173 résultats pour "germany"

• Federal Republic of Germany - country.

  B Rivers and Lakes Rivers have played a major role in Germany’s economic development. The Rhine River flows in a northwesterly direction from Switzerland through much of westernGermany and The Netherlands into the North Sea. It is a major European waterway and a pillar of commerce and trade. Its primary German tributaries include theMain, Mosel, Neckar, and Ruhr rivers. The Oder (Odra) River, along the border between Poland and Germany, runs northward and empties into the Baltic; it provides an...

• Holocaust I INTRODUCTION Holocaust, the almost complete destruction of Jews in Europe by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II (1939-1945).

  relation to the Jews. He claimed that the Jews had achieved economic dominance and the ability to control and manipulate the mass media to their own advantage. Hewrote of the need to eradicate their powerful economic position, if necessary by means of their physical removal. IV UNIQUENESS OF NAZI ANTI-SEMITISM The linking of anti-Semitic accusations to race struggle is what made Nazism so genocidal. The Nazis believed the Jews were responsible for what they regarded as thedegeneracy of modern...

• Nuclear Energy I INTRODUCTION Gundremmingen Nuclear Power Plant, Germany The first of three boiling-water nuclear reactors at Germany's Gundremmingen plant began operating in 1966 but was permanently shut down after being decommissioned in 1983.

  such as ¯U is induced by the absorption of a neutron as in producing cesium-140, rubidium-93, three neutrons, and 200 MeV, or 3.2 × 10 -11 J (7.7 × 10 -12 cal). A nuclear fission reaction releases 10 million times as much energy as is released in a typical chemical reaction. See Nuclear Chemistry. III NUCLEAR ENERGY FROM FISSION The two key characteristics of nuclear fission important for the practical release of nuclear energy are both evident in equation (2). First, the energy per fiss...

• Germany Facts and Figures.

  Nonreligious 17 percent Other 7 percent HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancy Total 79.1 years (2008 estimate) Female 82.3 years (2008 estimate) Male 76.1 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 4 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 291 people (2006) Population per hospital bed 112 people (2002) Literacy rateTotal 99 percent (1995) Female Not available Male Not available Education expenditure as a share of gross national product (GNP) 4...

• Bobsledding: Olympic Gold Medalists Year Gold 2-Man Bob 1932 United States I 1936 United States I 1948 Switzerland II 1952 Germany

• Berlin Wall Berlin Wall, fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, built in 1961 and maintained by the former German Democratic Republic (GDR), commonly known as East Germany, until 1989.

• Baroque Art and ArchitectureIINTRODUCTIONGerman Baroque ArchitectureThe baroque style of architecture flourished in Germany in the 18th century.

  C Early baroque styles Conversion of Saint PaulItalian baroque painter Caravaggio painted scenes of realism and drama, often selecting lofty, religious themes anddepicting them with lower-class characters and settings with dramatic spotlighting. With its unidealized characters andfocus on the horse’s body, his Conversion of Saint Paul seems to record a stable accident, not a miraculous conversion byGod. This work was painted in 1601 and is in the Cerasi Chapel, Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome, It...

• Women's Swimming: Olympic Gold Medalists.

  1912 Fanny Durack Australia 1:22.2 1920 Ethelda Bleibtrey United States 1:13.6 1924 Ethel Lackie United States 1:12.4 1928 Albina Osipowich United States 1:11.0 1932 Helene Madison United States 1:06.8 1936 Hendrika Mastenbroek The Netherlands 1:05.9 1948 Greta Andersen Denmark 1:06.3 1952 Katalin Szöke Hungary 1:06.8 1956 Dawn Fraser Australia 1:02.0 1960 Dawn Fraser Australia 1:01.2 1964 Dawn Fraser Australia 59.5 1968 Jan Henne United States 1:00.0 1972 Sandra Neilson United States 58.59 1976...

• Adolf Hitler I INTRODUCTION Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), German political and military leader and one of the 20th century's most powerful dictators.

  A Economic Collapse At the end of World War I, the Allies (those countries who had fought against Germany) had demanded that Germany pay reparations—that is, payments for wardamages. The government refused to pay all that was demanded by the Allies. When Germany failed to pay enough, France and Belgium occupied the coal mines in theRuhr industrial area in west central Germany in January 1923. In protest, the German government halted all reparation payments and called for passive resistance by a...

• Adolf Hitler.

  A Economic Collapse At the end of World War I, the Allies (those countries who had fought against Germany) had demanded that Germany pay reparations—that is, payments for wardamages. The government refused to pay all that was demanded by the Allies. When Germany failed to pay enough, France and Belgium occupied the coal mines in theRuhr industrial area in west central Germany in January 1923. In protest, the German government halted all reparation payments and called for passive resistance by a...

• Adolf Hitler .

  A Economic Collapse At the end of World War I, the Allies (those countries who had fought against Germany) had demanded that Germany pay reparations—that is, payments for wardamages. The government refused to pay all that was demanded by the Allies. When Germany failed to pay enough, France and Belgium occupied the coal mines in theRuhr industrial area in west central Germany in January 1923. In protest, the German government halted all reparation payments and called for passive resistance by a...

• World War I .

  and troops to Europe from the United States and other overseas sources. In 1914 Britain implemented a sea blockade of Germany to prevent the delivery of importssuch as food and war materials. The same year, Germany began using submarines to disrupt Allied seaborne traffic and prevent supplies from reaching Britain. In 1915Germany instituted a submarine blockade around Britain. From February 1915 to September 1915 and again in 1917, Germany used unrestricted submarine warfare,sinking ships withou...

• World Cup Skiing Champions Men's Overall Alpine Winners.

  1993 Anita Wachter (Austria) 1994 Vreni Schneider (Switzerland) 1995 Vreni Schneider (Switzerland) 1996 Katja Seizinger (Germany) 1997 Pernilla Wiberg (Sweden) 1998 Katja Seizinger (Germany) 1999 Alexandra Meissnitzer (Austria) 2000 Renate Goetschl (Austria) 2001 Janica Kostelic (Croatia) 2002 Michaela Dorfmeister (Austria) 2003 Janica Kostelic (Croatia) 2004 Anja Pärson (Sweden) 2005 Anja Pärson (Sweden) 2006 Janica Kostelic (Croatia) 2007 Nicole Hosp (Austria) 2008 Lindsey Vonn (United States)...

• World Cup Skiing Champions.

  1992 Petra Kronberger (Austria) 1993 Anita Wachter (Austria) 1994 Vreni Schneider (Switzerland) 1995 Vreni Schneider (Switzerland) 1996 Katja Seizinger (Germany) 1997 Pernilla Wiberg (Sweden) 1998 Katja Seizinger (Germany) 1999 Alexandra Meissnitzer (Austria) 2000 Renate Goetschl (Austria) 2001 Janica Kostelic (Croatia) 2002 Michaela Dorfmeister (Austria) 2003 Janica Kostelic (Croatia) 2004 Anja Pärson (Sweden) 2005 Anja Pärson (Sweden) 2006 Janica Kostelic (Croatia) 2007 Nicole Hosp (Austria) 2...

• Holocaust .

  relation to the Jews. He claimed that the Jews had achieved economic dominance and the ability to control and manipulate the mass media to their own advantage. Hewrote of the need to eradicate their powerful economic position, if necessary by means of their physical removal. IV UNIQUENESS OF NAZI ANTI-SEMITISM The linking of anti-Semitic accusations to race struggle is what made Nazism so genocidal. The Nazis believed the Jews were responsible for what they regarded as thedegeneracy of modern...

• Women's Track and Field Individual: Olympic Gold Medalists.

  1964 Betty Cuthbert Australia 52.00 1968 Colette Besson France 52.03 1972 Monika Zehrt East Germany 51.08 1976 Irena Szewinska Poland 49.29 1980 Marita Koch East Germany 48.88 1984 Valerie Brisco-Hooks United States 48.83 1988 Olga Bryzgina USSR 48.65 1992 Marie-José Pérec France 48.83 1996 Marie-José Pérec France 48.25 2000 Cathy Freeman Australia 49.11 2004 Tonique Williams-Darling Bahamas 49.41 . Women's Track and Field Individual: Olympic Gold Medalists (400 m Hurdles).Year Name Country Winn...

• Women's Track and Field Individual: Olympic Gold Medalists.

  1964 Betty Cuthbert Australia 52.00 1968 Colette Besson France 52.03 1972 Monika Zehrt East Germany 51.08 1976 Irena Szewinska Poland 49.29 1980 Marita Koch East Germany 48.88 1984 Valerie Brisco-Hooks United States 48.83 1988 Olga Bryzgina USSR 48.65 1992 Marie-José Pérec France 48.83 1996 Marie-José Pérec France 48.25 2000 Cathy Freeman Australia 49.11 2004 Tonique Williams-Darling Bahamas 49.41 . Women's Track and Field Individual: Olympic Gold Medalists (400 m Hurdles)Year Name Country Winni...

• Cold War.

  With this, all the countries of Eastern Europe were under Communist control, and the creation of the Soviet bloc was complete. The events of 1948 contributed to agrowing conviction among political leaders in both the United States and the USSR that the opposing power posed a broad and fundamental threat to their nation’sinterests. The Berlin blockade and the spread of Communism in Europe led to negotiations between Western Europe, Canada, and the United States that resulted in the NorthAtlantic...

• Cold War .

  With this, all the countries of Eastern Europe were under Communist control, and the creation of the Soviet bloc was complete. The events of 1948 contributed to agrowing conviction among political leaders in both the United States and the USSR that the opposing power posed a broad and fundamental threat to their nation’sinterests. The Berlin blockade and the spread of Communism in Europe led to negotiations between Western Europe, Canada, and the United States that resulted in the NorthAtlantic...

• Cold War - U.

  With this, all the countries of Eastern Europe were under Communist control, and the creation of the Soviet bloc was complete. The events of 1948 contributed to agrowing conviction among political leaders in both the United States and the USSR that the opposing power posed a broad and fundamental threat to their nation’sinterests. The Berlin blockade and the spread of Communism in Europe led to negotiations between Western Europe, Canada, and the United States that resulted in the NorthAtlantic...

• Dwight D.

  maneuvers in Louisiana in 1941, he played a leading role as a staff officer, adding to his reputation and securing him a promotion to brigadier general. On December 7,1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and the next day the United States entered World War II against the Axis Powers (Japan, Germany, and Italy). A weeklater, the army’s new chief of staff, General George C. Marshall, called Eisenhower to Washington, D.C., and put him in charge of the War Plans Division. Opinions differed on...

• Men's Swimming: Olympic Gold Medalists.

  1896 Alfréd Hajós Hungary 1:22.20 1904 1 Zoltán Halmay Hungary 1:02.80 1906 Charles Daniels United States 1:13.40 1908 Charles Daniels United States 1:05.60 1912 Duke Kahanamoku United States 1:03.40 1920 Duke Kahanamoku United States 1:00.40 1924 Johnny Weissmuller United States 59.00 1928 Johnny Weissmuller United States 58.60 1932 Yasuji Miyazaki Japan 58.20 1936 Ferenc Csík Hungary 57.60 1948 Walter Ris United States 57.30 1952 Clarke Scholes United States 57.40 1956 Jon Henricks Austria 55...

• Men's Swimming: Olympic Gold Medalists.

  1896 Alfréd Hajós Hungary 1:22.20 1904 1 Zoltán Halmay Hungary 1:02.80 1906 Charles Daniels United States 1:13.40 1908 Charles Daniels United States 1:05.60 1912 Duke Kahanamoku United States 1:03.40 1920 Duke Kahanamoku United States 1:00.40 1924 Johnny Weissmuller United States 59.00 1928 Johnny Weissmuller United States 58.60 1932 Yasuji Miyazaki Japan 58.20 1936 Ferenc Csík Hungary 57.60 1948 Walter Ris United States 57.30 1952 Clarke Scholes United States 57.40 1956 Jon Henricks Austria 55...

• Benito Mussolini.

  Mussolini threatened to order his tens of thousands of armed Black Shirts to occupy Rome if he were not asked to form the new government. Bands of Fascists beganmoving towards the capital in what would become known as the March on Rome. King Victor Emmanuel III at first leaned towards declaring a state of emergency andsending the army against the Fascists, but powerful interest groups, state officials, and army leaders convinced him that Mussolini should be given the chance to endwhat they consi...

• Benito Mussolini .

  Mussolini threatened to order his tens of thousands of armed Black Shirts to occupy Rome if he were not asked to form the new government. Bands of Fascists beganmoving towards the capital in what would become known as the March on Rome. King Victor Emmanuel III at first leaned towards declaring a state of emergency andsending the army against the Fascists, but powerful interest groups, state officials, and army leaders convinced him that Mussolini should be given the chance to endwhat they consi...

• Holy Roman Empire I INTRODUCTION Holy Roman Empire, political entity of lands in western and central Europe, founded by Charlemagne in AD 800 and dissolved by Emperor Francis II in 1806.

  acquired the imperial title and an area running from the North Sea through Lotharingia (Lorraine) and Burgundy to northern Italy; Louis II received East Francia (theGerman duchies of Saxony, Swabia, and Bavaria). In 870 Lothair’s middle kingdom was divided by the Treaty of Mersen, which gave Lotharingia to East Francia and therest to West Francia. This division created the foundation for today’s states of Germany and France, respectively; however, in the 9th century these were highly fractured d...

• Holy Roman Empire .

  acquired the imperial title and an area running from the North Sea through Lotharingia (Lorraine) and Burgundy to northern Italy; Louis II received East Francia (theGerman duchies of Saxony, Swabia, and Bavaria). In 870 Lothair’s middle kingdom was divided by the Treaty of Mersen, which gave Lotharingia to East Francia and therest to West Francia. This division created the foundation for today’s states of Germany and France, respectively; however, in the 9th century these were highly fractured d...

• Winter Olympics Medal Standings.

  Norway NOR 4 3 3 10 Sweden SWE 4 3 3 10 Switzerland SUI 3 4 3 10 United States of America USA 3 4 2 9 France FRA 2 1 2 5 Canada CAN 2 0 1 3 Austria AUT 1 3 4 8 Finland FIN 1 3 2 6 Belgium BEL 1 1 0 2 Italy ITA 1 0 0 1 Hungary HUN 0 1 0 1 Czechoslovakia TCH 0 1 0 1 Great Britain GBR 0 0 2 2 Source: International Olympic Committee (IOC).. Oslo, 1952.Participant Abbreviation Gold Silver Bronze Total Norway NOR 7 3 6 16 United States of America USA 4 6 1 11 Finland FIN 3 4 2 9 Austria AUT...

• Fascism.

  values as coming before a radical political transformation. Others argue that a radical political transformation will then be followed by a change in values. Fascists claimthat the nation has entered a dangerous age of mediocrity, weakness, and decline. They are convinced that through their timely action they can save the nation fromitself. Fascists may assert the need to take drastic action against a nation's 'inner' enemies. Fascists promise that with their help the national crisis will end an...

• World War II .

  the Nazi-Soviet Pact was signed. In the part published the next day, Germany and the Soviet Union agreed not to go to war against each other. A secret protocol gaveStalin a free hand in Finland, Estonia, Latvia, eastern Poland, and eastern Romania. See also German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact. III MILITARY OPERATIONS In the early morning hours of September 1, 1939, the German armies marched into Poland. On September 3 the British and French surprised Hitler by declaring war onGermany, but they...

• Reformation .

  Saxony, he made war against the Schmalkaldic League, a defensive association of Protestant princes. The Roman Catholic forces were successful at first. Later,however, Duke Maurice went over to the Protestant side, and Charles V was obliged to make peace. The religious civil war ended with the religious Peace of Augsburg in1555. Its terms provided that each of the rulers of the German states, which numbered about 300, choose between Roman Catholicism and Lutheranism and enforcethe chosen faith up...

• Europe .

  D Vegetation Although much of Europe, particularly the west, was originally covered by forest, the vegetation has been transformed by human habitation and the clearing of land.Only in the most northerly mountains and in parts of north central European Russia has the forest cover been relatively unaffected by human activity. On the otherhand, a considerable amount of Europe is covered by woodland that has been planted or has reoccupied cleared lands. The largest vegetation zone in Europe, cuttin...

• Europe - Geography.

  D Vegetation Although much of Europe, particularly the west, was originally covered by forest, the vegetation has been transformed by human habitation and the clearing of land.Only in the most northerly mountains and in parts of north central European Russia has the forest cover been relatively unaffected by human activity. On the otherhand, a considerable amount of Europe is covered by woodland that has been planted or has reoccupied cleared lands. The largest vegetation zone in Europe, cuttin...

• THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR 2

  attention would turn to foreign affairs and people’s hatred would turn against other countries. It is also because of this desperate situation that self-interest destroyed the international co- operation ideal of League of Nations. Short term causes: ­ At th e tim e, a s th ey s aw th e League of Nations was a failure, politicians started to try a new way to keep the peace: appeasement. This was the policy of giving Hitler what he wanted to stop him from going...

• Protestantism.

  F England The Anglican Church became the established church in England when Henry VIII assumed (1534) the ecclesiastical authority over the English church that had previouslybeen exercised by the pope. Henry’s motive was to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragón rather than to reform church doctrine, and he imposed severe lawsupholding the major tenets of medieval Catholicism. Under King Edward VI and Queen Elizabeth, however, the Anglican Church developed a distinctly Protestant creedthat w...

• Armenian Massacres .

  Some of the Armenian revolutionaries and others hoped that the massacres would provoke the intervention of the European powers (Britain, France, Austria-Hungary,and Germany). Although the leaders of the European powers publicly condemned the actions of the sultan, they failed to intervene. Mutual rivalries and suspicions, aswell as the imprecise terms of Article 61 of the Treaty of Berlin, helped produce this inaction. But these bloody episodes soon paved the way for the rise of a newnationalist...

• Vladimir Lenin I INTRODUCTION Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924), Russian revolutionary leader and theorist, who presided over the first government of Soviet Russia and then that of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

  with Japan ( see Russo-Japanese War). A string of military defeats and the strains placed on society by the war made for a tense atmosphere in Saint Petersburg, and by the beginning of 1905 various segments of Russian society, including students and liberal members of the nobility, were calling for political reform. When an unarmedcrowd of workers marched to the city’s Winter Palace on January 9 (or January 22, in the Western, or New Style, calendar) to submit a petition to Emperor Nicholas II,s...

• Vladimir Lenin.

  with Japan ( see Russo-Japanese War). A string of military defeats and the strains placed on society by the war made for a tense atmosphere in Saint Petersburg, and by the beginning of 1905 various segments of Russian society, including students and liberal members of the nobility, were calling for political reform. When an unarmedcrowd of workers marched to the city’s Winter Palace on January 9 (or January 22, in the Western, or New Style, calendar) to submit a petition to Emperor Nicholas II,s...

• Vladimir Lenin .

  with Japan ( see Russo-Japanese War). A string of military defeats and the strains placed on society by the war made for a tense atmosphere in Saint Petersburg, and by the beginning of 1905 various segments of Russian society, including students and liberal members of the nobility, were calling for political reform. When an unarmedcrowd of workers marched to the city’s Winter Palace on January 9 (or January 22, in the Western, or New Style, calendar) to submit a petition to Emperor Nicholas II,s...

• Boxing: Olympic Gold Medalists.

  (Since 1952 up to 57 kg/126 lb)1904 Oliver Kirk United States 1908 Richard Gunn United Kingdom 1920 Paul Fritsch France 1924 John Fields United States 1928 Lambertus van Klaveren The Netherlands 1932 Carmelo Robledo Argentina 1936 Oscar Casanovas Argentina 1948 Ernesto Formenti Italy 1952 Ján Zachara Czechoslovakia 1956 Vladimir Safronov USSR 1960 Francesco Musso Italy 1964 Stanislav Stepashkin USSR 1968 Antonio Roldan Mexico 1972 Boris Kuznetsov USSR 1976 Angel Herrera Cuba 1980 Rudi Fink East...

• Boxing: Olympic Gold Medalists.

  (Since 1952 up to 57 kg/126 lb)1904 Oliver Kirk United States 1908 Richard Gunn United Kingdom 1920 Paul Fritsch France 1924 John Fields United States 1928 Lambertus van Klaveren The Netherlands 1932 Carmelo Robledo Argentina 1936 Oscar Casanovas Argentina 1948 Ernesto Formenti Italy 1952 Ján Zachara Czechoslovakia 1956 Vladimir Safronov USSR 1960 Francesco Musso Italy 1964 Stanislav Stepashkin USSR 1968 Antonio Roldan Mexico 1972 Boris Kuznetsov USSR 1976 Angel Herrera Cuba 1980 Rudi Fink East...

• Self-service fridge Germany

• Berlin - geography.

  boroughs of Wedding and Tiergarten. Other important central areas include Kreuzberg and Friedrichshain, now united as the Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg borough, andPrenzlauer Berg, now incorporated as a part of the Pankow borough. Tiergarten contains a large wooded park, a zoo, and a variety of public monuments as well as the large, modern Congress Hall and the Reichstag building, which wasbuilt from 1884 to 1894. The Reichstag and the surrounding area have undergone renovation to accommodate the Bun...

• National Socialism .

  VII THE PARTY IN THE REICHSTAG The movement grew rapidly, recruiting thousands of discharged civil servants, ruined shopkeepers and small-business owners, impoverished farmers, workersdisillusioned with the Socialist and Communist parties, and a host of frustrated and embittered young people of all classes, brought up in the postwar years and withouthope of personal economic security. In the Reichstag elections of 1930 the National Socialists polled almost 6.5 million votes (more than 18 perce...

• Albert Einstein I INTRODUCTION Albert Einstein (1879-1955), German-born American physicist and Nobel laureate, best known as the creator of the special and general theories of relativity and for his bold hypothesis concerning the particle nature of light.

  On the basis of the general theory of relativity, Einstein accounted for the previously unexplained variations in the orbital motion of the planets and predicted thebending of starlight in the vicinity of a massive body such as the sun. The confirmation of this latter phenomenon during an eclipse of the sun in 1919 became a mediaevent, and Einstein’s fame spread worldwide. For the rest of his life Einstein devoted considerable time to generalizing his theory even more. His last effort, the unifi...

• Albert Einstein.

  On the basis of the general theory of relativity, Einstein accounted for the previously unexplained variations in the orbital motion of the planets and predicted thebending of starlight in the vicinity of a massive body such as the sun. The confirmation of this latter phenomenon during an eclipse of the sun in 1919 became a mediaevent, and Einstein’s fame spread worldwide. For the rest of his life Einstein devoted considerable time to generalizing his theory even more. His last effort, the unifi...

• Black Death.

  disappeared in the West. V DISAPPEARANCE OF PLAGUE Plague became less common in Europe after the 1530s. The last plague in England was in 1665, the last in Western Europe in 1722. Numerous theories have beenoffered to explain the disappearance of plague. It has been argued that black rats, the primary carriers of plague, may have been replaced by larger brown rats that donot carry the infection. A second theory suggests that increased immunity among the rodents that carried the disease or chang...

• Black Death .

  disappeared in the West. V DISAPPEARANCE OF PLAGUE Plague became less common in Europe after the 1530s. The last plague in England was in 1665, the last in Western Europe in 1722. Numerous theories have beenoffered to explain the disappearance of plague. It has been argued that black rats, the primary carriers of plague, may have been replaced by larger brown rats that donot carry the infection. A second theory suggests that increased immunity among the rodents that carried the disease or chang...

• Scramble for Africa.

  additional territorial grabs. The most significant of these rules stated that colonial powers were obligated to notify each other when they claimed African territory.Further, subsequent “effective occupation” of the claimed area was necessary for the claim to remain valid. Through it all, as Europeans negotiated their rights toAfrican territory, not a single African was present. Once the conference was over, it was clear that a European Scramble for African territories was underway. Southern Afr...

• Winston Churchill I INTRODUCTION Winston Churchill (1874-1965), British politician and prime minister of the United Kingdom (1940-1945, 1951-1955), widely regarded as the greatest British leader of the 20th century.

  sufficient tools to break the stalemate on the western front and he worked on developing armored fighting vehicles (tanks) to break the deadlock and end theslaughter. As the lines hardened on the western front, Churchill focused on a campaign to force open the Dardanelles Strait, controlled by the Ottoman Empire, to give the Allies adirect route to Russia through the Black Sea. Such a move would bring much-needed supplies to the Russian armies and eliminate the Ottomans from the war. Whenthe nav...