1052 résultats pour "government"

• Switzerland Facts and Figures.

  Other 1 percent LanguagesGerman (official), French (official), Italian (official), Romansch, English, and others NOTE: Romansch, a Romance language, is spoken by less than 1 percent of the Swiss population, chiefly in the canton of Graubünden. Religious affiliationsRoman Catholic 44 percent Protestant 41 percent Muslim 3 percent Nonreligious 7 percent Other 5 percent HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancy Total 80.7 years (2008 estimate) Female 83.7 years (2008 estimate) Male 7...

• Venezuela Facts and Figures.

  HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancy Total 73.5 years (2008 estimate) Female 76.7 years (2008 estimate) Male 70.4 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 22 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 516 people (2004) Population per hospital bed 1,250 people (2001) Literacy rateTotal 94 percent (2005 estimate) Female 93.8 percent (2005 estimate) Male 94.2 percent (2005 estimate) Education expenditure as a share of gross national product (GNP) 5.2...

• Germany Facts and Figures.

  Nonreligious 17 percent Other 7 percent HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancy Total 79.1 years (2008 estimate) Female 82.3 years (2008 estimate) Male 76.1 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 4 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 291 people (2006) Population per hospital bed 112 people (2002) Literacy rateTotal 99 percent (1995) Female Not available Male Not available Education expenditure as a share of gross national product (GNP) 4...

• United States Facts and Figures.

  HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancy Total 78.1 years (2008 estimate) Female 81.1 years (2008 estimate) Male 75.3 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 6 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 375 people (2005) Population per hospital bed 370 people (2005) Literacy rateTotal 99.5 percent (1995) Female Not available Male Not available Education expenditure as a share of gross national product (GNP) 4.9 percent (2000-2001) Number of years of...

• Spain Facts and Figures.

  Other 3 percent HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancy Total 79.9 years (2008 estimate) Female 83.5 years (2008 estimate) Male 76.6 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 4 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 313 people (2004) Population per hospital bed 263 people (2003) Literacy rateTotal 98.1 percent (2005 estimate) Female 97.4 percent (2005 estimate) Male 98.8 percent (2005 estimate) Education expenditure as a share of gross national...

• Canada Facts and Figures.

  English (official), French (official), Chinese, Italian, Punjabi, Spanish, indigenous languages Religious affiliationsRoman Catholic 43 percent No religion 16 percent United Church 10 percent Anglican 7 percent Baptist 3 percent Lutheran 2 percent Other 19 percent HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancy Total 80.5 years (2008 estimate) Female 84 years (2008 estimate) Male 77.1 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 5 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Populat...

• Malaysia Facts and Figures.

  Other 6 percent HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancy Total 73 years (2008 estimate) Female 75.9 years (2008 estimate) Male 70.3 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 16 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 1,425 people (2004) Population per hospital bed 526 people (2001) Literacy rateTotal 89.9 percent (2005 estimate) Female 86.8 percent (2005 estimate) Male 93 percent (2005 estimate) Education expenditure as a share of gross national p...

• Austria Facts and Figures.

  HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancy Total 79.4 years (2008 estimate) Female 82.4 years (2008 estimate) Male 76.5 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 5 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 273 people (2006) Population per hospital bed 121 people (2003) Literacy rateTotal 99 percent (1995) Female Not available Male Not available Education expenditure as a share of gross national product (GNP) 5.8 percent (2002-2003) Number of years of co...

• Brazil Facts and Figures.

  HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancy Total 72.5 years (2008 estimate) Female 76.6 years (2008 estimate) Male 68.6 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 27 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 486 people (2004) Population per hospital bed 370 people (2002) Literacy rateTotal 87.1 percent (2005 estimate) Female 87.5 percent (2005 estimate) Male 86.7 percent (2005 estimate) Education expenditure as a share of gross national product (GNP) 4 pe...

• China Facts and Figures.

  Other 34 percent HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancy Total 73.2 years (2008 estimate) Female 75.2 years (2008 estimate) Male 71.4 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 21 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 662 people (2005) Population per hospital bed 408 people (2005) Literacy rateTotal 87.3 percent (2005 estimate) Female 80.6 percent (2005 estimate) Male 93.7 percent (2005 estimate) Education expenditure as a share of gross nationa...

• Pakistan Facts and Figures.

  HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancy Total 64.1 years (2008 estimate) Female 65.2 years (2008 estimate) Male 63.1 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 67 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 1,353 people (2004) Population per hospital bed 1,429 people (2003) Literacy rateTotal 47.4 percent (2005 estimate) Female 32.4 percent (2005 estimate) Male 61.4 percent (2005 estimate) Education expenditure as a share of gross national product (GNP)...

• Israel Facts and Figures.

  HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancy Total 79.7 years (2008 estimate) Female 82 years (2008 estimate) Male 77.6 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 7 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 273 people (2006) Population per hospital bed 164 people (2003) Literacy rateTotal 96 percent (2005 estimate) Female 94.4 percent (2005 estimate) Male 97.6 percent (2005 estimate) Education expenditure as a share of gross national product (GNP) 7.8 perce...

• Iran Facts and Figures.

  Shiite Muslim 93 percent Sunni Muslim 6 percent Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and Baha'i 1 percent HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancy Total 70.9 years (2008 estimate) Female 72.4 years (2008 estimate) Male 69.4 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 37 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 2,223 people (2004) Population per hospital bed 625 people (2001) Literacy rateTotal 81.3 percent (2005 estimate) Female 75.2 percent (2005 estimate...

• Russia Facts and Figures.

  Nonreligious 28 percent Other 7 percent HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancy Total 65.9 years (2008 estimate) Female 73.1 years (2008 estimate) Male 59.2 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 11 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 232 people (2006) Population per hospital bed 95 people (2003) Literacy rateTotal 99.6 percent (2005 estimate) Female 99.6 percent (2005 estimate) Male 99.7 percent (2005 estimate) Education expenditure as...

• Indonesia Facts and Figures.

  Buddhist 1 percent Other 1 percent HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancy Total 70.5 years (2008 estimate) Female 73.1 years (2008 estimate) Male 68 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 31 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 6,159 people (2004) Population per hospital bed 167 people (1998) Literacy rateTotal 89.5 percent (2005 estimate) Female 85.6 percent (2005 estimate) Male 93.6 percent (2005 estimate) Education expenditure as a sh...

• France Facts and Figures.

  Male 77.7 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 3 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 293 people (2006) Population per hospital bed 130 people (2003) Literacy rateTotal 99 percent (1995) Female Not available Male Not available Education expenditure as a share of gross national product (GNP) 5.6 percent (2002-2003) Number of years of compulsory schooling 11 years (2002-2003) Number of students per teacher, primary school 19 students per teach...

• Las Vegas (Nevada) - geography.

  way for the Paiute people. In the late 1820s early Spanish explorers searching for water discovered an oasis in the region that now contains the city. They named theoasis “Las Vegas,” Spanish for “the meadows.” These expanses of wetlands, once irrigated by artesian waters carried under pressure from the nearby mountain ranges,were a main draw to southern Nevada until the 1940s. Las Vegas was an important stop along the Old Spanish Trail between Santa Fe, New Mexico, and southern California for m...

• Richard Nixon.

  As President Eisenhower neared the end of his second term, his vice president emerged as his logical successor, and the president endorsed Nixon in March. Nixonreceived an impressive vote in party primaries, and at the Republican National Convention, held in Chicago in July, he received all but ten of the delegates’ votes on thefirst ballot. Nixon chose as his running mate the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts. An unusual feature of the campaign wasa serie...

• Richard Nixon

  As President Eisenhower neared the end of his second term, his vice president emerged as his logical successor, and the president endorsed Nixon in March. Nixonreceived an impressive vote in party primaries, and at the Republican National Convention, held in Chicago in July, he received all but ten of the delegates’ votes on thefirst ballot. Nixon chose as his running mate the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts. An unusual feature of the campaign wasa serie...

• GOVERNMENT : Le gouvernement Elections : Les élections The electoral system :

  A political party : un parti politique A political career / battle : une carrière / une bataille politique A political upheaval / gimmi ck : un bouleverse ment / une comb ine politique To govern : gouverner U ngovernable : ingouvernable To rule, to run countr y : diriger un pay s A head of state : un chef d’état A t the head of : à la tête de The outgoing govern ment : le gouvernemen t sortant The legislative / executive / judiciary b ody : le corps légis...

• Qin Dynasty - history.

  Terra-Cotta Tomb FiguresMore than 6,000 life-size terra-cotta soldiers and horses were produced for the tomb of the first Chinese emperor, Qin Shihuangdi.The figures remained buried near his burial mound from 210 bc until their discovery in 1974. Since then, they have beenpainstakingly restored to stand in their original formation.Wolfgang Kaehler/Corbis A nomadic empire named Xiongnu (Hsiung-nu) controlled the vast steppe land in northern Asia. During the Warring States period, the northern Chi...

• Joseph Stalin I INTRODUCTION Joseph Stalin (1879-1953), general secretary of the Communist Party

  V FOREIGN POLICIES Although Stalin’s policy in the mid-1930s was to support the Communist International (Comintern) in forming a popular front against the rise of fascism in Europe, hegave up the idea of collective security with the West and in August 1939 decided upon an alliance with Nazi Germany. The “Secret Protocols” of the German-SovietNonaggression Pact carved up Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence; the Soviets allowed Germany to invade Poland in exchange for Hitle...

• Joseph Stalin.

  V FOREIGN POLICIES Although Stalin’s policy in the mid-1930s was to support the Communist International (Comintern) in forming a popular front against the rise of fascism in Europe, hegave up the idea of collective security with the West and in August 1939 decided upon an alliance with Nazi Germany. The “Secret Protocols” of the German-SovietNonaggression Pact carved up Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence; the Soviets allowed Germany to invade Poland in exchange for Hitle...

• Joseph Stalin .

  V FOREIGN POLICIES Although Stalin’s policy in the mid-1930s was to support the Communist International (Comintern) in forming a popular front against the rise of fascism in Europe, hegave up the idea of collective security with the West and in August 1939 decided upon an alliance with Nazi Germany. The “Secret Protocols” of the German-SovietNonaggression Pact carved up Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence; the Soviets allowed Germany to invade Poland in exchange for Hitle...

• Black Death.

  disappeared in the West. V DISAPPEARANCE OF PLAGUE Plague became less common in Europe after the 1530s. The last plague in England was in 1665, the last in Western Europe in 1722. Numerous theories have beenoffered to explain the disappearance of plague. It has been argued that black rats, the primary carriers of plague, may have been replaced by larger brown rats that donot carry the infection. A second theory suggests that increased immunity among the rodents that carried the disease or chang...

• Black Death .

  disappeared in the West. V DISAPPEARANCE OF PLAGUE Plague became less common in Europe after the 1530s. The last plague in England was in 1665, the last in Western Europe in 1722. Numerous theories have beenoffered to explain the disappearance of plague. It has been argued that black rats, the primary carriers of plague, may have been replaced by larger brown rats that donot carry the infection. A second theory suggests that increased immunity among the rodents that carried the disease or chang...

• International Criminal Court.

  only exercise its jurisdiction when a national court is unwilling or unable to carry out the investigation or prosecution. For example, the ICC might intervene when agovernment’s judicial system has collapsed or is actively shielding a person from criminal responsibility. The court may hold accountable any person aged 18 or older at the time of the crime without regard to the individual’s official duties or functions. Therefore, heads ofstate, legislators, and other high-ranking government offic...

• Criminal Punishment.

  In the United States and Canada, younger offenders may be sentenced to highly regimented, military-style correctional programs known as boot camps. Generally,offenders volunteer to participate in boot camp programs to avoid other types of incarceration. At boot camps, officials subject offenders to strict discipline and physicaltraining. They also provide educational or vocational programs. Boot camps serve as an alternative to traditional, long-term incarceration and attempt to train offenderst...

• Fredericton - geography.

  VI HISTORY The indigenous people known as the Maliseet used the site of Fredericton as a campsite and burial ground before Europeans discovered the area. In the 17th century theybecame partners with the French in the fur trade. Pierre de Joibert, a Frenchman, received several land grants along the St. John River in 1676, but the first importantsettlement in the area was not completed until 1692. Joseph Robineau de Villebon and other settlers built Fort St. Joseph, also known as Fort Nashwaak, a...

• Tokyo - geography.

  room for new facilities and container terminals, and improvements to storage and distribution facilities. The largest categories of exports from the port of Tokyo aremachinery, automotive parts, and chemical products. Imports include lumber, machinery, fruits and vegetables, processed foods and beverages, and marine products. Muchof Tokyo’s trade also goes through the port of Yokohama. That city has a better natural harbor and was developed after 1858 for the specific purpose of serving Tokyo wi...

• Swaziland - country.

  convention of 1894 placed Swaziland under the administration of the Union of South Africa (now the Republic of South Africa). Administration passed to the Britishgovernor of Transvaal in 1903 and to the British high commissioner for South Africa in 1907. In 1967 Swaziland became internally self-governing. The nation attainedfull independence on September 6, 1968, with King Sobhuza II as head of state. The king suspended the constitution in 1973 and banned all political activity; under anew const...

• Algerian War of Independence.

  commander. In Paris, General Charles de Gaulle was called to form a new government to save the situation. In June 1958 in Algiers, de Gaulle reassured the colons with the ambiguous phrase, “Je vous ai compris” (“I have understood you”). His September 1958 proposals forgreater Algerian integration into France failed to address the colons’ fears. In September 1958 the FLN created its own Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic(GPRA), with Ferhat Abbas as president. By 1959 de Gaulle realiz...

• Inca Empire - history.

  rediscovered the site in 1911.© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. Inca society was strictly organized, from the emperor and royal family down to the peasants. The emperor was thought to be descended from the sun god, Inti, and hetherefore ruled with divine authority. All power rested in his hands. Only the influence of custom and the fear of revolt checked the emperor’s power. The emperor had oneofficial wife, but he had many royal concubines and his children by these wives often numbe...

• Portland - geography.

  Garden arena, which opened in 1995. In 2000 the Portland Fire, an expansion Women's National Basketball Association team, began play in the Rose Garden as well. VI ECONOMY Portland enjoys a diversified economy. Major manufactured products include paper, transportation equipment, metal products, sportswear, and electronic componentsand equipment. Major corporations headquartered in the metropolitan region include Nike, a leader in the manufacture of sports footwear, in Beaverton; Louisiana-Paci...

• Inuit.

  VII HOUSING, TRANSPORTATION, AND CLOTHING Inuit homes are of two kinds: walrus or sealskin tents for summer and huts or houses for winter. Winter houses are usually made of stone, with a driftwood orwhalebone frame, chinked and covered with moss or sod. The entrance is a long, narrow passage just high enough to admit a person crawling on hands and knees.During long journeys some Canadian Inuit build igloos, winter houses of snow blocks piled in a dome shape (the term igloo comes from the I...

• Homosexuality.

  that “the history of our nation has demonstrated that separate is seldom, if ever, equal,” in affirming that homosexuals are entitled to the same rights of marriage asheterosexuals. On May 17, 2004, same-sex marriages became legal in Massachusetts, and authorities there began to marry gay couples. State legislators pledged toamend the state constitution to ban gay marriage but allow civil unions. Such an amendment would require voter approval. A growing number of local governments and private co...

• Dallas (Texas) - geography.

  VI RECREATION Dallas contains more than 400 parks that cover a total of about 20,000 hectares (about 50,000 acres). Notable parks include Marsalis Park, which contains the DallasZoo, and the parks surrounding White Rock Lake, Bachman Lake, and Lake Cliff. City-owned greenbelts parallel White Rock Creek, Turtle Creek, and the Trinity River.Fair Park contains a number of museums, the city aquarium, and the Cotton Bowl stadium (the site of the annual Cotton Bowl college football game), as well as...

• Mount Everest - geography.

  endangered or killed when their tents collapsed or were ripped to shreds by the gales. Hypothermia, the dramatic loss of body heat, is also a major and debilitatingproblem in this region of high winds and low temperatures. Another hazard facing Everest climbers is the famous Khumbu icefall, which is located not far above Base Camp and is caused by the rapid movement of the Khumbuglacier over the steep rock underneath. The movement breaks the ice into sérac (large, pointed masses of ice) cliffs...

• Cairo (Egypt) - geography.

  Prize-winning author and Cairo native Naguib Mahfouz, whose fiction has provided a chronicle of the city. VI POINTS OF INTEREST The pyramids of Egypt, which served as tombs for the ancient pharaohs, and the statue of the Sphinx, which dates from about 2500 BC and is probably the country's most famous monument, are located just west of Cairo in the suburb of Giza. Depite the desert background usually depicted in photographs, the pyramids areextremely close to Cairo and are likely to be affecte...

• ?stanbul - geography.

  İstanbul hosts a number of annual cultural events. The İstanbul Cultural Festival, held in the summer, offers music and dance performances in more than 50 venuesthroughout the city, including outdoors at Rumelihisar ı. The city also hosts a summer jazz festival. Turkey is one of the world’s largest producers of motion pictures, anda highly regarded international film festival takes place in İstanbul during the early months of the year. V RECREATION With increasing modernization, recreation is...

• Giant Panda - biology.

  In 2007 conservationists announced that a parasitic roundworm was responsible for a significant number of the panda deaths reported in the wild since 1990. Theparasite Baylisascaris schroederi causes the disease visceral larval migrans, which results in bleeding in the lungs, the liver, and the intestines, and can also affect the brain. It is not known if other recent pandas deaths were caused by the same parasite or by a different contagious disease. Loss of habitat from deforestation is forc...

• Hundred Years' War.

  knowledge of English tactics. Du Guesclin became Constable of France (head of the army) in 1370, and when he died in 1380, Clisson succeeded him. Charles also reorganized the French military, developing a full-time, professional army for the first time, and established a regular system of taxation to pay for it. Inaddition, France gained an important ally on the throne of the Spanish kingdom of Castile, Henry II, who had pledged support for Charles V. When the Caroline war began in 1369, the Eng...

• Hundred Years' War .

  knowledge of English tactics. Du Guesclin became Constable of France (head of the army) in 1370, and when he died in 1380, Clisson succeeded him. Charles also reorganized the French military, developing a full-time, professional army for the first time, and established a regular system of taxation to pay for it. Inaddition, France gained an important ally on the throne of the Spanish kingdom of Castile, Henry II, who had pledged support for Charles V. When the Caroline war began in 1369, the Eng...

• Houston - geography.

  Prominent historical and cultural institutions include the Civic Center Complex, located in the central business district. The complex is composed of the George R. BrownConvention Center; the Wortham Center, which is the home of the Houston Grand Opera and the Houston Ballet; and the Jesse H. Jones Hall for Performing Arts, whichis the home of the Houston Symphony. The nearby Alley Theatre houses a professional repertory acting company. Among other local professional performance groupsare the Ma...

• Rio de Janeiro (city) - geography.

  were coronated; and Our Lady of Candelária Church, thought by some to be the city’s most beautiful church. Another building of interest is the Imperial Palace, located several blocks west of Santos Dumont Airport. Originally constructed as Brazil’s colonial governor’s capitol in1743, it was converted to the royal palace during the city’s period as an imperial capital. It has recently been restored and now houses a cultural center. Otherimpressive 19th-century palaces include Itamaraty and Catete...

• Indo-Pakistani Wars - History.

  wrest Jammu and Kashmīr from India through the use of force. This effort failed as India held its ground, and the war ended in a stalemate after almost two months ofarmed conflict. Although the second war over the territory was shorter than the first, the increased firepower of the two nations resulted in a more deadly war, with atotal of about 6,800 battle casualties. A Events Before the War A number of factors precipitated the second conflict over Jammu and Kashm īr. In the wake of a border w...

• Manhattan Project - U.

  other possible uses of nuclear energy, such as using uranium to operate large power plants or, perhaps, as power sources for ships or submarines. Then Nazi Germanyinvaded Poland on September 1, 1939, and Europe plunged into war. The scientists realized that any plans to build large-scale nuclear power plants would have to waituntil the war was over. Two weeks after the invasion of Poland, Hitler made a radio speech in which he threatened Britain with “a weapon against which there is no defense.”...

• Tecumseh: "Once a Happy Race" Early in the 19th century, Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory made a number of treaties with Native Americans that involved the ceding of land to the United States government.

• Sir John Abbott.

  nonetheless tarnished a number of Conservative reputations. Mainly, however, these charges succeeded only in keeping the government on the defensive. The party'srelative success was due partly to Thompson's debating powers and partly to the conveniently timed defeat of the Liberals in Québec because of similar charges ofcorruption. V RETIREMENT In November 1892, Abbott's doctors warned him that he must retire. In his letter of resignation he advised the governor-general to send for Thompson. Ab...

• Sir John Abbott - Canadian History.

  nonetheless tarnished a number of Conservative reputations. Mainly, however, these charges succeeded only in keeping the government on the defensive. The party'srelative success was due partly to Thompson's debating powers and partly to the conveniently timed defeat of the Liberals in Québec because of similar charges ofcorruption. V RETIREMENT In November 1892, Abbott's doctors warned him that he must retire. In his letter of resignation he advised the governor-general to send for Thompson. Ab...