174 résultats pour "kingdom"
- Soccer: Olympic Medalists C ountry Year Gold Silver Bronze 1900 United Kingdom France Belgium 1904 Canada United States United States 1906 Denmark Greece Greece 1908 United Kingdom Denmark The Netherlands 1912 United Kingdom Denmark The
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United Kingdom - country.
B Natural Regions and Topography The island of Great Britain can be divided into two major natural regions—the highland zone and the lowland zone. The highland zone is an area of high hills andmountains in the north and west. The lowland zone in the south and east consists mostly of rolling plains. The zones are divided by an imaginary line running throughEngland from the River Exe on the southwest coast to the mouth of the River Tees on the northeast coast. The lowland zone has a milder climat...
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Victoria (queen)
I
INTRODUCTION
Victoria (queen) (1819-1901), queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901) and empress of India (1876-1901).
Queen Victoria never truly recovered from Albert’s death in December 1861 at the age of 42. For almost a decade she remained in strict mourning. She rarely set footin London, and she avoided most public occasions, including the state opening of Parliament. She made an exception, however, for the unveiling of statues dedicated toPrince Albert and, after a few years, for attendance at army reviews. Behind the scenes, she continued to correspond with and talk to her ministers, and she took comfort...
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Edward BLEIBERG
1985-1986, « Historical Texts as Political Propaganda During the New Kingdom », BES 7, 5-14.
J. F. BORGHOUTS 1978, Ancient Egyptian MagicalTexts.Translated, Leyde. 1986, Nieuwjaar inhet oude Egypte, Leyde. Giuseppe BOTTI 1967, L'archivio demoticodaDeir el-Medineh, CatalogoMuseoEgiziodiTorino, I,1, Florence. Pierre DUBOURGUET 1964, L'artcopte, PetitPalais, Paris,17juin-15 septembre 1964,Paris. 1968a, Histoires etLégendes del'Égypte mystérieuse, Tchou. 1968b, L'artcopte, A.Michel. 1973, L'artégyptien, DescléedeBrouwer. R. P.BOVIER-LAPIERRE H.GAUTHIER &P. JOUGUET 1932, Précisdel'histoire d...
- Seven Against Thebes Greek The name given to the conflict between the rulers of the kingdom of Thebes and the rebels who challenged the king for the throne.
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United Kingdom Facts and Figures.
Muslim 2.7 percent Hindu, Sikh, Jewish, Buddhist 2.4 percent Nonreligious 15.5 percent Other and not stated 7.8 percent *2001 Census HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancy Total 78.8 years (2008 estimate) Female 81.5 years (2008 estimate) Male 76.4 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 5 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 601 people (2004) Population per hospital bed 238 people (2003) Literacy rateTotal 99 percent (1995) Female Not...
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Classification - biology.
species based on the fewest number of shared changes that have occurred from generation to generation. IV HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS Classification is one of the oldest sciences, but despite its age it is still a vigorous field full of new discoveries and methods. Much like other fields of science, greatthinkers have shaped the course of classification. One of the earliest classification schemes was established by Greek philosopher Aristotle, who lived in the 300s BC. Aristotle believe...
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Men's Track and Field Individual: Olympic Gold Medalists.
1896 Thomas Burke United States 54.20 1900 Maxwell Long United States 49.40 1904 Harry Hillman United States 49.20 1906 Paul Pilgrim United States 53.20 1908 Wyndham Halswelle United Kingdom 50.00 1912 Charles Reidpath United States 48.20 1920 Bevil Rudd South Africa 49.60 1924 Eric Liddell United Kingdom 47.60 1928 Ray Barbuti United States 47.80 1932 William Carr United States 46.20 1936 Archie Williams United States 46.50 1948 Arthur Wint Jamaica 46.20 1952 V. George Rhoden Jamaica 45.90 1956...
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Men's Track and Field Individual: Olympic Gold Medalists.
1896 Thomas Burke United States 54.20 1900 Maxwell Long United States 49.40 1904 Harry Hillman United States 49.20 1906 Paul Pilgrim United States 53.20 1908 Wyndham Halswelle United Kingdom 50.00 1912 Charles Reidpath United States 48.20 1920 Bevil Rudd South Africa 49.60 1924 Eric Liddell United Kingdom 47.60 1928 Ray Barbuti United States 47.80 1932 William Carr United States 46.20 1936 Archie Williams United States 46.50 1948 Arthur Wint Jamaica 46.20 1952 V. George Rhoden Jamaica 45.90 1956...
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Isambard Kingdom Brunel
Le deuxieme navire gigantesque que Brunel construisit, le Great Britain, etait encore plus im- pressionnant. C'etait le plus grand navire en acier et le premier qui n'etait pas propulse a ('aide de roues a aubes mais par une helice. Ce batiment de 3 270 tonnes fut lance en 1843. II navigua sur l'Atlantique avec beaucoup de succes jusqu'en 1846, armee oit it s'echoua pres de la cote irlandai- se. Mais les passagers ne se decouragerent pas pour autant, car le Great Britain ne subit aucun dommage,...
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Egyptian Art and Architecture - USA History.
The kings of the 1st Dynasty (2920 BC-2770 BC) were buried in the cemetery of their ancestors at Abydos in southern Egypt. Their burial sites were built of mud brick (bricks baked in the sun) and consisted of two parts: a tomb in the desert where the king was buried, and a rectangular funerary enclosure at the desert's edge, whererituals were performed. A pair of stone slabs called stelae marked the tombs and bore the name of the royal occupant. In the 2nd Dynasty (2770 BC-2649 BC), most r...
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Fungus - biology.
Many fungi can reproduce by the fragmentation of their hyphae. Each fragment develops into a new individual. Yeast, a small, single-celled fungus, reproduces bybudding, in which a bump forms on the yeast cell, eventually partitioning from the cell and growing into a new yeast cell. V CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI Scientists have long disagreed about how to classify fungi, and the classification systems are still developing. The first description of fungi was published in 1729 byItalian botanist Pier...
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European Union .
safeguard the interests of the member states, a common assembly with advisory authority only, and a court of justice to settle disputes. D European Economic Community (EEC) In 1957 the participants in the ECSC signed two more treaties, known as the Treaties of Rome. These treaties created the European Atomic Energy Community(Euratom) for the development of peaceful uses of atomic energy and, most important, the European Economic Community (EEC, often referred to as the CommonMarket). The EEC tr...
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Pyramids (Egypt) - geography.
limestone debris left over from the construction work. When the workers had completed the pyramid and installed the pyramidion, or cap stone, ramps still covered the surface of the pyramid. As the workers dismantled the ramps from the top down, they slowly exposed the pyramid’s stone surface, which stonemasons smoothed and polished. When the ramp was gone, the pyramid wasdisplayed in its full majesty. B Interior The interior of the Great Pyramid is complex, with a series of passages leading t...
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Pyramids (Egypt) - History.
limestone debris left over from the construction work. When the workers had completed the pyramid and installed the pyramidion, or cap stone, ramps still covered the surface of the pyramid. As the workers dismantled the ramps from the top down, they slowly exposed the pyramid’s stone surface, which stonemasons smoothed and polished. When the ramp was gone, the pyramid wasdisplayed in its full majesty. B Interior The interior of the Great Pyramid is complex, with a series of passages leading t...
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Ancient Egypt.
around 4500 BC. The style and decoration of the pottery found at these sites differ from those of pottery found in Upper Egypt. The northern type eventually fell out of use. Other differences between the peoples in Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt include the nature of their architecture and the arrangements for burial of the dead, thelatter perhaps signifying differing religious beliefs. B Unification and Early Dynastic Period By 3500 BC, the settlement of Hierakonpolis, located on the west bank...
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Ancient Egypt - USA History.
around 4500 BC. The style and decoration of the pottery found at these sites differ from those of pottery found in Upper Egypt. The northern type eventually fell out of use. Other differences between the peoples in Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt include the nature of their architecture and the arrangements for burial of the dead, thelatter perhaps signifying differing religious beliefs. B Unification and Early Dynastic Period By 3500 BC, the settlement of Hierakonpolis, located on the west bank...
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Crusades.
modern Lebanon; the Principality of Antioch, in modern Syria; and the County of Edessa, in modern northern Syria and southern Turkey. IV CRUSADES OF THE 12TH CENTURY The Crusades of the 12th century, through the end of the Third Crusade in 1192, illustrate the tensions and problems that plagued the enterprise as a whole. For thelords of Outremer a compromise with the residents and Muslim powers made sense; they could not live in constant warfare. And yet as European transplants theydepended on...
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Crusades .
modern Lebanon; the Principality of Antioch, in modern Syria; and the County of Edessa, in modern northern Syria and southern Turkey. IV CRUSADES OF THE 12TH CENTURY The Crusades of the 12th century, through the end of the Third Crusade in 1192, illustrate the tensions and problems that plagued the enterprise as a whole. For thelords of Outremer a compromise with the residents and Muslim powers made sense; they could not live in constant warfare. And yet as European transplants theydepended on...
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Greek Art and Architecture - USA History.
The struggle between these two city-states and their allies ultimately led to the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC), which Sparta won. Despite this conflict, the 5th century, often called the Classical period, is usually considered the culmination of Greek art, architecture, and drama, with its highest achievements being the Temple ofZeus at Olympia, the Parthenon in Athens, and the plays of Athenian dramatists Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes. The 4th century, or Late Classical p...
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Greek Art and Architecture - history.
powerful independent city-states. From 334 to 323 BC, Alexander the Great extended his father's empire into Asia Minor (now Turkey), Syria, Egypt, Persia, Afghanistan, and as far as India. D The Hellenistic Period (323-31 BC) Although Alexander the Great extended Greek civilization far beyond the Greek mainland and the boundaries of the Aegean Sea, his empire did not survive his death in 323.After Alexander died, his generals and successors divided the empire into a number of kingdoms: Ptolem...
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Mfecane.
The Kololo, a Sotho people, entered the same region in the early 1820s after being driven from their homeland south of the Vaal River by the Ngwane-Hlubi wars. In1823 the Kololo clashed with the Griqua and turned north into the Kalahari Desert. They eventually crossed the Zambezi and finally settled in what is now westernZambia after overthrowing the powerful Lozi Kingdom in 1840. D Founding of the Sotho Nation The Ngwane-Hlubi wars also drove loosely organized Sotho communities north into the...
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Boxing: Olympic Gold Medalists.
(Since 1952 up to 57 kg/126 lb)1904 Oliver Kirk United States 1908 Richard Gunn United Kingdom 1920 Paul Fritsch France 1924 John Fields United States 1928 Lambertus van Klaveren The Netherlands 1932 Carmelo Robledo Argentina 1936 Oscar Casanovas Argentina 1948 Ernesto Formenti Italy 1952 Ján Zachara Czechoslovakia 1956 Vladimir Safronov USSR 1960 Francesco Musso Italy 1964 Stanislav Stepashkin USSR 1968 Antonio Roldan Mexico 1972 Boris Kuznetsov USSR 1976 Angel Herrera Cuba 1980 Rudi Fink East...
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Boxing: Olympic Gold Medalists.
(Since 1952 up to 57 kg/126 lb)1904 Oliver Kirk United States 1908 Richard Gunn United Kingdom 1920 Paul Fritsch France 1924 John Fields United States 1928 Lambertus van Klaveren The Netherlands 1932 Carmelo Robledo Argentina 1936 Oscar Casanovas Argentina 1948 Ernesto Formenti Italy 1952 Ján Zachara Czechoslovakia 1956 Vladimir Safronov USSR 1960 Francesco Musso Italy 1964 Stanislav Stepashkin USSR 1968 Antonio Roldan Mexico 1972 Boris Kuznetsov USSR 1976 Angel Herrera Cuba 1980 Rudi Fink East...
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1976, Die Bedeutung der Kulturen des Niltals für die Eisenproduktion im subsaharischen Afrika, Wiesbaden.
Fassung derSpätzeit »,ZÄS 110,91-98. 1983b, Reund Amun. DieKrise despolytheistischen WeltbildsimÄgypten der18.-20. Dynastie, OBO51. 1983c, Sonnenhymnen inthebanischen Gräbern,Theben1,Mayence. 1984, Ägypten. Theologie undFrömmigkeit einerfrühen Hochkultur, Stuttgart. Michael ATZLER 1981, Untersuchungen zurHerausbildung vonHerrschaftsformen inÄgypten, HÄB16. Pierre AUFFRET 1981, Hymnes d'Égypte etd'Israël. Étudesdestructures littéraires,OBO34. Sydney AUFRÈRE 1982, «Contribution àl'étude delamorpho...
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"A Modest Proposal" - anthology.
I SHALL now therefore humbly propose my own Thoughts; which I hope will not be liable to the least Objection. I HAVE been assured by a very knowing American of my Acquaintance in London; that a young healthy Child, well nursed, is, at a Year old, a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome Food; whether Stewed, Roasted, Baked, or Boiled; and, I make no doubt, that it will equally serve in a Fricasie, or Ragoust. I DO therefore humbly offer it to publick Consideration, that of...
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Babylonia - USA History.
Pharmacology, too, doubtless had made considerable progress, although the only major direct evidence of this comes from a Sumerian tablet written several centuriesbefore Hammurabi. C Legal System and Writing Law and justice were key concepts in the Babylonian way of life. Justice was administered by the courts, each of which consisted of from one to four judges. Often theelders of a town constituted a tribunal. The judges could not reverse their decisions for any reason, but appeals from their...
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Track and Field.
VI RUNNING EVENTS Running events are competitions that test athletes’ quickness, speed, and endurance. Athletes win running races by completing the distance or course in the leastamount of time. A Sprints The shortest running events, called sprints or dashes, are the premier events at a track-and-field meet. The outdoor sprints consist of the 100-meter, 200-meter, and400-meter events. Sprints contested at indoor meets include the 50-meter, 60-meter, 200-meter, and 400-meter events. Past champ...
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Ancient Egypt.
around 4500 BC. The style and decoration of the pottery found at these sites differ from those of pottery found in Upper Egypt. The northern type eventually fell out of use. Other differences between the peoples in Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt include the nature of their architecture and the arrangements for burial of the dead, thelatter perhaps signifying differing religious beliefs. B Unification and Early Dynastic Period By 3500 BC, the settlement of Hierakonpolis, located on the west bank...
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Millennium.
Postmillennialism, also referred to as progressive millennialism, interprets the Bible less literally than premillennialism does. Postmillennialists regard the millennium as a1,000-year reign of Christian ideals that will end with the return of Christ. In this view, the millennium will not start suddenly through an apocalypse, but graduallythrough the efforts of human beings. Postmillennialists believe that through social reform and by upholding Christian ideals, the kingdom of God will be built...
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Shaka.
IV EVALUATION Many powerful myths surround Shaka’s life, making it difficult for people to appraise him rationally. As the founder of the Zulu kingdom—a kingdom whose traditionsand influence survive to this day—Shaka is celebrated for his military prowess, and he serves as a potent symbol of Zulu national pride. For many Europeans, however,he has always epitomized the stereotypical savage African tyrant. Indeed, oral traditions regarding his cruelty have been preserved among the descendants of...
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Aksum - history.
IV RELIGION Little is known about Aksumite religion before the conversion of King Ezana to Christianity. The names of some of the gods who were worshipped have survived. The chiefgod was Astar, associated with the Greek god Zeus. Mahrem was a war god, like the Greek god Ares, and a patron of the royal family. It is not known how the gods wereworshipped, though the remains of a number of religious buildings still exist. The largest such structure still standing is in Yeha. In these buildings, ar...
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Zululand.
Mpande died in 1872 and Cetshwayo continued his policy of maintaining good relations with the British. However, British interests soon shifted. For the sake of imperialstrategy and economic opportunity, the British decided to bring all the white-ruled states of southern Africa under their authority. But confederation, as this policy wasknown, seemed to be threatened by an independent, powerful, and unpredictable Zulu state in its midst. Despite desperate negotiations by Cetshwayo, the British we...
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Zululand - U.
Mpande died in 1872 and Cetshwayo continued his policy of maintaining good relations with the British. However, British interests soon shifted. For the sake of imperialstrategy and economic opportunity, the British decided to bring all the white-ruled states of southern Africa under their authority. But confederation, as this policy wasknown, seemed to be threatened by an independent, powerful, and unpredictable Zulu state in its midst. Despite desperate negotiations by Cetshwayo, the British we...
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Tonga (country) - country.
as the Fale Alea, or Legislative Assembly, consists of the cabinet, nine representatives elected by Tonga’s 33 nobles, and nine representatives elected by the people.Elections are held every three years; all citizens aged 21 and over are eligible to vote. The Privy Council acts as the Court of Appeal, except for criminal cases, andappoints the Supreme Court judge. The country has a small defense force of about 200 and a separate police force. Tonga is a member of the United Nations (UN), theComm...
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Benin - country.
French is the official language of Benin, but most people speak an African language. Each of the country’s ethnic groups has its own language. Fon is the most widelyspoken language. About 52 percent of the population professes traditional religious beliefs, chiefly Vodun, a belief in spirits. Arab merchants introduced Islam to the region, and today it isthe religion of some 20 percent of the people, most of whom live in the north. Christianity, especially Roman Catholicism, is the religion of ab...
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Women's Track and Field Individual: Olympic Gold Medalists.
1964 Betty Cuthbert Australia 52.00 1968 Colette Besson France 52.03 1972 Monika Zehrt East Germany 51.08 1976 Irena Szewinska Poland 49.29 1980 Marita Koch East Germany 48.88 1984 Valerie Brisco-Hooks United States 48.83 1988 Olga Bryzgina USSR 48.65 1992 Marie-José Pérec France 48.83 1996 Marie-José Pérec France 48.25 2000 Cathy Freeman Australia 49.11 2004 Tonique Williams-Darling Bahamas 49.41 . Women's Track and Field Individual: Olympic Gold Medalists (400 m Hurdles).Year Name Country Winn...
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Women's Track and Field Individual: Olympic Gold Medalists.
1964 Betty Cuthbert Australia 52.00 1968 Colette Besson France 52.03 1972 Monika Zehrt East Germany 51.08 1976 Irena Szewinska Poland 49.29 1980 Marita Koch East Germany 48.88 1984 Valerie Brisco-Hooks United States 48.83 1988 Olga Bryzgina USSR 48.65 1992 Marie-José Pérec France 48.83 1996 Marie-José Pérec France 48.25 2000 Cathy Freeman Australia 49.11 2004 Tonique Williams-Darling Bahamas 49.41 . Women's Track and Field Individual: Olympic Gold Medalists (400 m Hurdles)Year Name Country Winni...
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Cambodia - country.
The population of Cambodia is 14,241,640 (2008 estimate). Population growth per year is estimated at 1.8 percent, one of the highest rates in Asia. The rate of infantmortality is also high. The population density is 81 persons per sq km (209 per sq mi), with the densest concentrations on the heavily cultivated central plain. Themountainous regions of the country, where malaria is widespread, are thinly populated, as are the poorly watered northern provinces. During the late 1970s, under thebruta...
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Aksum.
doctrine that Christ was both divine and human. The Council of Chalcedon condemned Monophysitism in 451, and since that time the Coptic Church has beenindependent of other Christian churches. After the Council of Chalcedon, priests who continued to teach Monophysitism were persecuted in the eastern Roman Empire, and many migrated to Aksum. The influxof priests, along with the support of the royal family, strengthened missionary efforts in Aksum. Many churches and monasteries were founded after 4...
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Pyramids (Egypt) - geography.
displayed in its full majesty. B Interior The interior of the Great Pyramid is complex, with a series of passages leading to several rooms. The most important room is the King’s Chamber, the room in which Khufu’sbody was placed during his funeral. In this room the priests left items that Khufu, like all Egyptians, would need for the afterlife. Although the builders tried to blockpassages and doors when they left the pyramid after the king’s funeral, tomb robbers did eventually take everything o...
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Men's Swimming: Olympic Gold Medalists.
1896 Alfréd Hajós Hungary 1:22.20 1904 1 Zoltán Halmay Hungary 1:02.80 1906 Charles Daniels United States 1:13.40 1908 Charles Daniels United States 1:05.60 1912 Duke Kahanamoku United States 1:03.40 1920 Duke Kahanamoku United States 1:00.40 1924 Johnny Weissmuller United States 59.00 1928 Johnny Weissmuller United States 58.60 1932 Yasuji Miyazaki Japan 58.20 1936 Ferenc Csík Hungary 57.60 1948 Walter Ris United States 57.30 1952 Clarke Scholes United States 57.40 1956 Jon Henricks Austria 55...
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Men's Swimming: Olympic Gold Medalists.
1896 Alfréd Hajós Hungary 1:22.20 1904 1 Zoltán Halmay Hungary 1:02.80 1906 Charles Daniels United States 1:13.40 1908 Charles Daniels United States 1:05.60 1912 Duke Kahanamoku United States 1:03.40 1920 Duke Kahanamoku United States 1:00.40 1924 Johnny Weissmuller United States 59.00 1928 Johnny Weissmuller United States 58.60 1932 Yasuji Miyazaki Japan 58.20 1936 Ferenc Csík Hungary 57.60 1948 Walter Ris United States 57.30 1952 Clarke Scholes United States 57.40 1956 Jon Henricks Austria 55...
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Ancient Greece.
The first culture of Aegean civilization on the Greek mainland is named Mycenaean for the palace at Mycenae on the Pelopónnisos. Scholars call the Mycenaeans the“earliest Greeks” because they are the first people known to have spoken Greek. Mycenaean culture developed later than Minoan. The ancestors of the Mycenaean people wandered onto the mainland from the north and the east from about 4000 to2000 BC, mixing with the people already there, and by about 1400 BC the Mycenaeans had become very...
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Ancient Greece .
The first culture of Aegean civilization on the Greek mainland is named Mycenaean for the palace at Mycenae on the Pelopónnisos. Scholars call the Mycenaeans the“earliest Greeks” because they are the first people known to have spoken Greek. Mycenaean culture developed later than Minoan. The ancestors of the Mycenaean people wandered onto the mainland from the north and the east from about 4000 to2000 BC, mixing with the people already there, and by about 1400 BC the Mycenaeans had become very...
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Ancient Greece - USA History.
The first culture of Aegean civilization on the Greek mainland is named Mycenaean for the palace at Mycenae on the Pelopónnisos. Scholars call the Mycenaeans the“earliest Greeks” because they are the first people known to have spoken Greek. Mycenaean culture developed later than Minoan. The ancestors of the Mycenaean people wandered onto the mainland from the north and the east from about 4000 to2000 BC, mixing with the people already there, and by about 1400 BC the Mycenaeans had become very...
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Sydney (Australia) - geography.
blocks in the eastern suburbs and around railway stations elsewhere; and homes on large lots in the outer suburbs, especially those to the northwest. For publichousing, the state government built a number of high-rise apartment blocks in run-down inner suburbs after World War II (1939-1945). These housing projects weresoon deemed unsuccessful and were discontinued because they fostered crime and other social problems. More recently, public housing has taken the form of separateor semidetached ho...
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1914, Übersetzung zu den Heften 1-4 der Urk.
Mark J.SMITH 1980, «A Second Dynasty KinginaDemotic Papyrus ofthe Roman Period»,JEA 66,173. R. W. SMITH &D. REDFORD 1976, TheAkhenaten TempleProject, 1,Initial Discoveries, Warminster. 1988, TheAkhenaten TempleProject, 2,The Temple Rwd-Mnw andtheInscriptions, Warminster. W. S.SMIT H 1978, AHistory ofEgyptian Sculpture andPainting inthe Old Kingdom. SNR =Sudan NotesandRecords, Khartoum. Sond. DAIK=Sonderdrücke desDeutschen Archäologischen InstitutsinKairo, LeCaire. Georges SOUKIASSIAN 1981, «Une...
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Holy Roman Empire
I
INTRODUCTION
Holy Roman Empire, political entity of lands in western and central Europe, founded by Charlemagne in
AD
800 and dissolved by Emperor Francis II in 1806.
acquired the imperial title and an area running from the North Sea through Lotharingia (Lorraine) and Burgundy to northern Italy; Louis II received East Francia (theGerman duchies of Saxony, Swabia, and Bavaria). In 870 Lothair’s middle kingdom was divided by the Treaty of Mersen, which gave Lotharingia to East Francia and therest to West Francia. This division created the foundation for today’s states of Germany and France, respectively; however, in the 9th century these were highly fractured d...
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Holy Roman Empire .
acquired the imperial title and an area running from the North Sea through Lotharingia (Lorraine) and Burgundy to northern Italy; Louis II received East Francia (theGerman duchies of Saxony, Swabia, and Bavaria). In 870 Lothair’s middle kingdom was divided by the Treaty of Mersen, which gave Lotharingia to East Francia and therest to West Francia. This division created the foundation for today’s states of Germany and France, respectively; however, in the 9th century these were highly fractured d...