2995 résultats pour "casé"

• clonage (Biologie et Anatomie).

  le noyau somatique. C’est en quelque sorte un jumeau de cet organisme, mais produit à l’âge adulte. Si cette technique fait depuis 1996 l’objet de nombreuses expériences sur des mammifères variés, elle est cependant loin d’être au point. Tout d’abord, seule une infimepartie (quelques pour cent à peine) des embryons clonés se développent normalement et arrivent à terme. De surcroît, parmi ces derniers, une forte proportion développe,au cours de sa croissance ultérieure, diverses pathologies et m...

• Suelo - ciencias de la naturaleza.

  Los suelos muestran gran variedad de aspectos, fertilidad y características químicas en función de los materiales minerales y orgánicos que lo forman. El color es uno de loscriterios más simples para calificar las variedades de suelo. La regla general, aunque con excepciones, es que los suelos oscuros son más fértiles que los claros. Laoscuridad suele ser resultado de la presencia de grandes cantidades de humus. A veces, sin embargo, los suelos oscuros o negros deben su tono a la materia mineral...

• Interstellar Matter - astronomy.

  silhouette of a cloud of dust. At other times, it blocks only a percentage of the light from behind it, a process known by astronomers as extinction . The long, narrow dark lanes in the Milky Way as seen from Earth are examples of extinction. The amount of extinction is different for different wavelengths of light. A2 Reddening Starlight that does not get completely absorbed by interstellar dust can still be changed by the dust’s effects. As light passes through less dense patches of interstel...

• Smoking.

  causes about 20 times the number of deaths in the United States than all other addictive drugs combined. Smoking cessation methods are plentiful, and many books and products are available to help an individual stop smoking. Many smokers turn to group help because ofthe support and understanding provided by other former smokers or people trying to quit. Most successful group-help techniques involve a challenge and rewardsystem that also bolsters the self-discipline of the former smoker. A number...

• Valley.

  Except in mountainous terrain, rivers are almost always flanked by floodplains. Floodplains are flat wide deposits of alluvium, river-deposited sediment, on either side of the river channel. During floods, a river overflows its banks and spreads out the sediment near the river to form a floodplain. Floodplains of large rivers, such as thoseof the Mississippi River, can be flat areas tens of kilometers across. River channels migrate back and forth across their floodplains as alluvium is repeate...

• Valley - Geography.

  Except in mountainous terrain, rivers are almost always flanked by floodplains. Floodplains are flat wide deposits of alluvium, river-deposited sediment, on either side of the river channel. During floods, a river overflows its banks and spreads out the sediment near the river to form a floodplain. Floodplains of large rivers, such as thoseof the Mississippi River, can be flat areas tens of kilometers across. River channels migrate back and forth across their floodplains as alluvium is repeate...

• téléphone - informatique.

  Une tension continue, fournie par le central via la ligne téléphonique, est appliquée au microphone. Les ondes sonores qui traversent la grille provoquent alors le déplacement du dôme vers l’avant et vers l’arrière. La pression acoustique exercée sur le diaphragme tasse plus ou moins la grenaille, ce qui fait varier la résistance électrique du microphone : il en résulte un courant continu d’intensité variable. La plupart des téléphones récents sont munis d’un microphone électrostatique, qui a...

• Senegal - country.

  Although most of the population works in agriculture, Senegal has a growing industrial sector, one of the largest in West Africa. Nevertheless, two cash crops remain atthe foundation of the economy—peanuts and cotton. Important technical and economic assistance has been provided by France and other countries of the EuropeanUnion and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank). In 2006 the gross domestic product (GDP) was $9.2 billion, or $760.90 a person. A Agriculture...

• Constitution of Canada.

  A2 Constitution Act of 1982 The Constitution Act of 1982 patriated Canada’s constitution, allowing Canadian lawmakers to amend the constitution without significant involvement by the United Kingdom. It also established procedures that made it somewhat easier to pass constitutional amendments. Before the act was passed, no amendments could be madewithout the unanimous consent of the provinces. The Constitution Act of 1982 established the so-called 7 and 50 rule, which allows amendments to the...

• SYSTÈME SOLAIREGÉNÉRALITÉSOn entend par « Système solaire » une famille de corps célestes formée par l'étoileSoleil et par une multitude de corps distribués autour d'elle.

  2 auraient échappé jusqu'ici à nos observations. La génération actuelle d'instruments astronomiques n'est pas en mesure d'identifier des corps de dimensions planétaires aux confins du domaine gravitationnel du Soleil. Les astronomes pensent que, s'il y avait une autre planète au-delà des orbites de Neptune et de Pluton, celle-ci pourrait être découverte grâce aux perturbations induites par sa force d'attraction. Vers la fin des années 80, analysant les trajectoires des sondes interplanét...

• étoile - astronomie.

  L’atmosphère d’une étoile désigne l’ensemble du gaz transparent aux rayonnements électromagnétiques et lié à l’étoile par les forces de gravitation. 5.2 Photosphère La basse atmosphère d’une étoile débute à la photosphère, caractérisée par une certaine valeur de la température. À la photosphère solaire est associée une températureeffective de 5 770 K (kelvins). Certaines régions, les taches solaires, sont plus froides que la photosphère avoisinante. Les taches photosphériques, caractéristiques...

• Afrique noire, littérature d'.

  4. 1 Littérature écrite d’Afrique orientale 4.1. 1 Éthiopie et Somalie L’Éthiopie et la Somalie, aux confins des cultures nilotiques de l’Afrique noire ( voir Nil) et du monde arabe, constituent un cas à part. En effet, les Éthiopiens disposent très tôt, pour écrire leur langue — le guèze —, d’un alphabet sémitique original, inspiré des écritures sud-arabiques du Ier millénaire av. J.-C. Venues d’Égypte, l’influence de la culture grecque puis celle du christianisme, à partir du IVe siècle...

• Obesity.

  of a day, contributing to the development of obesity. V TREATMENTS FOR OBESITY Obesity can become a chronic lifelong condition caused by overeating, physical inactivity, and even genetic makeup. No matter what the cause, however, obesity can beprevented or managed with a combination of diet, exercise, behavior modification, and in severe cases, weight-loss medications and surgery. A Diets The most common and conservative treatment for obesity utilizes a nutritionally balanced, low calorie diet...

• fusée 1 PRÉSENTATION fusée, engin à réaction, propulsé par l'éjection de gaz engendrés dans une chambre à combustion (voir Propulsion à réaction) ; seul engin utilisable pour les vols dans l'espace.

  légère en direction du navire en détresse. Ses occupants pouvaient alors être ramenés sur la terre ferme grâce à un système de filins suffisamment solides pour convoyer les hommes à bord de canots de sauvetage ou directement à l’aide de bouées. Dès 1880, on utilisa des fusées-harpons, lancées à partir de petits bateaux, pour chasser les baleines. Mais l’utilisation principale des fusées en mer était la production de signaux. Jusqu’à la fin du XIX e siècle, les fusées furent assez peu employées...

• Reino Unido - geografía.

  2.5. 1 Flora En la antigüedad, la mayor parte del Reino Unido, con la excepción de las montañas y los páramos del norte, el oeste y las zonas pantanosas, estuvo cubierta de bosques dehoja caduca dominados por el roble. Las plantaciones de coníferas de crecimiento rápido en Gales y el noreste de Escocia constituyen una buena parte del 10% del territoriodel Reino Unido que todavía está arbolado. Alrededor de una cuarta parte del Reino Unido, principalmente en Escocia, el suroeste de Inglaterra, G...

• Biodiversidad - ciencias de la naturaleza.

  Las áreas ricas en especies endémicas pueden ser lugares de especiación activa o de refugio de especies muy antiguas; sea cual sea su interés teórico, es importante parala gestión práctica de la biodiversidad identificar estas áreas discretas con proporciones elevadas de endemismos. Por definición, las especies endémicas de un lugardeterminado no se encuentran en ningún otro. Cuanto menor es el área de endemismo, mayor es el riesgo de que las especies endémicas sufran cambios de población deorig...

• México (república) - geografía.

  Las llanuras costeras son en su generalidad zonas bajas, llanas y compuestas por materiales arenosos, aunque en las costas del Pacífico ocasionalmente son interrumpidaspor pequeñas serranías. Baja California, península larga y estrecha que se extiende a lo largo de 1.200 km al sur del límite noroeste del país, está atravesada por la sierrade la Baja California, continuación de la cadena costera del Pacífico, en Estados Unidos, que constituye el sistema surcaliforniano. La península de Yucatán, q...

• Discrimination.

  Throughout United States history many other groups have suffered racial or religious discrimination. Since Europeans first came to America, Native Americans havebeen forcibly deprived of their lands and denied civil rights. Congress enacted the Indian Civil Rights Act in 1968, and the federal courts have entertained a number ofsuits designed to restore to Native American tribes ancestral lands and hunting and fishing rights. Many religious groups, including Roman Catholics, Jews, and others,have...

• Vanuatu - country.

  and Luganville. V GOVERNMENT Vanuatu is governed under a constitution that came into effect with the republic’s independence in 1980. The president of Vanuatu serves as head of state, a largelyceremonial office. The president is elected by Vanuatu’s parliament and the heads of regional government councils. The parliament, or legislature, is a single-chamberbody whose membership has increased several times since independence; in 1998 the parliament had 52 members. Members of parliament are chose...

• Reproductive System.

  in which the young develop, and a thinner channel, the vagina, which opens exteriorly. V GENITALS In animals that lay their eggs and discharge their sperm into water, the spermatozoa reach the eggs by chemical attraction; the eggs of individuals of a species attractonly the sperm of members of the same species. When eggs and sperm are deposited at great distances from each other, the number of eggs fertilized is small. Manyamphibians and aquatic vertebrates solve this problem by attaching thems...

• Computer Science.

  theoretical research is called algorithmic complexity. Computer scientists in this field seek to develop techniques for determining the inherent efficiency of algorithmswith respect to one another. Another area of theoretical research called computability theory seeks to identify the inherent limits of computation. Software engineers use programming languages to communicate algorithms to a computer. Natural languages such as English are ambiguous—meaning that theirgrammatical structure and vocab...

• Pays longtemps féodal, et toujours demeuré indépendant, le Japon ne s'ouvrit au monde qu'avec l'ère Meiji, à partir de 1868.

  mouvements de l'écorce terrestre. Les plaines, qui sont presque toujours périphériques et souvent recouvertes de limons d'origine volcanique, sont rares (moins d'un cinquième de la superficie totale), à l'exception de celles du Kantō (dans laquelle se trouve T ōky ō), de Niigata (sur la mer du Japon), de N ōbi (où se situe Nagoya) ou de Ishikari (plaine de Sapporo). Ces zones basses se raccordent aux hauteurs par des cônes d'alluvion qui constituent des reliefs de collines ou de terrasses. Compl...

• presse, histoire de la.

  5 LE XVIII E SIÈCLE : LA PRESSE, CANAL DU POLITIQUE 5. 1 La tentation d’une presse libre Au XVIII e siècle en France, à la différence de l’Angleterre où la presse est déjà engagée dans la lutte politique ( voir quatrième pouvoir), les instruments privilégiés des débats d’idées demeurent le livre et le libelle. L’activité journalistique n’est pas encore considérée comme un métier à part entière. Et de façon générale, les nouvellistes n’ont pas bonne presse… Surveillée, censurée (sauf pour c...

• Radio Astronomy - astronomy.

  equivalent to the apparent angular dimensions of a basketball at the distance of the moon. In 1984, the U.S. government appropriated funds for the construction of aninstallation called the very long baseline array (VLBA), a network of 10 radio antennas spread from the U.S.-Canadian border to Puerto Rico and from Hawaii to the U.S.Atlantic coast. The VLBA is expected to provide angular resolutions in the range of 200-millionths of an arc second. Canada and Australia are both planning similarprogr...

• James Buchanan.

  John Slidell. Slidell was instructed to insist that Mexico recognize the annexation of its former province, Texas, and that it pay certain long-standing claims of UnitedStates citizens. As payment for the claims, Slidell was told to press for the Mexican territory lying between Texas and the Pacific Ocean. The American demands werenot met, and soon afterward the Mexican War broke out in 1846. D3 Cuba While secretary of state, Buchanan also tried to further one of his favorite projects, the purc...

• James Buchanan

  John Slidell. Slidell was instructed to insist that Mexico recognize the annexation of its former province, Texas, and that it pay certain long-standing claims of UnitedStates citizens. As payment for the claims, Slidell was told to press for the Mexican territory lying between Texas and the Pacific Ocean. The American demands werenot met, and soon afterward the Mexican War broke out in 1846. D3 Cuba While secretary of state, Buchanan also tried to further one of his favorite projects, the purc...

• Europa - geografía.

  del Atlántico Norte (corriente del Golfo), traen precipitaciones durante casi todo el año. En la zona climática mediterránea (España, Italia y Grecia) los meses de veranosuelen ser calurosos y secos, y la mayoría de las precipitaciones se recogen en otoño y primavera. Aproximadamente a partir de Polonia central, hacia el este, se reduce elefecto moderador de los océanos y, como consecuencia, el clima es más frío y seco. Las partes septentrionales del continente también tienen este tipo de clima....

• Biodiversity.

  a common molecule, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and most also have deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). These molecules direct the production of proteins—molecules responsiblefor the structure and function of virtually all living cells. This is the evolutionary chain of life. All species are descended from a single common ancestor. From that ancient single-celled microbe, all inherited RNA. As time goesby, species diverge and develop their own peculiar attributes, thus making their own contribution to biodiv...

• Biodiversity - biology.

  a common molecule, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and most also have deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). These molecules direct the production of proteins—molecules responsiblefor the structure and function of virtually all living cells. This is the evolutionary chain of life. All species are descended from a single common ancestor. From that ancient single-celled microbe, all inherited RNA. As time goesby, species diverge and develop their own peculiar attributes, thus making their own contribution to biodiv...

• Extinction (biology) - biology.

  III ROLE OF MASS EXTINCTION IN EVOLUTION Historically biologists—most famous among them British naturalist Charles Darwin—assumed that extinction is the natural outcome of competition between newlyevolved, adaptively superior species and their older, more primitive ancestors. These scientists believed that newer, more highly evolved species simply drove less well-adapted species to extinction. That is, historically, extinction was thought to result from evolution. It was also thought that this...

• Map - Geography.

  Often only southeast slopes are hachured or shaded, giving somewhat the effect of a bird's-eye view of the area illuminated by light from the northwest. Shadings orcarefully drawn hachures, neither of which give elevations, are more easily interpreted than contour lines and are sometimes used in conjunction with them for greaterclarity. IV MAP PROJECTIONS For the representation of the entire surface of the earth without any kind of distortion, a map must have a spherical surface; a map of this...

• Neptune (planet) - astronomy.

  The gaseous atmosphere of Neptune contains hydrogen, helium, and about 3 percent methane. It extends about 5,000 km (about 3,000 mi) above the planet’s ocean.Light reflected from Neptune’s deep atmosphere is blue, because the atmospheric methane absorbs red and orange light but scatters blue light. In 1998 astronomersalso identified molecules of methyl in Neptune’s atmosphere. Methyl molecules each contain one carbon atom and three hydrogen atoms. Methyl molecules are knownas hydrocarbon radical...

• Sound I INTRODUCTION Sound, physical phenomenon that stimulates the sense of hearing.

  A fundamental law of harmony states that two notes an octave apart, when sounded together, produce a pleasant-sounding combination. Other combinations of notescan also be pleasing. Physically, an interval of a fifth consists of two notes, the frequencies of which bear the arithmetical ratio 3 to 2, and a major third, the ratio 5 to4. Fundamentally, the law of harmony states that two or more notes sound pleasant when played together if their frequencies bear small, whole number ratios; if thefreq...

• Virus (life science) - biology.

  RNA into DNA earned them their name because this process is the reverse of the usual transfer of genetic information, from DNA to RNA.) The DNA form of theretrovirus genome is then integrated into the cellular DNA and is referred to as the provirus. The viral genome is replicated every time the host cell replicates its DNA and is thus passed on to daughter cells. Hepatitis B virus can also transcribe RNA to DNA, but this virus packages the DNA version of its genome into virus particles. Unlike...

• William Howard Taft.

  considered him an ideal successor. Because Roosevelt himself was satisfied that Taft's election would ensure that his reform programs were continued, he used hisinfluence with each state's Republican Party to get Taft the nomination. As a result, Taft became the Republican candidate on the first ballot. He was elected president in1908 with a popular vote of 7,675,320 to 6,412,294 for Nebraska editor and Democratic candidate William Jennings Bryan, and an electoral vote of 321 to Bryan's 162.Alth...

• William Howard Taft

  considered him an ideal successor. Because Roosevelt himself was satisfied that Taft's election would ensure that his reform programs were continued, he used hisinfluence with each state's Republican Party to get Taft the nomination. As a result, Taft became the Republican candidate on the first ballot. He was elected president in1908 with a popular vote of 7,675,320 to 6,412,294 for Nebraska editor and Democratic candidate William Jennings Bryan, and an electoral vote of 321 to Bryan's 162.Alth...

• Extrasolar Planets - astronomy.

  When a planet passes in a front of the star it orbits—an event called a transit—it causes a small dip in the brightness of the star. Measuring the slight change in thebrightness can be used not only to directly detect a planet, but to determine its size and orbit. However, the planet needs to orbit in a plane that lies in a telescope’sline of sight on the star. Despite long odds, Earth-based telescopes have detected and studied a few exoplanets using this method. The first space telescope design...

• Gravitation I INTRODUCTION Gravitation, the force of attraction between all objects that tends to pull them toward one another.

  precise observations possible, and Galileo was one of the first to use a telescope to study astronomy. In 1609 Galileo observed that moons orbited the planet Jupiter, afact that could not reasonably fit into an earth-centered model of the heavens. The new heliocentric theory changed scientists' views about the earth's place in the universe and opened the way for new ideas about the forces behind planetarymotion. However, it was not until the late 17th century that Isaac Newton developed a theory...

• Gravitation - astronomy.

  precise observations possible, and Galileo was one of the first to use a telescope to study astronomy. In 1609 Galileo observed that moons orbited the planet Jupiter, afact that could not reasonably fit into an earth-centered model of the heavens. The new heliocentric theory changed scientists' views about the earth's place in the universe and opened the way for new ideas about the forces behind planetarymotion. However, it was not until the late 17th century that Isaac Newton developed a theory...

• Prise de notes La Casa de Bernarda Alba (1945)

  Prise de notes La Casa de Bernarda Alba (1945) “Drama de mujeres en los pueblos de Espana”. C’est le second mari qui est mort : Antonio Maria Benavides Acto primero Magdalena s’est évanoui à l’église, c’était la seule qui aimait bien le père. La famille du défunt déteste Berarda. La Poncia se plaint que pendant 30 ans elle a veillé au grain sur Bernarda, elle lui demandait de faire la marie coutsou et d’espionner les voisins. Les fils de La Poncia sont les 2 mariés et travaillent dan...

• International Law.

  merchants), modernized the rights of neutrals during maritime war, and required blockades to be effective. The Declaration of Paris also initiated the practice of allowingnations other than the original signatories to accede (become a party to) to an agreement. In 1864 a conference convened in Geneva, Switzerland, at the invitation of the Swiss government. The conference approved a convention for the proper treatment ofwounded soldiers on the battlefield and the protection of medical personnel;...

• Supernova - astronomy.

  The term hypernova has been proposed for an extremely massive core-collapse supernova—possibly more than 100 times the mass of the Sun. A hypernova is thought to form a black hole. Just before it explodes, a hypernova may release a huge burst of gamma rays in a jet from the rotating black hole at its center. These jets mayexplain the so-called long gamma-ray bursts detected by astronomers. According to some researchers, massive stars with over 40 solar masses may sometimescollapse directly int...

• Accounting and Bookkeeping.

  The proliferation of mandated notes that accompany financial statements is a particularly visible example. Such notes disclose information that is not already included inthe body of the financial statement. One of the very first notes identifies the accounting methods adopted when acceptable alternative methods also exist, or when theunique nature of the company's business justifies an otherwise unconventional approach. The notes also disclose information about lease commitments, contingent liab...

• Shark - biology.

  Sharks have two-chambered hearts that are relatively small compared to the rest of their bodies. Blood flows from the heart to the gills, where it collects oxygen fromwater and then distributes it to the other organs and tissues. The small heart produces weak blood pressure, and many sharks must swim continuously to create themuscular contractions needed to circulate blood throughout their bodies. Most sharks are cold-blooded—that is, they do not generate heat by digesting food. Instead, the bod...

• Pourquoi malgré les progrès scientifiques, la religion demeure-t-elle dans ce cas ?

  les événements internes au monde visible, et ce qui donne sens à la vie –et n'appartient précisément pas à cemonde-, auquel on donne le nom de Dieu. On voit que du coup pour le croyant la question n'est pas au fond desavoir « si Dieu existe » : mais si l'existence humaine ne gagne pas en richesse et en profondeur lorsqu'elle sedécentre et se situe en relation à « Dieu ». Que Dieu soit une création de l'homme, et n'ait pas l'objectivité despierres ou des étoiles, ne fait guère de doute : mais...

• Women's Rights.

  In 1840 Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton traveled to London to attend the World Anti-Slavery Convention. Upon arrival, however, the women were barred fromparticipating in the conference and forced to sit behind a curtain. This experience of discrimination inspired them to organize the first women’s rights convention. Thisconvention met in Seneca Falls, New York, on July 19 and 20, 1848. The Seneca Falls Convention attracted more than 200 women and approximately 40 men. For theconvention,...

• espace, exploration de l' - astronomie.

  d’un géant, habitant de l’étoile Sirius, et du secrétaire perpétuel de l’Académie de la planète Saturne. En 1865, Jules Verne publie De la Terre à la Lune, dans lequel son génie visionnaire s’exprime par une description proche d’une réalité qui se concrétisera un siècle plus tard. Dans un genre radicalement différent, l’écrivain anglaisH.G. Wells publie en 1898 la Guerre des mondes, puis en 1901 les Premiers Hommes dans la Lune. Au début du XXe siècle, les pionniers du cinéma de fiction p...

• Ant - biology.

  The workers of many ant species carry a stinger within the hind end of the gaster. These ants use the stinger to defend against their enemies. In some species, workerants lack a stinger but use the tip of their gaster to squirt or dab poison at other small animals and when fighting battles with other ants, fending off predators, or killinginsects or other animals that they use as food. III PHYSIOLOGY Ants have a rigid, external skeleton called an exoskeleton that gives the soft, inner body its...

• Planetary Science - astronomy.

  III ORIGINS AND COMPOSITIONS OF PLANETS Astronomers believe that planetary systems are formed of elemental materials that were created in the interiors of giant stars. Some of this material comes from giantstars that shed material into space as they age. Most of the matter to form planets, however, comes from stars that explode as supernovas and spread debris enrichedwith the heavier chemical elements into space. According to the currently accepted views, the most likely first stage in the evo...

• Mammal - biology.

  On land, mammals live in many different habitats, and at a wide range of altitudes. Many mammals dig burrows as refuges or as places to raise their young, but somehave developed a largely subterranean lifestyle, feeding on small animals or plant roots beneath the soil's surface. These animals, including moles and mole-rats, digthrough the ground either with spadelike front paws or with their teeth, and they detect danger by being highly sensitive to vibrations transmitted through the soil.Most m...