172 résultats pour "philosophy"
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Ancient philosophy
divine - were themselves an integral part of both physics and ethics, never a mere adjunct of philosophy. Thedominant philosophical creeds of the Hellenistic age (officially 323-31 BC) were Stoicism (founded by Zeno of Citium ) and Epicureanism (founded by Epicurus ) (see Stoicism ; Epicureanism ). Scepticism was also a powerful force, largely through the Academy (see Arcesilaus ; Carneades ), which in this period functioned as a critical rather than a doctrinal school, and also, st...
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Western Philosophy.
the popular belief in personal deities, but he failed to explain the way in which the familiar objects of experience could develop out of elements that are totally differentfrom them. Anaxagoras therefore suggested that all things are composed of very small particles, or “seeds,” which exist in infinite variety. To explain the way in whichthese particles combine to form the objects that constitute the familiar world, Anaxagoras developed a theory of cosmic evolution. He maintained that the activ...
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Confucian philosophy, Chinese
occupies a pre-eminent place in the history of Chinese philosophy. The core of Confucian thought lies in the teachings of Confucius (551-479 BC) contained in the Analects ( Lunyu ), along with the brilliant and divergent contributions of Mencius (372?-289 BC) and Xunzi ( fl. 298-238 BC), as well as the Daxue (Great Learning) and the Zhongyong (Doctrine of the Mean), originally chapters in the Liji (Book of Rites). Significant and original developments, particularly along a quasi-metaphysica...
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Confucian philosophy, Japanese
1 Confucian philosophy in early Japan The earliest extant Japanese histories record that in AD 285 - the actual date was probably a century or so later - Wani, of the Korean kingdom of Paekche, brought copies of the Analects (Lunyu ; in Japanese, Rongo ) of Confucius and the Qianziwen (Thousand Character Classic; Senjimon in Japanese) from Korea to Japan ( Confucian philosophy, Korean ). Even though most scholarship on Japan tends to identify this introduction of Confucian texts with...
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: METAPHYSICS (the system of aristotle)
study something as a being is to study something about which true predications can be made, precisely from thepoint of view of the possibility of making true predications of it. Aristotle's first philosopher is not making a study ofsome particular kind of being; he is studying everything, the whole of Being, precisely as such. Now an Aristotelian science is a science of causes, so that the science of Being qua being will be a science whichassigns the causes of there being any truths whatever abo...
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Hegel
destiny. In different epochs, different Folk-Spirits are the primary manifestation of the progress of the World-Spirit.The people to which it belongs will be, for one epoch, the dominant people in the world history. For each nation, thehour strikes once and only once. In Hegel's time the hour had struck for the German nation. Whereas the Englishcan say ‘we are the men who navigate the ocean, and have the commerce of the world', the German can say ‘TheGerman spirit is the spirit of the new wo...
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid
seen in the theological thought of his later works, written under the influence of philosophy and Sufism. As Ash'aritetheology came into being out of criticism of Mu'tazilite rationalistic theology, the two schools have much in commonbut they are also not without their differences. There is no essential difference between them as to God's essence(dhat Allah ); al-Ghazali proves the existence of God (the Creator) from the createdness ( hadath ) of the world according to the traditional Ash...
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Philosophy in Australia
directions: work in epistemology, philosophical psychology, history of philosophy, and value theory. In pure value theory, there has been little home-grown work that is highly original though there have been many solid contributions by Australian philosophers to international debates, and Peter Singer is famous beyond philosophical circles for his theorizing of 'animal liberation' and opposition to 'sanctity of human life' outlooks in bioethics. The general tenor of Australian philosophy...
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Averroes
relatively shorter and somewhat more accessible and hence popular form, presumably for the edification of thecaliph and his educated retinue.Besides these commentaries, Averroes composed a number of smaller independent treatises, particularly on issuesrelating to epistemology and physics, both terrestrial and celestial. He also wrote two defences of philosophy,against the critical onslaught of al-Ghazz&l( and the theologians of Islam.In these apo!ogia, Averroes insists upon respecting...
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American philosophy in the 18th and 19th centuries
1888), Frederick Henry Hedge (1805-90), George Ripley (1802-80), Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-82), Margaret Fuller(1810-50) and Henry David Thoreau (1817-62). Among these, Emerson and Thoreau stand out for their power aswriters, and for their influence on such subsequent philosophers as James, Dewey, Nietzsche, and Ghandi. Emerson enjoyed a highly visible career as a lecturer and writer. His sources include the classical philosophy he studied atHarvard, English and German Romantic poetry and philo...
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Philosophy in Brazil ?
Early in the century the Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus attracted a group of Portuguese disciples. In 1547 the king founded the Royal College of Humanities at the University of Coimbra and entrusted it to humanists, although within eight years its control was transferred to the Jesuits ( Collegium Conimbricense ). None the less, northern European and Italian humanism made their impact on sixteenth-century Portugal, even in formulations of scholastic resurgence later in the century at Coim...
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Byzantine philosophy
important and most prolific of the Byzantine polymaths, Ioannes Italos, Theodoros of Smyrna, Eustratios of Nicaea and Michael of Ephesos. The last two are better known as commentators on Aristotle. The general outlook of the pre-eminent philosophers of this period, and the particular tendencies in their work, display the basic characteristics of Byzantine philosophy but with some distinctive features, such as an even stronger leaning towards the classical models of Greek philosophy and attempts...
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: AL-R-Z/ AND AL-F-R-B/
cultural particularities. Political philosophy includes consideration of the relations between philosophy and religion,which for al-F&r&b( meant the defence of philosophy. A number of his works fit into this class. The Enumeration ofthe Sciences surveys the encyclopaedia of scientific knowledge which the Arabs have built up through theirphilology, their translations from the Greek and their own creative work: grammar and linguistics, logic, mathematics(in the broad sense of the quadrivium...
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Confucian philosophy, Korean
neglected by more traditional Confucianism. Read with new eyes, an entirely new level of meaning was uncovered in the ancient texts: they discovered a Confucian foundation for the meditative cultivation of consciousness that had been a particular strength of the Buddhists, and to frame it and provide an account of sagehood equal to Buddhist talk of enlightenment, they found a complete metaphysical system, a Confucian version of the kind of thinking that had been elaborated mainly under Daoist au...
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Abravanel, Judah ben Isaac ?
prompting the received opinion that Leone meant to compose a concluding fourth dialogue. This inference isunwarranted. The twenty years between the completion of Dialoghi d'amore and Leone's death suggests that he had ample time to complete the work had he considered it either possible or necessary. Rather, the lack of anexplicit resolution mirrors the structure of the Platonic dialogues, especially the Symposium , the model for all Renaissance writings on love. 3 Philosophical significance...
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Virtue and Happiness (the system of aristotle)
along the correct part of the road by mastering our initial swerves towards the kerb and towards the oncomingtraffic. Once we have learnt, by whatever means, the right amount of some kind of action – whether it is the rightlength of an after-dinner speech, or the right proportion of one's income to give to charity – then, Aristotle says,we have ‘the right prescription' (orthos logos) in our mind. Virtue is the state which enables us to act in accordancewith the right prescription.Virtue concerns...
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- Encyclopedia of Philosophy: STOICISM
- HOBBES' POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Spinoza and Malebranche
While Spinoza's proof of God's existence has convinced few, many people share his vision of nature as a singlewhole, a unified system containing within itself the explanation of all of itself. Many too have followed Spinoza inconcluding that if the universe contains its own explanation, then everything that happens is determined, and thereis no possibility of any sequence of events other than the actual one. ‘In nature there is nothing contingent;everything is determined by the necessi...
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Alchemy
to enrol themselves in the philosophical tradition, albeit awkwardly. Texts were attributed to pagan gods,mythological and biblical figures, ancient and medieval philosophers. Such attributions assured secrecy, while raisingthe prestige of writings of obscure authors; they might even be a subtle indication of affiliation. 4 Alchemical doctrines The basic idea of alchemy is the identity of nature and first matter as a dynamic unity: elements can pass one into another, in a circular mo...
- FREGE'S PHILOSOPHY OF LOGIC
- Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Bruno and Galileo
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: HUME'S PHILOSOPHY OF MIND
The difference between conception and belief, then, must lie not in the idea involved, but in the manner in whichwe grasp it. Belief consists in the vividness of the idea, and in its association with some current impression – theimpression, whichever it is, which is the ground of our belief. ‘Belief is a lively idea produc'd by a relation to apresent impression.'Hume is right that believing and conceiving need not differ in content. As he says, if A believes that p and B doesnot believe that...
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Ailly, Pierre d'
empirical facts rather than metaphysical assumptions. Thus, it is not by chance that two of d'Ailly's favourite phrases in his philosophical writings are docet experientia (experience teaches) and patet inductive (this is clear on the basis of induction). His main sources are William of Ockham , Thomas Bradwardine , Gregory of Rimini and John Buridan , among whom Ockham is clearly the foremost authority: ‘a few things said by him I value more highly than many volumes by certain others...
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- Philosophy of Anthropology
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Aquinas' Moral Philosophy
From remarks such as this Aquinas' followers developed the famous doctrine of double effect. If an act, not evil initself, has both good and bad effects, then it may be permissible if (1) the evil effect is not intended, and (2) thegood effect is not produced by means of the bad, and (3) on balance, the good done outweighs the harm. Thereare many everyday applications of the principle of double effect: e.g. there is nothing wrong with appointing thebest person to a job, though you know that by d...
- Encyclopedia of Philosophy: ANAXAGORAS
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: ERIUGENA
Christian when ‘Plato' and Augustine interpret the world soul as principle of life (III. 727C–728D), and Latin secular,Greek Christian and Latin Christian when ‘Aristotle', pseudo-Dionysius and Augustine discuss the ten categories.35Disagreement on the denotative level overcome by shifting to the connotative level of one or both texts isinstanced among Latin Christian and Greek Christian authors when Ambrose, Augustine, pseudo-Dionysius andMaximus describe the indirect percepti...
- Encyclopedia of Philosophy: MAIMONIDES
- Encyclopedia of Philosophy: KIERKEGAARD
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: EMPEDOCLES
Whether or not Empedocles was a wonder-worker, he deserved his reputation as an original and imaginative philosopher. He wrote two poems, longer than Parmenides' and more fluent if also more repetitive. One was about science and one about religion. Of the former, On Nature , we possess some four hundred lines from an original two thousand; of the latter, Purifications , only smaller fragments have survived. Empedocles' philosophy of nature can be regarded as a synthesis of the thought o...
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Action
act. Where someone Φs by Ψ-ing, Ψ-ing is said to be more basic than Φ-ing; and the basic act is defined as the one than which no other was more basic. Moving the body (that is, moving a bit of it in one or another way) isusually a basic act. When Mary raises her right arm directly - in order to vote at the meeting - raising the right armis the basic act. But in the unusual case in which someone raises their right arm by lifting it with their left arm,raising the right arm, although a bodily...
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- Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Agricola, Rudolph
- Encyclopedia of Philosophy: The Renaissance
- Encyclopedia of Philosophy: AL-KINDÏ
- Encyclopedia of Philosophy: LANGUAGE- DuNS Scotus
- Encyclopedia of Philosophy: ALKINDI AND AVICENNA ?
- Encyclopedia of Philosophy: John the Scot
- Encyclopedia of Philosophy: CHRISTIANITY AND GNOSTICISM ?
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: ETERNAL RECURRENCE - Nietzsche
an imagined escape from the course of becoming.The element of challenge is just as evident in a powerful chapter of Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Third Part, ‘On theVision and the Riddle'). Zarathustra describes an episode in which he confronts his enemy, the dwarflike ‘spirit ofgravity', and initiates a contest of riddles. He points out a gateway which stands between two lanes, stretchingforwards and backwards into an infinite distance. The gateway, at which they come into conflict, has a name:‘Mom...
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- Encyclopedia of Philosophy: AQUINAS' LIFE AND WORKS
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: THE SCHOOL OF PARMENIDES
this sense of ‘being' from its use as a verbal noun, and to avoid the strangeness of the literal ‘the being' in English, it has been traditional to dignify Parmenides' topic with a capital ‘B'. We will follow this convention, whereby ‘Being' means whatever is engaged in being, and ‘being' is the verbal noun equivalent to the infinitive ‘to be'.Very well; but if that is what Being is, in order to make out what Parmenides is talking about we must also know what being is, that is to say, what...
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Agrippa von Nettesheim, Henricus Cornelius
1521 to 1523 in Geneva (where he was at the centre of a group of reforming tendencies), and then moved to Fribourg (also in Switzerland), where he practised medicine. In 1524 Agrippa secured a place in the French royal court at Lyons as personal physician to the queen mother, Louise de Savoy. But by 1526 he was in trouble, having rashly revealed his sympathy for the rebellious Duc de Bourbon and Emperor Charles V, who was at war with King Francis I. During the same year Agrippa wrote De vanita...
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Suárez's Conception of Metaphysics
The difference between non-real beings and possible beings is that possible beings have an aptitude for existence,even though they do not exist, whereas non-real beings do not. A possible being like Misifus, has an aptitude suchthat it could exist even if it does not; but a non-real being like a goatstag, lacks such an aptitude and neitherexists nor can exist (31, 2, 10; 26, 232).Real being, then, includes possible, unactualized essences in addition to actualized ones. This means that the...
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Bertrand Russell
par Anthony Quinton
University Lecturer in Philosophy and Fellow of New College Oxford
Incessamment actif, Bertrand Russell a passé longue vie en public.
par Anthony Quinton University Lecturer in Philosophy and Fellow of New College Oxford
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Aristotelianism, Renaissance
of Medicine, Galen distinguishes between what he calls the method of resolution, in which an object is broken downinto its component parts, and the method of composition, in which the components used in the resolution are putinto their proper order. Late medieval Aristotelians, like Pietro d'Abano (1257-1315) in his Conciliator differentiarumphilosophorum et praecipue medicorum (Conciliator of the Differences between Philosophers and EspeciallyPhysicians) (composed around 1300), conflated...
- Encyclopedia of Philosophy: POST-REFORMATION PHILOSOPHY
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Aristotle
I
INTRODUCTION
Aristotle (384-322
BC),
Greek philosopher and scientist, who shares with Plato and Socrates the distinction of being the most famous of ancient philosophers.
succession of individuals. These processes are therefore intermediate between the changeless circles of the heavens and the simple linear movements of the terrestrialelements. The species form a scale from simple (worms and flies at the bottom) to complex (human beings at the top), but evolution is not possible. C Aristotelian Psychology For Aristotle, psychology was a study of the soul. Insisting that form (the essence, or unchanging characteristic element in an object) and matter (the commonu...
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Aristotle.
succession of individuals. These processes are therefore intermediate between the changeless circles of the heavens and the simple linear movements of the terrestrialelements. The species form a scale from simple (worms and flies at the bottom) to complex (human beings at the top), but evolution is not possible. C Aristotelian Psychology For Aristotle, psychology was a study of the soul. Insisting that form (the essence, or unchanging characteristic element in an object) and matter (the commonu...
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Confucianism.
IV NEO-CONFUCIANISM After centuries of intellectual and cultural dominance by Buddhism, China began to experience a revival of Confucian thought during the Tang dynasty ( AD 618-907). It was led by poet and essayist Han Yu (Han Yü). Han Yu attacked Buddhism and Daoism, which he believed had kept government officials from seeing how they couldhelp the people. To further public welfare, he urged them to study the way of the ancient sages through the Five Classics . Han Yu almost lost his life f...