CIVIL SERVICE
Publié le 22/02/2012
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CIVIL SERVICE. A considerable section of Germany's middle class (see Mittelstand)
consisted of civil servants (Beamten). Since the great mass of this
group performed ‘‘politically neutral'' tasks such as teaching, tax collection,
postal and railroad operations, municipal services, and the filling of Protestant*
pulpits, it is difficult to reconcile its ambivalence (indeed hostility) to the Republic.
But like its landowners and officers, Germany's bureaucracy revered the
monarchy; indeed, many landowners were Beamten and many Beamten had
served as officers under the Kaiser. As with military commissions, a civil-service
appointment was a lifetime pledge. Even the Weimar Constitution* (Article 129)
accorded special esteem to the ‘‘inviolable'' and ‘‘well-acquired rights'' of
Beamten. Since such officials deemed themselves professional servants rather
than ministerial subordinates (political appointees), they lacked connection to
the new crop of ministers who governed after November 1918. Yet they might
have come to accept the Republic had it given evidence of success; instead,
they increasingly judged it a threat to both their living standard and their social
standing.
The lower civil-service ranks, never sufficiently paid, were forced into intolerable
living standards in the wake of World War I. Poor salaries had often
been supplemented in the Kaiserreich with interest paid on private wealth. But
the inflation* ravaged the value of set salaries while eliminating many private
fortunes. Moreover, wartime investments into government bonds were lost. The
Kaiserreich often ‘‘paid'' Beamten for years of loyal service with titles and
decorations, which were almost as important as salary. The respect bestowed by
granting an honorific ‘‘von'' was the Kaiser's simplest means of consoling underpaid
Beamten. The Republic suspended endowment of all such honors. Then,
after years of inaction or cutbacks (1923–1924), the Reichstag* passed an excessive
salary increase (21–25 percent) in 1927 for federal bureaucrats, a step
inducing similar increases at state and municipal levels (both requiring federal
subsidies). Unfortunately, with the 1929 economic crash, the new salaries could
not be maintained; Heinrich Bru¨ning's* deflationary reductions led many Beamten
to fear, with predictable results, that they would slip into the lower middle
class (untere Mittelstand). In his memoirs Otto Braun* recorded that the ‘‘excessive
salary increase [of 1927] scarcely won any civil servants to democracy,
but the salary cuts which later proved necessary drove countless officials into
the National Socialists' camp.''
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