bacteria - biology.

  A2 b Bacterial Killers Some dramatic infectious diseases result from exposure to bacteria that are not part of our normal bacterial community. Cholera, one of the world’s deadliest diseasestoday, is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae . Cholera is spread in water and food contaminated with the bacteria, and by people who have the disease. After entering the body, the cholera bacteria grow in the intestines, often along the surface of the intestinal wall, where they secrete a toxin (poiso...

• Slovakia Facts and Figures.

  Other 6 percent HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancyTotal 75.2 years (2008 estimate) Female 79.3 years (2008 estimate) Male 71.2 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 7 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 307 people (2004) Population per hospital bed 139 people (2003) Literacy rateTotal Not available Female Not available Male Not available Education expenditure as a share of gross national product (GNP) 4.4 percent (2002-2003) Number of...

• F.Y.R.O. Macedonia Facts and Figures. BASIC FACTS Official name The Former Yugoslav Republic

  Other 3 percent Religious affiliationsOrthodox Christian (mostly Macedonian Orthodox) 60 percent Muslim 29 percent Nonreligious 7 percent Other 4 percent HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancy Total 74.5 years (2008 estimate) Female 77.1 years (2008 estimate) Male 72 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 9 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 392 people (2006) Population per hospital bed 207 people (2002) Literacy rateTotal Not availabl...

• Estonia Facts and Figures.

  Atheist 11 percent Nonreligious 25 percent Other 18 percent HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancyTotal 72.6 years (2008 estimate) Female 78.3 years (2008 estimate) Male 67.2 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 8 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 300 people (2006) Population per hospital bed 167 people (2002) Literacy rateTotal 99.8 percent (2003) Female 99.8 percent (2003) Male 99.8 percent (2003) Education expenditure as a share...

• Niger Facts and Figures.

  Other 1 percent HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancyTotal 44.3 years (2008 estimate) Female 44.3 years (2008 estimate) Male 44.3 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 115 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 32,931 people (2004) Population per hospital bed 8,333 people (1998) Literacy rateTotal 18.7 percent (2005 estimate) Female 10.6 percent (2005 estimate) Male 27.1 percent (2005 estimate) Education expenditure as a share of gross natio...

• Belize Facts and Figures.

  Hindu 2 percent Other 17 percent HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancyTotal 68.2 years (2008 estimate) Female 70.1 years (2008 estimate) Male 66.3 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 24 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 957 people (2004) Population per hospital bed 769 people (2003) Literacy rateTotal 93.2 percent (2000 estimate) Female 93.2 percent (2000 estimate) Male 93.3 percent (2000 estimate) Education expenditure as a share o...

• Eritrea Facts and Figures.

  HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancyTotal 60 years (2008 estimate) Female 61.9 years (2008 estimate) Male 58.3 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 44 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 19,986 people (2004) Population per hospital bed Not available Literacy rateTotal 55.7 percent (2000 estimate) Female 44.5 percent (2000 estimate) Male 67.3 percent (2000 estimate) Education expenditure as a share of gross national product (GNP) 3.3 percen...

• Sri Lanka Facts and Figures.

  Hindu 15 percent Christian 8 percent Muslim 8 percent HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancyTotal 75 years (2008 estimate) Female 77.1 years (2008 estimate) Male 73 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 19 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 1,834 people (2004) Population per hospital bed 323 people (2002) Literacy rateTotal 92.8 percent (2005 estimate) Female 90.6 percent (2005 estimate) Male 95 percent (2005 estimate) Education expen...

• Tajikistan Facts and Figures.

  Other 1 percent HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancy Total 65 years (2008 estimate) Female 68.2 years (2008 estimate) Male 62 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 42 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 498 people (2006) Population per hospital bed 164 people (2003) Literacy rateTotal 99.5 percent (2005 estimate) Female 99.2 percent (2005 estimate) Male 99.7 percent (2005 estimate) Education expenditure as a share of gross national pro...

• Guinea-Bissau Facts and Figures.

  HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancyTotal 47.5 years (2008 estimate) Female 49.4 years (2008 estimate) Male 45.7 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 102 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 8,181 people (2004) Population per hospital bed 677 people (1990) Literacy rateTotal 44.8 percent (2005 estimate) Female 30.1 percent (2005 estimate) Male 60.4 percent (2005 estimate) Education expenditure as a share of gross national product (GNP) 2.3...

• Trinidad and Tobago Facts and Figures.

  Other 11 percent HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancyTotal 67 years (2008 estimate) Female 68 years (2008 estimate) Male 66.1 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 24 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 1,269 people (2004) Population per hospital bed 294 people (2001) Literacy rateTotal 98.2 percent (2000) Female 97.5 percent (2000) Male 99 percent (2000) Education expenditure as a share of gross national product (GNP) 4.6 percent (2002-...