New religious movements in Brazil
Publié le 22/02/2012
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Brazil
has traditionally been a Catholic country because
it was colonized by Portugal. In fact, Brazil has
been ranked as the largest Catholic country in the
world, but that is somewhat deceptive. Brazil is
also home to thriving new religious movements.
For a century or more people in Brazil have
developed new religions built on African roots
called Afro-Brazilian religions. More recently,
in the last 50 years, PENTECOSTALISM has grown
extremely rapidly there. Since the 1990s, the Catholic
Church has been responding especially to the
growth of Pentecostalism through media-friendly
"show masses."
Europeans were not the only people who came
to Brazil after the discoveries of Columbus. People
of African ancestry came, too, often, of course,
against their will. Although slaveowners tried to
make Africans Christian, Africans also maintained
their earlier beliefs. In particular, the Yoruba people
from Nigeria managed to preserve their traditional
beliefs and practices. As a result, Afro-Brazilian
religions often use Yoruba gods and names.
There are many different Afro-Brazilian religions.
Candomble is the oldest. It is also the most
African. It identifi es Yoruba spirits, called orisha,
with Catholic saints. Traditionally, its leaders have
been women, called maes de santo, that is, mothers
of the saint. They perform RITUALS such as animal
SACRIFICE. They also supervise people who are
"ridden" or possessed by various spirits.
Catimbo is another Afro-Brazilian religion.
Unlike Candomble, it calls upon supernatural
beings that the native peoples of Brazil worshipped.
Like native religions, it also uses an intoxicant to
induce visions.
Yet another new Afro-Brazilian religion is
Umbanda. It has elements from Christianity, African
religions, and native Brazilian religions. To
them it adds ideas from a 19th-century French
spiritualist, Allan Kardec (1804–69), who taught
that people had many lives (see REINCARNATION).
Pentecostal churches are rather different
from Afro-Brazilian religions. In fact, Pentecostal
churches deliberately attack the beliefs and practices
of Afro-Brazilian religions as "demon-worship."
Those who practice Afro-Brazilian religions
often complain that Pentecostals harass and discriminate
against them.
Pentecostal churches attribute the violence
and drug traffi cking in Brazil's cities to demons. To
address these problems, they perform public exorcisms.
Like Pentecostals elsewhere, they emphasize
a strict lifestyle and various gifts of the spirit.
The largest Pentecostal church in Brazil is the
Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus, the Universal
Church of God's Kingdom or IURD for short.
A self-appointed bishop, Edir Macedo (b. 1945),
founded the IURD in 1976. Within 10 years it had
grown to 3 million members. It now runs television
and radio stations and boasts churches in Portugal,
South Africa, Great Britain, and the United States.
During the late 20th century, the future of the
Roman Catholic Church in Brazil looked bleak.
People who practiced the Afro-Brazilian religions
had often practiced Catholicism, too, but members
of the new Pentecostal churches insisted that their
members belong only to them. Tens of millions of
people left the Catholic Church.
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