260 résultats pour "industrial"
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Industrial Revolution
I
INTRODUCTION
Industrial Revolution, widespread replacement of manual labor by machines that began in Britain in the 18th century and is still continuing in some parts of the world.
The most important advance in iron production occurred in 1784 when Englishman Henry Cort invented new techniques for rolling raw iron, a finishing process thatshapes iron into the desired size and form. These advances in metalworking were an important part of industrialization. They enabled iron, which was relativelyinexpensive and abundant, to be used in many new ways, such as building heavy machinery. Iron was well suited for heavy machinery because of its strength anddurability. Because of t...
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Industrial Revolution .
The most important advance in iron production occurred in 1784 when Englishman Henry Cort invented new techniques for rolling raw iron, a finishing process thatshapes iron into the desired size and form. These advances in metalworking were an important part of industrialization. They enabled iron, which was relativelyinexpensive and abundant, to be used in many new ways, such as building heavy machinery. Iron was well suited for heavy machinery because of its strength anddurability. Because of t...
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Localización industrial - geografía.
Industrialización a través del tiempoEste gráfico, basado en la experiencia británica de la industrialización, muestra cómo una economía se industrializa y desindustrializa.Desde el punto A al punto B, el producto interior bruto (PIB) nacional aumenta. Después del punto B la economía ha alcanzado sumadurez industrial y la contribución industrial al PIB sigue siendo bastante constante. Entre los puntos C y D, la economía entra en unperiodo de desindustrialización donde el porcentaje del PIB aport...
- Factores de localización industrial En la tabla figuran algunos de los principales factores que influyen en la decisión de localizar una empresa industrial en un lugar determinado.
- Sociedad industrial - geografía.
- Matsushita Electrical Industrial Co.
- Principales contaminantes atmosféricos Las fuentes de los principales contaminantes atmosféricos incluyen las actividades individuales, como conducir o manejar un coche, y las actividades industriales, como la fabricación de productos o la generación de electricidad.
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Industrialización - geografía.
continuados acaecidos a lo largo de todo el siglo XIX, y aunque el ritmo de desarrollo fue desigual, parece inexacto limitar el proceso de desarrollo a un periodo concreto. 2.2 La teoría del atraso relativo de Gerschenkron Alexander Gerschenkron rechazaba el historicismo del modelo de take-off de Rostow debido a su debilidad teórica y empírica. Para suplir estas deficiencias creó el concepto de atraso relativo, afirmando que el proceso de desarrollo de un país de industrialización tardía dife...
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the industrial revolution
Test 1 : The industrial revolution We are submitted to two sources : source 1 entitled Two industrial towns is an extract from “Personal recollections of Manchester”, published in 1851 and written by Archibald Prentice. He was a 19th-century political reformer and slave emancipation activist in Britain. He founded the Manchester Times in 1828, which was a radical newspaper advocating social and political reform. His legacy as a journalist and reformer is celebrated for his commitment to...
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Labor Union.
B The Legal Environment The legal environment, which permits certain types of union activities and prohibits others, also influences the extent of union organization. States with right-to-worklaws have much lower unionization rates than other states. In the United States, the states with the lowest unionization rates are North Carolina, South Carolina, SouthDakota, and Arkansas—states that have right-to-work laws. In 2000 the unionization rate in these states ranged from 4.44 percent to 6.7 per...
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Federal Republic of Germany - country.
B Rivers and Lakes Rivers have played a major role in Germany’s economic development. The Rhine River flows in a northwesterly direction from Switzerland through much of westernGermany and The Netherlands into the North Sea. It is a major European waterway and a pillar of commerce and trade. Its primary German tributaries include theMain, Mosel, Neckar, and Ruhr rivers. The Oder (Odra) River, along the border between Poland and Germany, runs northward and empties into the Baltic; it provides an...
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Italia - geografía.
La flora de las tierras bajas de la parte central y meridional de Italia es típicamente mediterránea, con presencia de olivos, naranjos, limoneros, palmeras y cidros. En lazona sur también son característicos la higuera, la palmera datilera, el granado y el almendro, además de la caña de azúcar y el algodón. La vegetación de los montesApeninos es similar a la de Europa central, con abundancia de castaños, cipreses y robles en las laderas más bajas, mientras que las zonas situadas a mayor altura...
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Japan - country.
island’s fertile soils support agriculture and provide the vast majority of Japan’s pasturelands. In addition, Hokkaidō contains coal deposits, and the cold currents off itsshores supply cold-water fish. Winters are long and harsh, so most of Hokkaid ō is lightly settled, housing about 5 percent of Japan’s population on approximately 20 percent of its land area. However,its snowy winters and unspoiled natural beauty attract many skiers and tourists. Hokkaid ō is thought of as Japan’s northern fr...
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Labor Unions in Canada - Canadian History.
job. Before collective bargaining begins, workers elect a bargaining committee. The bargaining committee determines the workers’ demands and strategy innegotiations with the employer. Local unions usually are part of national or international unions. These national and international unions employ a staff for organizing workers at the local level, doingresearch, educating union members about labor and political matters, and working with local union leaders. Unions hold regular conventions of dele...
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São Paulo (city) - geography.
universities include the State University Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (1976), and the even larger University of São Paulo (1934), which incorporates the city’s famousand influential Faculty of Law. Important private universities are Mackenzie University, originally founded by Presbyterian missionaries from the United States (1870);the Paulista University (1972); the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (1946); and the University São Judas Tadeu (1971). The city is home to the São Pau...
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Communism.
In Britain, Robert Owen, a philanthropic Welsh manufacturer, strove against the social problems brought about by the Industrial Revolution and sought to improve thewelfare of workers. As manager of a cotton mill, he enhanced the environment of his workers by improving their housing, modernizing mill equipment for greater safetyand sanitation, and establishing low-priced stores for the workers and schools for their children. Owen believed that workers, rather than governments, should createthe in...
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Communism .
In Britain, Robert Owen, a philanthropic Welsh manufacturer, strove against the social problems brought about by the Industrial Revolution and sought to improve thewelfare of workers. As manager of a cotton mill, he enhanced the environment of his workers by improving their housing, modernizing mill equipment for greater safetyand sanitation, and establishing low-priced stores for the workers and schools for their children. Owen believed that workers, rather than governments, should createthe in...
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Italy - country.
C Natural Resources Italy is poor in natural resources. Much of the land is unsuitable for agriculture because of mountainous terrain or unfavorable climate. Italy, moreover, lacks substantialdeposits of basic natural resources such as coal, iron, and petroleum. Natural gas is the country’s most important mineral resource. Other deposits include feldspar andpumice. Many of Italy’s mineral deposits on the islands of Sicily and Sardinia had been heavily depleted by the early 1990s. Italy is rich...
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South Korea - country.
forest habitat, and overhunting. The Siberian tiger has not been sighted in the wild in South Korea since the 1920s; the Asiatic black bear can still be found in someremote mountain areas. Several species of deer are indigenous to the peninsula, including the roe deer, water deer, and Siberian musk deer. The musk deer, which hasbeen overhunted for its musk glands, is legally protected as a threatened species. Smaller mammals indigenous to the peninsula include the wild boar, red fox, badger,rabb...
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Francia - geografía.
2.4 Temas medioambientales Algunos de los ríos de Francia están contaminados por los residuos industriales y por las aguas residuales procedentes de la actividad agrícola. Se está intentando mejorarla calidad del agua mediante la construcción de plantas de tratamiento y la imposición de multas por contaminación. En las principales ciudades, la contaminaciónatmosférica, provocada por los automóviles y los combustibles fósiles, constituye un grave problema medioambiental. Francia obtiene el 76,24...
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Contaminación del agua - ciencias de la naturaleza.
cultivo contribuyen en gran medida a este proceso. El proceso de eutrofización puede ocasionar problemas estéticos, como mal sabor y olor del agua, y un cúmulo de algaso verdín que puede resultar estéticamente poco agradable, así como un crecimiento denso de las plantas con raíces, el agotamiento del oxígeno en las aguas más profundasy la acumulación de sedimentos en el fondo de los lagos, así como otros cambios químicos, tales como la precipitación del carbonato de calcio en las aguas duras. Ot...
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Sewage Disposal.
greater load on the piping system and the treatment plant. The amount of storm-water drainage to be carried away depends on the amount of rainfall as well as on the runoff or yield of the watershed ( see Drainage). A typical metropolitan area discharges a volume of wastewater equal to about 60 to 80 percent of its total daily water requirements, the rest being used for washingcars and watering lawns, and for manufacturing processes such as food canning and bottling. B Composition The composi...
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Labor Unions in the United States - U.
National Guard troops were used against the strikers, with the result that the strike was lost and the union that conducted it virtually destroyed. In 1894 a strike by theAmerican Railway Union against the Pullman Palace Car Company was defeated by an injunction issued under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, which made acombination or contract in restraint of trade illegal. Thereafter employers used injunctions with increasing frequency and effectiveness as an antistrike weapon. See also Hours...
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Global Warming.
some of the warming influence of increasing greenhouse gases. A1 Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide is the second most abundant greenhouse gas, after water vapor. Carbon dioxide constantly circulates in the environment through a variety of naturalprocesses known as the carbon cycle. It is released into the atmosphere from natural processes such as eruptions of volcanoes; the respiration of animals, whichbreathe in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide; and the burning or decay of plants and other organic...
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Kansas City (Missouri) - geography.
Major institutions of higher education in Kansas City are a branch (established in 1929) of the University of Missouri, Avila College (1916), Rockhurst College (1910),DeVry Institute of Technology (Missouri) (1931), and the Kansas City Art Institute (1885). Schools in neighboring suburbs include Park University (1875), in Parkville,and William Jewell College (1849), in Liberty. Baptist, Nazarene, and Methodist theological schools are also located in the area. Midwest Research Institute, one of t...
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Alemania - geografía.
vecinos. Un acuerdo internacional ejemplar obliga a Alemania a ayudar en la protección medioambiental del Waddenzee o mar de Wadden, el brazo oriental del mar delNorte que comparte con Países Bajos y Dinamarca. Alemania firmó el Convenio sobre el Patrimonio de la Humanidad en 1976 y cuenta con nueve reservas de la biosferareconocidas por el programa El Hombre y la Biosfera de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO). Además, existen unaserie de l...
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Bulgaria - country.
E Climate Most of Bulgaria has a continental climate, with cold winters and hot summers. The climate in general is more severe than in other European areas of the samelatitudes, and the average annual temperature range is greater than that of neighboring countries. Severe droughts, frosts, winds, and hail storms frequently damagecrops. A Mediterranean climate, with dry summers and mild, humid winters, prevails in the valley of the southwestern Rhodope Mountains; the northern limit of theclimati...
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World War I .
and troops to Europe from the United States and other overseas sources. In 1914 Britain implemented a sea blockade of Germany to prevent the delivery of importssuch as food and war materials. The same year, Germany began using submarines to disrupt Allied seaborne traffic and prevent supplies from reaching Britain. In 1915Germany instituted a submarine blockade around Britain. From February 1915 to September 1915 and again in 1917, Germany used unrestricted submarine warfare,sinking ships withou...
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Czech Republic - country.
enforcement of environmental regulations. Environmental considerations have also led some government officials to promote nuclear energy as a key source of powerfor the country’s future. The Czech Republic produces most of its energy by burning domestic coal. Much of the coal burned is low quality with a high ash and sulfur content—a key componentof acid rain—producing high levels of air pollution. Forests in the Czech Republic are among the most seriously affected by acid rain in all of Europe....
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Beijing - geography.
Shoe Factory in BeijingWorkers assemble shoes at a state-owned factory in Beijing, where rapid industrial development has extended into the city’s outlyingareas in recent years. Beijing is China’s second largest industrial center, after Shanghai.Goh Chaihin/AFP As the nation’s capital and political center, the particular economic role of Beijing has been a topic of considerable debate and controversy. The Communist government hasdesignated Beijing as an appropriate center for industrial, commerc...
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Capitalism.
Physiocracy is the term applied to a school of economic thought that suggested the existence of a natural order in economics, one that does not require direction from the state for people to be prosperous. The leader of the physiocrats, the economist François Quesnay, set forth the basic principles in his Tableau économique (1758), in which he traced the flow of money and goods through the economy. Simply put, this flow was seen to be both circular and self-sustaining. More important, however...
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Belgium - country.
European Union (EU) directives aimed at improving Belgium’s environmental conditions concern water treatment and water quality, both significant issues in such anindustrial center. Before these directives were issued, the Meuse River, a major source of drinking water, had become polluted from steel production wastes. Otherrivers were polluted with animal wastes and fertilizers. However, Belgium failed to meet EU targets set for the early 2000s for protecting its rivers from farm pollutionand for...
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Great Depression in the United States - U.
prices would continue to rise and they could soon sell their stocks at a profit. The widespread belief that anyone could get rich led many less affluent Americans into the market as well. Investors bought millions of shares of stock “on margin,” arisky practice similar to buying products on credit. They paid only a small part of the price and borrowed the rest, gambling that they could sell the stock at a highenough price to repay the loan and make a profit. For a time this was true: In 1928 the...
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Iran - country.
Zagros mountains. In the more arid central part of the country, wild pistachio and other drought-resistant trees grow in areas that have not been disturbed by humanactivity. Tamarisk and other salt-tolerant bushes grow along the margins of the Dasht-e Kavir. A wide variety of native mammals, reptiles, birds, and insects inhabit Iran. Many species of mammals—including wolves, foxes, bears, mountain goats, red mountainsheep, rabbits, and gerbils—continue to thrive. Others—including Caspian tigers,...
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Latvia - country.
The population of Latvia is about 2,245,423 (2008 estimate), yielding an average population density of 35 persons per sq km (91 per sq mi). Latvia is highly urbanized.Some 66 percent of the population lives in urban areas, with nearly one-third of the total population residing in the capital, Rīga. Other important cities includeDaugavpils, an industrial center in the southeast, on the Daugava River; Liep āja, an important port on the Baltic Sea; Jelgava, an industrial center near Rîga; J ūrmala,...
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Bélgica - geografía.
3.1 Características de la población La población es de 10.403.951 habitantes (según estimaciones para 2008). La densidad es de 344 hab/km², una de las más altas de Europa. Las mayores concentracionesestán en las zonas industriales de Bruselas, Amberes, Lieja y Gante, así como en la región industrial entre Mons y Charleroi. En décadas recientes, la región de Limburgo haincrementado su población debido a su expansión industrial. Cerca del 10% de los belgas viven en Bruselas. La población urbana s...
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Croacia - geografía.
Un poco más de la mitad de la población vive en áreas urbanas, particularmente en las ciudades más grandes de la República: Zagreb, el primer centro industrial, con unapoblación de 688.000 habitantes en 2003; y las ciudades portuarias de Split, con 173.692 habitantes; Rijeka, con 143.395 habitantes; y Osijek, con 91.046 habitantes, queconstituye otro importante núcleo industrial. El resto vive en ciudades más pequeñas, entre las que están Zadar, Pula, Karlovac, Slavonski Brod, Dubrovnik y Sisak,...
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Yangtze - Geography.
A Agriculture and Industry Today about 400 million people, or about one-third of the population of China, live in the Yangtze Basin. Many are engaged in agriculture. The basin contributes nearlyhalf of China’s crop production, although only one-quarter of the basin is arable. The most fertile areas for farming are the Sichuan Basin, the plains between theYangtze and its tributary the Han, and the plains of the lower basin. In all about 40 percent of the cereals, more than 30 percent of the cott...
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Air Pollution.
Several pollutants attack the ozone layer. Chief among them is the class of chemicals known as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), formerly used as refrigerants (notably in airconditioners), as agents in several manufacturing processes, and as propellants in spray cans. CFC molecules are virtually indestructible until they reach thestratosphere. Here, intense ultraviolet radiation breaks the CFC molecules apart, releasing the chlorine atoms they contain. These chlorine atoms begin reacting withozone, br...
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Rumania - geografía.
los romanís (gitanos), que forman un 2,5% de la población. Rumania también tiene pequeñas minorías de ucranianos, alemanes (que viven la mayoría en el Banato),judíos, rusos, serbios, croatas, turcos, búlgaros, tártaros y eslovacos. Rumania es uno de los países de Europa oriental donde el crecimiento vegetativo ha sido negativo desde mediados de la década de 1990: en 2005, la cifra se estimaba en - 0,12%. 3.2 Divisiones administrativas y ciudades principales El país se divide en 41 distritos y l...
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Madrid - geography.
Madrid’s Plaza MayorBuilt in the early 17th century, the Plaza Mayor was used for a variety of activities, including bullfights, executions during theInquisition, and festivals. Today it is one of Madrid’s main tourist attractions.Cesar Lucas/The Image Bank The traditional heart of Madrid is an area 3.9 sq km (1.5 sq mi). In 1656 King Philip IV had a city wall built around the area. Over the next 200 years the city grew throughconstruction of taller buildings and the use of open land within the...
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Banking.
loans, and some commercial loans in addition to checking accounts and time deposits. Credit unions, SLAs, and savings banks help encourage thriftiness by paying interest to consumers who put their money in savings deposits. Consequently, creditunions, SLAs, and savings banks are often referred to as thrift institutions. Of the various types of banks in the United States, commercial banks account for the greatest single source of the financial industry’s assets. In 2000 the 8,528commercial banks...
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Pittsburgh - geography.
College of Allegheny County (1966), with branches in the city and suburbs. Pittsburgh has many outstanding cultural institutions. The Oakland district is where Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Pittsburgh are located. The CarnegieMuseums of Pittsburgh include The Carnegie Museum of Art (including the Scaife Galleries), which holds a distinguished motion-picture and video collection and a uniquestudy of architecture; the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, which displays an extensi...
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Pollution.
One of the greatest challenges caused by air pollution is global warming, an increase in Earth’s temperature due to the buildup of certain atmospheric gases such ascarbon dioxide. With the heavy use of fossil fuels in the 20th century, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide have risen dramatically. Carbon dioxide and othergases, known as greenhouse gases, reduce the escape of heat from the planet without blocking radiation coming from the Sun. Because of this greenhouse effect,average glob...
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Moscow (city, Russia) - geography.
V RECREATION About 30 percent of Moscow’s territory is occupied by parks and public gardens, which were important elements of Soviet city planning. Gorky Park, which providesactivities such as amusement rides and boating, sits on the right bank of the Moscow River; the park’s display of a retired Soviet space shuttle dominates the riverside.The Moscow Zoo is located just west of the city center. The Botanical Gardens, administered by the Russian Academy of Sciences, offers a diverse display of...
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Pekín - geografía.
Fundada hace más de 2.000 años, Pekín ha sido la capital de China los últimos 700. Es el centro político, cultural e intelectual estatal,así como la principal metrópoli industrial y comercial. También es la segunda ciudad más grande del país, después de Shanghai.R.A. Mittermeier/Bruce Coleman, Inc. Pekín, como muchas otras ciudades chinas, tiene serios problemas de contaminación atmosférica e hídrica. El rápido crecimiento de la población y de la construcción deedificios, junto a una amplia y no...
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Georgia (country) - country.
1917. During the subsequent Soviet period, religious practice was strongly discouraged because the Soviet state was officially atheistic; however, the GeorgianOrthodox Church was allowed to function openly. Orthodox Christianity is the religion of about 58 percent of the Georgian population. Muslims represent about 19 percent of the country’s population, with ethnicAzerbaijanis, Kurds, and Ajars comprising the principal Muslim groups. Ajars are ethnic Georgians who converted to Islam in the 17th...
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Air - chemistry.
lighting systems, fertilizers, and semiconductors (substances used to make the chips in computers, calculators, televisions, microwave ovens, and many other electronicdevices). A Oxygen More than half of the oxygen produced in the United States is used by the steel industry, which injects the gas into basic oxygen furnaces to heat and produce steel(see Iron and Steel Manufacture: Basic Oxygen Process ). Metalworkers also combine oxygen with acetylene to produce high-temperature torch flames th...
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Berlin - geography.
boroughs of Wedding and Tiergarten. Other important central areas include Kreuzberg and Friedrichshain, now united as the Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg borough, andPrenzlauer Berg, now incorporated as a part of the Pankow borough. Tiergarten contains a large wooded park, a zoo, and a variety of public monuments as well as the large, modern Congress Hall and the Reichstag building, which wasbuilt from 1884 to 1894. The Reichstag and the surrounding area have undergone renovation to accommodate the Bun...
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Israel (country) - country.
harbor in the northern part of the country, and Ashdod, an artificial deepwater port to the south, serve as the main seaports on the Mediterranean. The port of Elat onthe Gulf of Aqaba provides Israel’s only access to the Red Sea, making it extremely important to the country’s shipping interests. D Natural Resources Although much of Israel’s desert regions contain poor soils, the northern Negev, the coastal plains, and the interior valleys provide patches of productive soils. Anestimated 18 per...