67 résultats pour "islamic"
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Revolución Islámica de Irán - historia.
soldados se rebeló y atacó el comedor de oficiales de la Guardia Imperial del Sha. Tras dicho incidente, el régimen monárquico quedó aniquilado, el Sha huyó del país enenero de 1979 y falleció en El Cairo (Egipto) al año siguiente. Jomeini regresó a Irán el 1 de febrero de 1979 e impuso su control sobre el gobierno. Obligó a dimitir al primer ministro del régimen del Sha y nombró para este cargo aMedhi Bazargan, un político conocido por sus tendencias liberales y democráticas. Esta elección hizo...
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Islamic Art and Architecture
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INTRODUCTION
Córdoba Mosque Courtyard
This mosque and courtyard with its repeated horseshoe arches was built between the 8th and 10th centuries in Córdoba,
Spain.
Süleymaniye MosqueThe Süleymaniye Mosque in İstanbul was built in 1550. The architect, Sinan, based his design on Byzantine churches, inparticular the Hagia Sophia. The large central dome above a square opens to smaller spaces vaulted by buttressing half-domes. The four tapering minarets with balconies are characteristic of the architectural style of later Islamic mosques.Gian Berto Vanni/Art Resource, NY The few and relatively simple rituals of the Islamic faith gave rise to a unique religious...
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Causality and necessity in Islamic thought
'necessary being' restricted to the One from which all the rest emanates while the remainder is characterized as 'possible in itself yet necessary by virtue of another' (Ibn Sina §5 ). In this way the order of the natural world is assured, since it derives from the one principle of being in a way that is modelled on logical derivation. In this way also, the necessity of causal interaction becomes virtually identical with that of logical entailment, thereby linking the entire universe in a...
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Islam.
commanded to face the Kaaba, an ancient shrine in the city of Mecca. The Qur’an also refers to the recitation of parts of the Qur’an as a form of prayer. However, evenwith its numerous references, the Qur’an alone does not give exact instructions for this central ritual of prayer. The most detailed descriptions of the rituals for prayer derive from the example set by the prophet Muhammad and are preserved in later Islamic traditions. Somedetails of these rituals vary, however all Muslims agree t...
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Qur'an.
man who profoundly influenced the history of the world. See Spread of Islam. Muhammad’s home, the Arab city of Mecca, was a major religious center and site of the revered sanctuary and shrine, the Kaaba. According to legend, the ancientreligious patriarch of the Hebrew Bible, Abraham, and his son, Ishmael, built the shrine using foundations laid by the first human being and father of humankind, Adam.During Muhammad’s years there, from about AD 570 to 622, Mecca was also an environment of spir...
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Bahrain - country.
A Religion Almost all Bahrainis and the majority of nonnatives are followers of Islam (Muslims). About 70 percent of all native Bahrainis belong to the Shia branch of Islam, whilethe remainder, including the ruling al-Khalifa clan, are adherents of the Sunni branch. Non-Muslims, including Hindus, Buddhists, Christians, and Jews, account for 15percent of the total population. High unemployment among the Shia population has caused considerable discontent on the part of this group toward the Sunni...
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Spread of Islam - History.
Muhammad died in 632 and was succeeded by Abu Bakr, the father of Muhammad’s favorite wife, Aisha. Abu Bakr was the first caliph ( khalifah, Arabic for “successor”) of Islam. Like Muhammad, Abu Bakr was a member of the Quraysh clan. While neither Abu Bakr nor any subsequent caliph claimed the role of prophet, they wereleaders of this new religious enterprise that was quickly becoming a political entity as well. The first four caliphs, all of whom were selected by some form of council ofMuslims,...
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Arabic Literature
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INTRODUCTION
Arabic Literature, literature written in the Arabic language, from the 6th century to the present.
The life of the Prophet Muhammad also generated its own literary sources, primary among which is the hadith. The hadiths were a collection of the Prophet's sayings and actions, transmitted through a chain of authorities said to go back to Muhammad himself. The two most famous collections of hadiths are those of al-Bukhari andMuslim in the 9th century. These works provide a wealth of information covering all aspects of a Muslim's life, from prayer to personal, social, and business conduct. The...
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Yemen - country.
port. Al Ḩudaydah (155,110), in the Tih āmah, is the second largest port. Ta‘izz, (178,043), in the highlands above Aden, is an important commercial and light industrialcenter. Among Yemen’s larger towns are Şa‘dah, far to the north; Dham ār, Yarim, and Ibb, in the middle region; Al Mukall ā, on the southern coast; and in Hadhramaut,the towns of Shib ām, Say‘ ūn, and Tar īm. C Language Nearly all Yemenis speak Arabic. However, the country’s extremely rugged terrain, widely separated population...
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Pakistán - geografía.
3 POBLACIÓN El sustrato étnico de la población de Pakistán es muy variado, debido en gran medida a que el país se encuentra en una región que ha sido repetidamente invadida desdetiempos inmemoriales. La población proviene de grupos étnicos como drávidas, arios, griegos, escitas, hunos, árabes, mongoles, persas, turcos y afganos. En la actualidad,los punjabíes constituyen la mayoría de la población. 3.1 Características de la población La población de Pakistán (según estimaciones para 2008) era...
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Saudi Arabia - country.
C Natural Resources Some of the world’s largest oil and natural gas fields lie beneath Saudi Arabia and its offshore waters, representing the country’s most economically important naturalresource. In 2007 Saudi Arabia’s oil reserves were estimated at 264 billion barrels. Before the discovery and exploitation of these reserves in the mid-20th century,Saudi Arabia was one of the poorest countries in the world. Its relatively small population subsisted in a harsh environment with little agricultur...
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Tajikistan - country.
by more than 100 percent due to a high birth rate and improvements in medical care. During the early 1990s, however, the growth rate began to decline due to civilwar and emigration. A Ethnic Groups and Languages Tajiks constitute the largest ethnic group in Tajikistan, making up about 65 percent of the population. The peoples who live in Gorno-Badakhshan, located in the Pamirs,are classified as Tajiks, although their languages and customs are distinct. The largest minority group in the country...
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Ottoman Empire .
fleets at Suez, Egypt; though the Portuguese were not expelled, Selim did manage to prevent the establishment of a total Portuguese monopoly over the spice trade. Selim I died in 1520 after having spent most of his short reign on matters pertaining to the east. His son and successor Süleyman I (reigned 1520-1566) again turnedthe attention of the Ottomans to the west. In August 1521 Süleyman, later known as Süleyman the Magnificent, opened the road to Hungary by capturing Belgrade, aHungarian str...
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Ottoman Empire - History.
fleets at Suez, Egypt; though the Portuguese were not expelled, Selim did manage to prevent the establishment of a total Portuguese monopoly over the spice trade. Selim I died in 1520 after having spent most of his short reign on matters pertaining to the east. His son and successor Süleyman I (reigned 1520-1566) again turnedthe attention of the Ottomans to the west. In August 1521 Süleyman, later known as Süleyman the Magnificent, opened the road to Hungary by capturing Belgrade, aHungarian str...
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Slavery in Africa.
The spread of Islam from Arabia into Africa after the religion’s founding in the 7th century AD affected the practice of slavery and slave trading in West, Central, and East Africa. Arabs had practiced slave raiding and trading in Arabia for centuries prior to the founding of Islam, and slavery became a component of Islamic traditions.Both the Qur'an (Koran) (the sacred scripture of Islam) and Islamic religious law served to codify and justify the existence of slavery. As Muslim Arabs conquered...
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Middle East - Geography.
though overall they have improved considerably since the 1970s. This variation reflects the different levels of wealth and development in countries of the Middle East. Inthe highly developed country of Israel the infant mortality rate was 8 deaths per 1000 live births in 1997. By comparison, the rate per 1000 live births was 71 in less-developed Egypt and 75 in Yemen. A Ethnic Groups and Languages Arabs make up the majority of the people of the Middle East, accounting for almost the entire popu...
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Terrorism.
exploitation, ethnic discrimination, and religious persecution. Perceived inequities in the distribution of wealth and political power have led some terrorists to attempt tooverthrow democratically elected governments. To achieve a fairer society, they would replace these governments with socialist or communist regimes. Left-wingterrorist groups of the 1960s and 1970s with such aims included Germany’s Baader-Meinhof Gang, Italy’s Red Brigades, and the Weather Underground ( see Weathermen) in the...
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Middle Ages .
Saints were very important in Late Antiquity. They were considered both models of virtue and powerful miracle workers. One of the most well-known saints of the periodwas Saint Anthony. Anthony gave away all his possessions and left his hometown in Egypt to live alone in the desert and pray. Anthony was one of the first Christianmonks. The word monk comes from a term meaning 'alone.' Gradually Anthony attracted followers, and he eventually became the center of a whole community of monks who wis...
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Sudan - country.
B Principal Cities and Political Divisions The principal city is Khartoum, the capital; other major cities include Omdurman and Khartoum North, major industrial centers, and Port Sudan, a seaport on the RedSea. Sudan is divided into 26 states. C Religion and Language About 70 percent of the people of Sudan are Muslims, some 15 percent are Christians, and most of the remainder follow traditional religions. The people of northernSudan are predominantly Sunni Muslims (Sunni Islam). Most of the pe...
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September 11 Attacks - U.
around and flew it back toward Washington, D.C. Flying low and fast, the airplane hit the Pentagon at 9:37 AM. In a bit of good fortune, the plane crashed into the west side of the building, which had recently been reinforced with stronger construction and blast-resistant windows in order to withstand a terrorist attack. Even so, theplane penetrated three of the Pentagon’s five concentric rings, taking a chunk out of the building and incinerating dozens of offices and the people who worked in t...
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Arte islámico.
Mezquita de Solimán el MagníficoLa mezquita de Solimán el Magnífico en Estambul fue construida en 1550. Sinan, el arquitecto, se basó en las iglesias bizantinas y, enparticular, en Santa Sofía. La cúpula central está rodeada por semicúpulas. Los cuatro estrechos minaretes con balcones soncaracterísticos del estilo arquitectónico de las últimas mezquitas islámicas.Gian Berto Vanni/Art Resource, NY El escaso ritual del culto islámico dio lugar a dos tipologías de carácter religioso: la mezquita (m...
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Arte islámico - historia.
Mezquita de Solimán el MagníficoLa mezquita de Solimán el Magnífico en Estambul fue construida en 1550. Sinan, el arquitecto, se basó en las iglesias bizantinas y, enparticular, en Santa Sofía. La cúpula central está rodeada por semicúpulas. Los cuatro estrechos minaretes con balcones soncaracterísticos del estilo arquitectónico de las últimas mezquitas islámicas.Gian Berto Vanni/Art Resource, NY El escaso ritual del culto islámico dio lugar a dos tipologías de carácter religioso: la mezquita (m...
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Iran Facts and Figures.
Shiite Muslim 93 percent Sunni Muslim 6 percent Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and Baha'i 1 percent HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancy Total 70.9 years (2008 estimate) Female 72.4 years (2008 estimate) Male 69.4 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 37 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 2,223 people (2004) Population per hospital bed 625 people (2001) Literacy rateTotal 81.3 percent (2005 estimate) Female 75.2 percent (2005 estimate...
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Iranian Art and Architecture
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INTRODUCTION
Iranian Art and Architecture, the visual arts of Iran.
The first great development of ancient Persian architecture took place under the Achaemenid dynasty during the Persian Empire, from about 550 to 330 BC. Remains of Achaemenian architecture are numerous, the earliest being ruins at Pasargadae, the capital city of Cyrus the Great. These ruins include two palaces, a sacred precinct, acitadel, a tower, and the tomb of Cyrus. The palaces were set in walled gardens and contained central columnar halls, the largest of which was 37 m (111 ft) in length...
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Irán - geografía.
3 POBLACIÓN Cerca de la mitad de la población de Irán (46%) es persa descendiente de los pueblos indoeuropeos originales que llegaron a la región desde Asia central en el segundomilenio antes de Cristo. El resto de la población está compuesta por azeríes (17%), kurdos (9%) y otros grupos como gilaníes, luríes (también denominados lur o luros),mazandaraníes, beluchis, árabes y bactrianos. 3.1 Características de la población Irán cuenta con una población (2008) de 65.875.223 habitantes, concentr...
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Algeria - country.
areas to fishing. National parks, including the giant Tassili N’Ajjer National Park in the eastern corner of the country, comprise a large proportion of the protected area. The effects of Algeria’s human population on the fragile landscape have been severe. The greatest ecological threats are deforestation and burning of scrub vegetation,conversion of steppe habitat to arable land, and soil erosion due to overgrazing and poor farming practices. Pollution of Mediterranean coastal waters is pervas...
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Tunisia - country.
mixture of Berber and Arab stock, and they regard themselves as Arabs. Nearly everyone speaks Arabic. The population of Tunisia is concentrated in the coastal plain. It is fairly dense in the hilly north, but the arid plateau, basin, and south are thinly settled. About two-thirds of the country’s people live in urban areas. A Principal Cities The capital and largest city of Tunisia is the seaport of Tunis. Other important cities include Sfax, a port and center of trade on the eastern coast; Sūs...
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al-Tusi, Khwajah Nasir
al-Tusi's Isma‘ili period, but the break with this past was decisively accomplished in Masari‘ al-musari‘ (The Floorings of the Wrestler) , a refutation of an Isma‘ili Neoplatonic text by the crypto-Isma‘ili al-Shahrastani (d. AH 548/AD 1153) which attacked Ibn Sina for deviating from ‘prophetic theology'. Al-Tusi's vehemently anti-Isma‘ili defence ofIbn Sina is unreservedly polemical, using the same tactic of accusations of weak logic and feeble-mindedness whichhe had employed against al-Razi....
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Turkmenistan - country.
A Ethnic Groups With Turkmens constituting 77 percent of the population, Turkmenistan is the most ethnically homogeneous of the Central Asian republics. Uzbeks make up the largestminority group, with about 9 percent of the population. Other ethnic groups include Russians, Kazakhs, Tatars, Ukrainians, Azeris (ethnic Azerbaijanis), Armenians, andBaluch. In 1993 a bilateral treaty between Turkmenistan and Russia granted dual citizenship to Russians in the republic. At the 1995 census Russians cons...
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United Arab Emirates - country.
III PEOPLE Most people living in the UAE (known as Emiris) are Arabs, a large majority of whom are city and town dwellers. A small number are nomadic (having no permanent home). The population has grown dramatically since the mid-1960s, largely due to the influx of oil workers to the country. Four-fifths of the UAE’s inhabitants areforeign workers and their families. The UAE also has a very youthful population, due to the large numbers of young foreign workers, a cultural preference for larg...
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Lebanon (country) - country.
during the civil war. Within the country, thousands of Shia Muslim refugees fled fighting in southern Lebanon in the 1990s and moved into shantytowns in Beirut’ssouthern suburbs. Lebanon’s major cities were greatly affected by the civil war. Beirut has gradually regained most of its prewar population and remains the country’s largest city. Tripoli,the northern port, is the second largest city. Jūniyah, north of Beirut, was developed as a wartime port and subsequently had a population boom. Za ḩl...
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Kazakhstan - country.
mismanagement. Between 1949 and 1991 the Soviet government conducted about 70 percent of all of its nuclear testing in Kazakhstan, mostly in the northeastern area near the city ofSemipalatinsk (now Semey). Nearly 500 nuclear explosions occurred both above and below ground near Semipalatinsk, while more than 40 nuclear detonationsoccurred at other testing grounds in western Kazakhstan and in the Qyzylqum desert. More than 1 million of Kazakhstan’s inhabitants were exposed to dangerous levelsof ra...
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Metropolitan Museum of Art.
B Ancient Near Eastern Art The objects in this department range from a vast geographical area in southwest Asia and northeast Africa from around 5000 BC to around AD 600. Notable works include Assyrian reliefs from the palace of King Ashurnasirpal II at Calah (now Nimrud, Iraq), Sumerian sculpture, Anatolian ivories, Iranian bronzes, and Achaemenidand Sassanian works in silver and gold. C Arms and Armor This department is renowned for its collection of European armor from the Middle Ages (5t...
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Iran-Iraq War - History.
The Iranian offensives of 1982 set a pattern that continued for the rest of the war. Exploiting their superiority in numbers, Iran sent its Revolutionary Guard on theattack, supported by regular military forces. Outnumbered Iraqi forces inflicted heavy losses on the Iranians but ultimately fell back. As soon as the initial Iranian thrusthad exhausted itself, however, the Iraqi army exploited Iranian disorganization and lack of equipment to retake much of the lost territory. As the war continued,...
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Calendar.
on lunar months of 29 days alternating with 30 days. An extra month is intercalated every 3 years, based on a cycle of 19 years. Dates of the Jewish calendar aredesignated AM (Latin anno mundi, ”the year of the world”) and BCE (before the common era). Another major religious calendar is the Islamic calendar, a lunar one used in most Muslim countries. It is reckoned from AD 622, the day after the Hegira, or emigration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina. The Islamic year consists of 12 lunar mo...
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Drawing
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INTRODUCTION
Drawing, delineation of form upon a surface, usually a plane, by means of lines and tints or shading.
In the monasteries of medieval Europe, religious texts were inscribed on parchment, then embellished with initial letters, decorative borders, and miniature scenes. InRomanesque Europe, drawings served as models to be copied for such manuscript illumination and also as cartoons ( see Cartoon), or studies, for frescoes, sculpture, and other arts. Subjects were usually treated as stylized symbols of religious truths. This viewpoint was countered in the Gothic period; the change was reflected in th...
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Turquía - geografía.
de Guleman y Fethoye, y de magnetita en las proximidades de Divrigi, además de plomo y cinc repartidos por todo el país. En Boron se ha encontrado cobre y plata, ypetróleo en cantidades más reducidas en la zona suroriental. 2.6 Temas medioambientales Situada en el punto de encuentro de tres grandes regiones biogeográficas, Turquía alberga 2.400 especies vegetales endémicas. Las zonas con lagos, lagunas costeras yotros humedales son numerosas. Aproximadamente el 13,1% (2005) de la tierra está cu...
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Arab Music
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INTRODUCTION
Umm Kulthum
Egyptian singer Umm Kulthum was revered throughout Egypt, North Africa, and the Near East for her powerful voice and
improvisational skill.
The rhythmic structure of Arab music is similarly complex. Rhythmic patterns have up to 48 beats and typically include several downbeats (called dums ) as well as upbeats (called taks) and silences, or rests. To grasp a rhythmic mode, the listener must hear a relatively long pattern. Moreover, the performers do not simply play the pattern; they elaborate upon and ornament it. Often the pattern is recognizable by the arrangement of downbeats. The Rhythm in Arab Music illustration demonstratesa...
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Bosnia and Herzegovina - country.
Serb military campaigns in 1992 and 1993 and Croat campaigns in 1993 and 1995 were aimed at expelling others from areas claimed by these groups. By the end ofthe war almost all non-Serbs had been expelled from Serb-claimed lands in eastern and northern Bosnia, and non-Croats from Croat-claimed lands in southwesternBosnia. In turn, most non-Muslims had left land under Muslim control in northwestern Bosnia. The largest cities had mixed populations in 1991, but the war and its aftermath made them a...
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Crusades.
modern Lebanon; the Principality of Antioch, in modern Syria; and the County of Edessa, in modern northern Syria and southern Turkey. IV CRUSADES OF THE 12TH CENTURY The Crusades of the 12th century, through the end of the Third Crusade in 1192, illustrate the tensions and problems that plagued the enterprise as a whole. For thelords of Outremer a compromise with the residents and Muslim powers made sense; they could not live in constant warfare. And yet as European transplants theydepended on...
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Crusades .
modern Lebanon; the Principality of Antioch, in modern Syria; and the County of Edessa, in modern northern Syria and southern Turkey. IV CRUSADES OF THE 12TH CENTURY The Crusades of the 12th century, through the end of the Third Crusade in 1192, illustrate the tensions and problems that plagued the enterprise as a whole. For thelords of Outremer a compromise with the residents and Muslim powers made sense; they could not live in constant warfare. And yet as European transplants theydepended on...
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Malaysia - geographie.
sind Hindu, daneben gibt es eine christliche Minderheit (6 Prozent). Sabahs größte Volksgruppe, die Kadayan, sind ebenfalls Christen. In Sabah und Sarawak sind vor allemanimistische Stammesreligionen verbreitet. 3.2. 1 Feiertage In Malaysia gibt es eine Vielzahl von nationalen und regionalen Feiertagen. Zu den nationalen Feiertagen gehören Neujahr (1. Januar), der Tag der Arbeit (1. Mai), Yang di- Pertuan Agong, der Geburtstag des Königs (derzeit am 4. Juni), der Merdeka-Tag (31. August) und...
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Albania - country.
Joining the international community in its concern over the degradation of the environment, Albania is party to international agreements concerning biodiversity, climatechange, and wetlands. III THE PEOPLE OF ALBANIA In 2008 Albania’s population estimate was 3,619,778, resulting in an average density of 132 persons per sq km (342 per sq mi). More and more people have left ruralareas for urban ones, particularly in the northern districts, such that in 2005 some 45 percent of the population live...
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Averroes
relatively shorter and somewhat more accessible and hence popular form, presumably for the edification of thecaliph and his educated retinue.Besides these commentaries, Averroes composed a number of smaller independent treatises, particularly on issuesrelating to epistemology and physics, both terrestrial and celestial. He also wrote two defences of philosophy,against the critical onslaught of al-Ghazz&l( and the theologians of Islam.In these apo!ogia, Averroes insists upon respecting...
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Ramadan.
clothes. Friends, relatives, and neighbors meet in mosques and on streets, or visit one another, exchanging congratulations and embracing each other. Contributed By:Ismail K. PoonawalaMicrosoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
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Afghanistan Facts and Figures.
Shia Muslim 15 percent Other 1 percent HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancy Total 44.2 years (2008 estimate) Female 44.4 years (2008 estimate) Male 44 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 155 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 5,381 people (2004) Population per hospital bed 2,500 people (2001) Literacy rateTotal 36.3 percent (2000) Female 20.8 percent (2000) Male 51 percent (2000) Education expenditure as a share of gross national...
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Iran - country.
Zagros mountains. In the more arid central part of the country, wild pistachio and other drought-resistant trees grow in areas that have not been disturbed by humanactivity. Tamarisk and other salt-tolerant bushes grow along the margins of the Dasht-e Kavir. A wide variety of native mammals, reptiles, birds, and insects inhabit Iran. Many species of mammals—including wolves, foxes, bears, mountain goats, red mountainsheep, rabbits, and gerbils—continue to thrive. Others—including Caspian tigers,...
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Egypt - country.
Egypt has a wide variety of mineral deposits, some of which, such as gold and red granite, have been exploited since ancient times. The chief mineral resource ofcontemporary value is petroleum, found mainly in the Red Sea coastal region, at Al ‘Alamayn (El ‘Alamein) on the Mediterranean, and on the Sinai Peninsula. Otherminerals include phosphates, manganese, iron ore, and uranium. Natural gas is also extracted. D Plants and Animals The vegetation of Egypt is confined largely to the Nile Delta,...
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Cairo (Egypt) - geography.
Prize-winning author and Cairo native Naguib Mahfouz, whose fiction has provided a chronicle of the city. VI POINTS OF INTEREST The pyramids of Egypt, which served as tombs for the ancient pharaohs, and the statue of the Sphinx, which dates from about 2500 BC and is probably the country's most famous monument, are located just west of Cairo in the suburb of Giza. Depite the desert background usually depicted in photographs, the pyramids areextremely close to Cairo and are likely to be affecte...
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Jordan (country) - country.
whom belong to the Greek Orthodox Church, make up about 4 percent of the population. Islam is the state religion and Arabic the official language. C Education Jordan has made significant strides in education in recent decades, despite the influx of hundreds of thousands of refugees and the very large share of the nationalbudget assigned to the armed forces. Public education is free and compulsory between the ages of 6 and 15. At the secondary level, about 85 percent of the malechildren and 87 p...