1336 résultats pour "nation"

• Discrimination.

  Throughout United States history many other groups have suffered racial or religious discrimination. Since Europeans first came to America, Native Americans havebeen forcibly deprived of their lands and denied civil rights. Congress enacted the Indian Civil Rights Act in 1968, and the federal courts have entertained a number ofsuits designed to restore to Native American tribes ancestral lands and hunting and fishing rights. Many religious groups, including Roman Catholics, Jews, and others,have...

• Tokyo - geography.

  The port of Tokyo has expanded tremendously in recent years and is now the second largest in Japan (after Yokohama) in value of trade. In 1993 it accounted forapproximately 14 percent of all trade by Japan’s ports. Reasons for the port’s growth include the deepening of sea lanes in Tokyo Bay, large reclamation projects tocreate room for new facilities and container terminals, and improvements to storage and distribution facilities. The largest categories of exports from the port of Tokyoare mach...

• études des constitutions françaises

  montre qu'une constitution écrite rationnelle est applicable. L'exemple américain a donc été suivi en France.    Les philosophes rédigent des projets de constitutions. A la fin du 18e siècle, l'idée d'une constitution écrite apparait indispensable pour donner à la France une organisation politique, administrative, sociale, économique en harmonie avec le progrès des Lumières.  A cette époque des mouvements se soulèvent dans les idées politiques.    En 1789, le seul espoir pour que cette constitut...

• Cours sur la constitution

  elle était tyranniqu e R apport fondamental entre les deux constitutions : Dans la C onstitution Française de 1791 → on pense en France que la loi telle qu'elle est votée représente la N ation → c'est elle la loi de la nation. Il n'y p as de méfiance comme aux États-Unis car c'est l' expression de la volonté générale. On a eu en France un g ran d théoricien du droit qui se nomme Sieyes (vie incroyable, mort en 1840 et il est né sous l'Ancien Régime. Conn...

• Oeuvres de Napoleon Bonaparte, TOME III Saint-Cloud, le 16 floréal an 11 (6 mai 1803).

  qui avaient déchiré le sein de leur patrie, et qu'on destine à le déchirer encore. Vains calculs de la haine! ce n'est plus cette France divisée par les factions et tourmentée par les orages; c'est la France rendue à la tranquillité intérieure, régénérée dans son administration et dans ses lois, prête à tomber de tout son poids sur l'étranger qui osera l'attaquer et se réunir aux brigands qu'une atroce politique rejetterait encore sur son sol pour y organiser le pillage et les assassinats; Enfin...

• Toute nation a le gouvernement qu’elle mérite.

• RÔLE ET FONCTIONNEMENT DES NATIONS UNIES

• Commonwealth.

  consultatives. Un secrétariat du Commonwealth, établi à Londres depuis 1965, facilite les relations politiques et culturelles et anime des programmes d'aide aux plus défavorisés. Dans les années quatre-vingt, les conséquences économiques de l'intégration du Royaume-Uni au sein de la Communauté économique européenne et l'attitude du gouvernement britannique sur la question sud-africaine avaient mis en péril l'association. Le Commonwealth reste cependant l'un des lieux privilégiés du dialo...

• Les villes modernes sont-elles le cancer des nations ?

• LA DIFFICILE STABILISATION DE LA GEOGRAPHIE POLITIQUE DE L'EUROPE

  transformations. Ainsi,  l’URSS  éclate  en 15  Etats  et  la  Tchécoslovaquie  donne  naissance  en  1992  à  deux   Etats ‐nations  :  la  République  Tchèque  et  la  Slovaquie.  Enfin  l’ex ‐Yougoslavie  éclate en  plusieurs  Etats  dans   des  circonstances  conflictuelles.   on parle  alotrs  de  balkanisation.    Ces nouveaux  Etats ont  des  frontières  qui  ne  respectent  pas  forcément  les  nationalités  et  des  rapports   sont  souvent  tend us  entre  nouveaux  voisins. C’est...

• L'EMPIRE COLONIAL ITALIEN: De Massaouah à El-Alamein, en passant par Adoua et Addis-Abeba

  LA MOIIltE DU NATIOIIAUSME 1!110 • Depuis la défaite d'Adoua, les journaux et revues nationalistes se multiplient en Italie. Des intellectuels comme Enrico Corradini font évoluer la pensée nationaliste, prétendant que la nation n'est plus le fruit de l'histoire et le résultat d'un libre choix des hommes, mais une valeur suprême qui s'Impose aux hommes . Cette vision mystique de la nation se nourrit du darwinisme sodal, qui oppose les nations proléta...

• La République batave Une nation assujettie.

• CINQ NATIONS (Les) (résumé & analyse)

• La République batave Une nation assujettie.

• Essai sur les mœurs et l esprit DES NATIONS

• Quels éléments fondamentaux forment la communauté nationale ?

  C) L'élément territorial. L'élément territorial, la communauté de territoire. créent aussi· un lien. Les conditions géographiques pèsent naturellement sur le problème du territoire. Une nation en voie de constitution réclame toujours des frontières natu­ relles (fleuves, massifs montagneux, lisières d'arbres, mers). Mais parfois la géographie suggère et l'histoire prévaut. Ainsi dans le nord, la France n'a pas de frontières natu­ r...

• Le Problème Des Inégalités Fiscales Sous Louis XVI

  nouveau, pour rentrer de l’argent dans les caisses de l’Etat. Tout le monde doit payer des impôts. Mais Louis XVI n’arrivant pas à résister au Parlement cède et se met à dos ce dernier. Turgot est renvoyé et Louis XVI place à son côté Necker qui devient le directeur du contrôle des finances. Lui aussi va lancer de multiples réformes, mais le gouvernement de Paris réagit et émet des remontrances. Louis XVI se sépare de Necker pour Calonne puis Loménie de Brienne qui essayeront également...

• L'ONU (Organisation des Nations unies)

  majorité de neuf membres. Toutefois, chaque membre permanent du Conseil de sécurité a un droit de veto, qui lui permet de s'opposer à toute décision prise par les autres pays. En pratique, ceci aboutit à réduire considérablement les pouvoirs du Conseil de sécurité. En 55 ans, l'URSS (puis la Fédération de Russie) s'est en effet servie 118 fois de son droit de veto, les États-Unis 67 fois, le Royaume Uni 30 fois, la France 18 fois et la Chine 6...

• Colonialism and Colonies.

  by plundering the riches of existing civilizations in the Americas and by seizing the area’s mineral wealth through mining. These practices were promoted by the policy of mercantilism that many European colonial powers adopted. Those who advocated mercantilism believed that exports toforeign countries were preferable both to trade within a country and to imports because exports brought more money into the country. They also believed that thewealth of a nation depended primarily on the possession...

• Colonialism and Colonies .

  by plundering the riches of existing civilizations in the Americas and by seizing the area’s mineral wealth through mining. These practices were promoted by the policy of mercantilism that many European colonial powers adopted. Those who advocated mercantilism believed that exports toforeign countries were preferable both to trade within a country and to imports because exports brought more money into the country. They also believed that thewealth of a nation depended primarily on the possession...

• Latin America.

  adequate housing and services, most were forced to live in shantytowns that came to encircle all large Latin American cities. One of the key problems facing Latin America in the late 20th century was the rapid rise of external debt during the 1980s. The borrowed money had been used bycorrupt, or at best inefficient, governments in non-productive projects. These large debts meant that many countries had to spend up to 30 percent of their net incometo pay interest on their loans. Some countries, s...

• ONU : Origines, Objectifs, Organes de fonctionnements, Actions, Limites et Solutions

  INTRODUCTION L’échec de la Société Des Nations, a conduit les Alliés à envisager la création d’une nouvelle organisation qui, dans l’esprit de Roosevelt, devait être la clé de voute d’un nouvel ordre idéal. L’Organisation des Nations Unis (ONU), a alors vu le jour. 2

• John F.

  by the United States, was unable to withstand the advance of Communist forces under Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung). By the end of 1949 government troops had beenoverwhelmingly defeated, and Chiang led his forces into exile on Taiwan. The triumphant Mao formed the People’s Republic of China. Truman’s critics, includingKennedy, charged that the administration had failed to support Chiang Kai-shek against the Communists. Kennedy easily won reelection to Congress in 1948 and 1950. In 1952 he decided to r...

• John F.

  by the United States, was unable to withstand the advance of Communist forces under Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung). By the end of 1949 government troops had beenoverwhelmingly defeated, and Chiang led his forces into exile on Taiwan. The triumphant Mao formed the People’s Republic of China. Truman’s critics, includingKennedy, charged that the administration had failed to support Chiang Kai-shek against the Communists. Kennedy easily won reelection to Congress in 1948 and 1950. In 1952 he decided to r...

• Exhibitions and Expositions.

  A Louisiana Purchase Exposition In 1904, St. Louis, Missouri, organized an exposition in celebration of the centennial of the Louisiana Purchase. The exposition, which cost about $20 million, attractedalmost 20 million persons and showed a profit of about $25 million. B Panama-Pacific International Exposition The Panama-Pacific International Exposition was held in San Francisco in 1915 to celebrate the construction and opening of the Panama Canal. More than $50 millionwas spent on this exposit...

• Political Parties.

  In both Britain and the United States, competition between political parties undermined traditional conceptions of politics rooted in classical and Christian notions ofvirtue and public service. According to this tradition, political leaders should act according to a model of virtue that involved placing the common good above theinterests of a fraction of the society. Leaders acting to benefit only themselves or a narrow portion of the society were considered corrupt. However, party competitionr...

• Warfare.

  organizations as the League of Nations in 1920 and the United Nations in 1945, and détente (suggested for scaling down the cold war). See Arms Control. Modern antiwar sentiment and organized peace movements are derived in large part from the beliefs of religious sects such as the Society of Friends and the MennoniteChurch. The first peace societies in history were established in the U.S. in 1815, and since then pacifists have actively opposed wars and conscription, and promoted thecause of con...

• Franklin D.

  Roosevelt entrusted his campaign management to the journalist Louis McHenry Howe. Howe, a genius at politics, performed brilliantly. Henceforth, Roosevelt and Howewere to be almost inseparable, and Howe, a wizened and colorful little man, guided the political fortunes of the Hyde Park aristocrat. B Assistant Secretary of the Navy Even before his reelection to the New York legislature, Roosevelt had entered the national political arena by taking part in the campaign of Governor Woodrow Wilson of...

• Franklin D.

  Roosevelt entrusted his campaign management to the journalist Louis McHenry Howe. Howe, a genius at politics, performed brilliantly. Henceforth, Roosevelt and Howewere to be almost inseparable, and Howe, a wizened and colorful little man, guided the political fortunes of the Hyde Park aristocrat. B Assistant Secretary of the Navy Even before his reelection to the New York legislature, Roosevelt had entered the national political arena by taking part in the campaign of Governor Woodrow Wilson of...

• Wars of Yugoslav Succession.

  of Yugoslav succession was over. In January 1992 members of the European Community (EC; after 1993 the European Union, EU) recognized Slovenia’s independencealong with that of Croatia. The United States and other countries did so shortly thereafter. IV THE WAR IN CROATIA As the Yugoslav army withdrew from Slovenia in July 1991, a second and far more serious conflict erupted in Croatia. But the road to war in Croatia began more than ayear earlier. In April and May 1990 the Croatian Democratic U...

• Wars of Yugoslav Succession .

  of Yugoslav succession was over. In January 1992 members of the European Community (EC; after 1993 the European Union, EU) recognized Slovenia’s independencealong with that of Croatia. The United States and other countries did so shortly thereafter. IV THE WAR IN CROATIA As the Yugoslav army withdrew from Slovenia in July 1991, a second and far more serious conflict erupted in Croatia. But the road to war in Croatia began more than ayear earlier. In April and May 1990 the Croatian Democratic U...

• Conservation.

  cancers, Hodgkin’s disease and leukemia. Unfortunately, human activities have greatly reduced biodiversity around the world. The 20th century encompasses one of the greatest waves of extinction, orelimination of species, to occur on the planet. The greatest threat to biodiversity is loss of habitat as humans develop land for agriculture, grazing livestock, industry,and habitation. The most drastic damage has occurred in the tropical rain forests, which cover less than seven percent of the Earth’...

• Ethiopia - country.

  constitute about 6 percent of the population. The Somali, who live in the east and southeast, notably in the Ogadēn region, are about equal in number to the Shangalla.The Denakil inhabit the semidesert plains east of the highlands. The nonindigenous population includes Yemenis, Indians, Armenians, and Greeks. B Political Divisions Ethiopia is divided into nine regions composed of specific ethnic groups. The regions, which have a significant degree of autonomy, are Tigray; Afar; Amhara; Oromia;S...

• El Salvador - country.

  III PEOPLE The Spanish subjugated the native population of El Salvador in the 16th century. Few Spanish women came to the country, however, so many Spanish men took NativeAmerican women as their mates. Today nearly 90 percent of the population is mestizo , of mixed European and Native American descent. People of purely Native American descent represent about 5 to 10 percent of the population, while people of European descent represent only about 1 percent. El Salvador’s population, 5.2 millio...

• Political Parties in the United States.

  quickly enabled the Republican Party to overpower the Know-Nothings. Although the Republicans lost their first campaign for the presidency in 1856, they triumphed in1860 with former congressman Abraham Lincoln. The Republican victory resulted in part from the division of the Democratic Party into Northern and Southern factions,each of which ran its own presidential candidate, and in part from their success at attracting Whigs and Know-Nothings who had opposed the Republicans in 1856.During the C...

• New York (city) - geography.

  The Bronx is the fourth largest and the northernmost of the five boroughs, and the only one on the American mainland. Even so, it is surrounded by water on threesides: Long Island Sound on the east, the Harlem and East rivers on the south, and Hudson River on the west. Encompassing 109 sq km (42 sq mi), it had 1,332,650inhabitants in 2000. Largely residential, the Bronx includes dozens of vibrant neighborhoods. Fieldston is particularly elegant, with great stone houses set among spacious lawns a...

• Denmark - country.

  forests, which cover just 11.6 percent of the country, include conifers (mainly fir, spruce, larch, and pine), beech, oak, birch, and ash. Several varieties of ferns andmosses common to the northern European mainland are also found. Wild animals are scarce. Natural animal life is limited to deer and small animals such as foxes,squirrels, hares, wild ducks, pheasants, and partridges. Numerous species of freshwater fish live in Denmark’s streams and lakes. F Environmental Issues Considered highly...

• James Monroe.

  In October 1786, Monroe resigned from Congress and settled with his bride in Fredericksburg, Virginia, where he began a law practice. His retirement from politics wasbrief. He was soon elected to the town council, and then once again to the Virginia legislature. However, Monroe never lost touch with national politics. He corresponded regularly with both Jefferson and Madison. In 1786 Monroe attended the AnnapolisConvention, which had been called to consider interstate commerce and other matters...

• James Monroe - USA History.

  In October 1786, Monroe resigned from Congress and settled with his bride in Fredericksburg, Virginia, where he began a law practice. His retirement from politics wasbrief. He was soon elected to the town council, and then once again to the Virginia legislature. However, Monroe never lost touch with national politics. He corresponded regularly with both Jefferson and Madison. In 1786 Monroe attended the AnnapolisConvention, which had been called to consider interstate commerce and other matters...

• Nicaraguan Revolution.

  Directorate. Within a year Robelo and Violeta Chamorro left the junta, and the Council of State was reorganized to guarantee an overwhelming Sandinista majority.Elections were postponed, restrictions were placed on the media, and relations with the Roman Catholic Church became increasingly tense. Two non-Sandinistasreplaced Robelo and Chamorro on the junta, but they had little power, and the government’s relations with opposition political parties and the private business sectordeteriorated. A D...

• Indo-Pakistani Wars - History.

  wrest Jammu and Kashmīr from India through the use of force. This effort failed as India held its ground, and the war ended in a stalemate after almost two months ofarmed conflict. Although the second war over the territory was shorter than the first, the increased firepower of the two nations resulted in a more deadly war, with atotal of about 6,800 battle casualties. A Events Before the War A number of factors precipitated the second conflict over Jammu and Kashm īr. In the wake of a border w...

• Sweden - country.

  mi) and is Sweden’s second largest lake, after Vänern. The two lakes, together with several smaller lakes, rivers, and canals, form an internal water route called theGöta Canal. Built in the early 19th century, the Göta Canal extends for about 386 km (about 240 mi) and provides a scenic transportation link between the Baltic Sea,at Stockholm, and the Kattegat. Sweden’s other large lakes in the district include Mälaren, Hjälmaren, and the famously picturesque Siljan. D Climate Although one-seven...

• Segregation in the United States - U.

  acts of discrimination. Writing for the court, Justice Joseph Bradley declared: “When a man has emerged from slavery, and by the aid of beneficent legislation ... theremust be some stage in the progress of his elevation when he takes the rank of a mere citizen, and ceases to be the special favorite of the laws, and when his rights as acitizen, or a man, are to be protected in the ordinary modes by which other men’s rights are protected.” Rather than being the “special favorites” of the law, blac...

• Rio de Janeiro (city) - geography.

  were coronated; and Our Lady of Candelária Church, thought by some to be the city’s most beautiful church. Another building of interest is the Imperial Palace, located several blocks west of Santos Dumont Airport. Originally constructed as Brazil’s colonial governor’s capitol in1743, it was converted to the royal palace during the city’s period as an imperial capital. It has recently been restored and now houses a cultural center. Otherimpressive 19th-century palaces include Itamaraty and Catete...

• Ontario - Geography.

  governed Ontario’s initial settlement and development. The province’s most important river is the St. Lawrence. Its route was much improved and enlarged by dredgingand canal building in the mid-20th century. This enabled large ocean-going vessels to reach Great Lake ports ( see St. Lawrence Seaway). The Ottawa River was an important early route to the interior for fur traders and timber merchants. The Niagara River, because of its falls, is a great center of hydroelectric power as well as aninte...

• Ontario - Canadian History.

  governed Ontario’s initial settlement and development. The province’s most important river is the St. Lawrence. Its route was much improved and enlarged by dredgingand canal building in the mid-20th century. This enabled large ocean-going vessels to reach Great Lake ports ( see St. Lawrence Seaway). The Ottawa River was an important early route to the interior for fur traders and timber merchants. The Niagara River, because of its falls, is a great center of hydroelectric power as well as aninte...

• Tanzania - country.

  The population of Tanzania (2008 estimate) is 40,213,162, giving the country an overall population density of 45 persons per sq km (118 per sq mi). Yet the populationdistribution is irregular, with high densities found near fertile soils around Kilimanjaro and the shores of Lake Malawi, and comparatively low density throughout much ofthe interior of the country. In the late 1960s and 1970s the Tanzanian government resettled most of the rural population in collective farming villages as part of i...

• L’ONU ( rôle politique et stratégique)

  économique et social composé de 18 membres élus pour 3ans. Enfin l'ONU comprend une cour internationale de justice afin de régler les problèmes internes. 3. L'ONU, gelée par la Guerre froide   La première Assemblée générale se déroule à Londres, dès janvier 1946, suivie bientôt de la réunion du Conseil de sécurité. Cependant le début de la Guerre froide gèle les actions de l'Organisation. En effet, les relations entre les deux plus grandes puissances à savoir (Etats-Unis et URSS) se dégradent de...

• USA - Iraq War - History.

  B Making the Case for War B1 “Neoconservatives” and the Bush Doctrine Long before President George W. Bush took office in 2001, elements in or close to the Republican Party had called repeatedly for firmer U.S. steps against Iraq,including a war if necessary to force a regime change. One such group authored a white paper in 1996 called A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm , which was later sent to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, leader of Israel’s Likud Party. It advocated...

• U.S.-Iraq War - U.S. History. I INTRODUCTION U.S.-Iraq War, military action begun in

  B Making the Case for War B1 “Neoconservatives” and the Bush Doctrine Long before President George W. Bush took office in 2001, elements in or close to the Republican Party had called repeatedly for firmer U.S. steps against Iraq,including a war if necessary to force a regime change. One such group authored a white paper in 1996 called A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm , which was later sent to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, leader of Israel’s Likud Party. It advocated...