Résultats pour "introductives"

Holocaust I INTRODUCTION Holocaust, the almost complete destruction of Jews in Europe by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II (1939-1945).

relation to the Jews. He claimed that the Jews had achieved economic dominance and the ability to control and manipulate the mass media to their own advantage. Hewrote of the need to eradicate their powerful economic position, if necessary by means of their physical removal. IV UNIQUENESS OF NAZI ANTI-SEMITISM The linking of anti-Semitic accusations to race struggle is what made Nazism so genocidal. The Nazis believed the Jews were responsible for what they regarded as thedegeneracy of modern...

Prints and Printmaking I INTRODUCTION Prints and Printmaking, pictorial images that can be inked onto paper, and the art of creating and reproducing them.

Bewick’s The SkylarkBritish engraver Thomas Bewick’s The Skylark is part of his History of British Birds (2 vols., 1797 and 1804). Bewick wasthe first artist to demonstrate the full potential of wood engraving and is renowned for his fine natural history illustrations.Each illustration shows some of the bird’s natural habitat.Folio Society, London/Bridgeman Art Library, London/New York Historically, the wood engraving was chiefly used for illustrations in magazines and books. It is similar to th...

American Literature: Poetry I INTRODUCTION Phyllis McGinley American poet and author Phyllis McGinley composed light, witty verse, much of which deals with family life.

Taylor, a poet of great technical skill, wrote powerful meditative poems in which he tested himself morally and sought to identify and root out sinful tendencies. In“God's Determinations Touching His Elect” (written 1680?), one of Taylor’s most important works, he celebrates God's power in the triumph of good over evil in thehuman soul. All of Taylor’s poetry and much of Bradstreet’s served generally personal ends, and their audience often consisted of themselves and their family andclosest frie...

Atom I INTRODUCTION Water Molecule A water molecule consists of an oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms, which are attached at an angle of 105°.

spontaneously break apart and change, or decay, into other atoms. Unlike electrons, which are fundamental particles, protons and neutrons are made up of other, smaller particles called quarks. Physicists know of six different quarks.Neutrons and protons are made up of up quarks and down quarks —two of the six different kinds of quarks. The fanciful names of quarks have nothing to do with their properties; the names are simply labels to distinguish one quark from another. Quarks are unique amo...

Alfred Hitchcock I INTRODUCTION Alfred Hitchcock (1899-1980), British-born American motion-picture director and producer, noted for his technically innovative and psychologically complex thrillers.

Constantine the Great I INTRODUCTION Constantine the Great (about AD 274-337), Roman emperor (306-337), the first Roman ruler to be converted to Christianity.

Charles de Gaulle I INTRODUCTION Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970), French general and statesman, the architect of the Fifth French Republic and its first president (1959-1969).

Walt Whitman I INTRODUCTION Walt Whitman (1819-1892), American poet, whose work boldly asserts the worth of the individual and the oneness of all humanity.

Rex I INTRODUCTION Rex, a common name for any of three distinct breeds of curly-coated cat: the Cornish rex, the Devon rex, and the Selkirk rex.

Number Systems I INTRODUCTION Number Systems, in mathematics, various notational systems that have been or are being used to represent the abstract quantities called numbers.

Chinese Music I INTRODUCTION Classical Peking Opera Of the many major forms of regional theater in China, Peking opera is by far the most famous.

World Music TourClick on the instruments to hear music from around the world.© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. However, the Confucian beliefs about music were constantly eroded throughout Chinese history by a long tradition of popular entertainment music, favored both at thecourt and by the common folk. Although excluded from official ritual performances for several thousand years, Chinese women musicians and entertainers had a centraland formative role in this entertainment music as...

Julius Caesar I INTRODUCTION Julius Caesar (100-44 BC), Roman general and statesman whose dictatorship was pivotal in Rome's transition from republic to empire.

V CROSSING THE RUBICON In 52 BC, with Crassus out of the way, Pompey was made sole consul. Combined with his other powers, this gave him a formidable position. Jealous of his younger rival, he determined to break Caesar’s power. To achieve this objective, he first needed to deprive Caesar of the forces he commanded in Gaul. Pompey ordered him toreturn to Rome without his troops. To protect himself, Caesar suggested that he and Pompey both lay down their commands simultaneously, but this propos...

Elizabeth I I INTRODUCTION Elizabeth I (1533-1603), queen of England and Ireland (1558-1603), daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn.

Catholic challenges and plots persisted through much of Elizabeth’s reign, and Elizabeth reacted to them strongly. In 1569 a group of powerful Catholic nobles innorthern England rose in rebellion but were savagely repressed. The northern earls were executed, their property and those of their followers was confiscated, and theirheirs were deprived of their inheritance. In 1570 the pope excommunicated Elizabeth, sanctioning Catholic efforts to dethrone her. In 1571 an international conspiracywas u...

African Music I INTRODUCTION Sacred Christian Music of Nigeria Among the Igede people of Nigeria, Christianity has been syncretized with the existing religious belief system.

III INSTRUMENTS Traditional Timbila of MozambiqueAmong the Chopi, who have lived for centuries along the coast of Mozambique, there is a highly developed tradition ofsongwriting and composing for timbila (xylophone) orchestras. Elaborate migodo (dance suites), interspersed with poeticsongs pertaining to village life, are often performed to these compositions. Timbila music is now recognized as the nationalmusic of Mozambique."Eduardo Durao Mauaia" from Eduardo Durao and Orquestra Durao: Timbil...

Impressionism (art) I INTRODUCTION Vegetable Garden at the Hermitage, Pontoise Vegetable Garden at the Hermitage, Pontoise (1879) was painted by the French artist Camille Pissarro.

the Grass; 1863, Musée d’Orsay, Paris), which depicts a nude woman at a woodland picnic. To emphasize the woman’snakedness, Manet not only shows that she has recently disrobed (by painting her clothes in a heap nearby) but alsodepicts her male companions fully clothed. In addition, the woman stares directly and unabashedly at the viewer, makingus feel almost like voyeurs as we gaze back. Manet’s painting style–the flat figures, which look almost like cutouts, andloose brushwork–also bewildered a...

Latin American Painting I INTRODUCTION Diego Rivera Museum Gallery The studio of Mexican painter Diego Rivera is now maintained as an art museum in Mexico City.

The Viceroy Arrives at PotosíThe discovery of silver on a hillside near the town of Potosí in 1545 turned this Bolivian city into a key Spanish possessionin the Americas. The population of Potosí shot up until it reached 150,000 inhabitants by the year 1611. The work shownhere, The Viceroy Arrives at Potosí, by 17th-century Bolivian painter Melchor Pérez de Holguín, was painted during thezenith of the town’s fortunes.Archivo Fotografico Oronoz From about 1580 to 1650 European styles became domin...

Optics I INTRODUCTION Mirage Mirages appear because differences in air temperature cause light rays from an object to take different paths to a viewer's eye.

Refraction of Light by DiamondsThe brilliance of diamonds is due to their high refractive index, a measure of how strongly a transparent material bendslight rays. The skill of the gem-cutter lies in angling the facets of the stone so that each light ray entering it is reflectedmany times before it emerges again.Spencer Grant/Photo Researchers, Inc. The amount of light reflected depends on the ratio of the refractive indexes for the two media. The plane of incidence contains the incident ray and...

Western Music I INTRODUCTION Bizet's Carmen Georges Bizet's Carmen, first performed in Paris in 1875, was a milestone in the history of French opera.

church ceremonies during the period from the 5th to the 7th century. Roman chant became known as Gregorian chant after Pope Gregory I, the Great, who may havecomposed some of the melodies and who actively encouraged an orderly, ritualized use of music by the church. Because Gregory and later popes preferred Gregorianchant to the varieties that had developed elsewhere in Europe, Gregorian chant eventually superseded most of the others. Gregorian and other chant styles arepreserved in many manuscr...

Abraham Lincoln I INTRODUCTION Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865), 16th president of the United States (1861-1865) and one of the great leaders in American history.

fence in 4 hectares (10 acres) to grow corn. Then he hired out to neighbors, helping them to split rails. That year, Lincoln attended a political rally and was persuaded tospeak on behalf of a local candidate. It was his first political speech. A witness recalled that Lincoln “was frightened but got warmed up and made the best speech of theday.” In 1831 Lincoln made a second trip to New Orleans. He was hired, along with his stepbrother and a cousin, by Denton Offutt, a Kentucky trader and specul...

Achilles I INTRODUCTION Thetis Dipping Achilles in the Styx The sea nymph Thetis is seen dipping her son Achilles in the River Styx to make him immortal.

Priam Reclaims the Body of HectorThe relief sculpture on this ancient Roman sarcophagus, discovered in northwestern Greece, depicts an event fromHomer’s epic poem the Iliad. In this scene Priam, the king of Troy, reclaims the body of his son, Hector, from the Greekwarrior Achilles, who has killed Hector in battle. Hector’s recumbent body is seen in front of a chariot.Chris Hellier/Corbis Achilles fought many battles during the Greeks’ ten-year siege of Troy. When the Mycenaean king Agamemnon sei...

Comedy I INTRODUCTION Laurel and Hardy Stan Laurel, in overalls, and Oliver Hardy, left, formed one of the most popular comedy teams in motion-picture history.

The elements and techniques of comedy are diverse and differ from culture to culture. More than tragedy or serious drama, comic entertainment is controlled by socialconventions that define the boundaries of acceptable humor and topics that are taboo or off-limits for humor. What is considered funny in one place and time may beforbidden culturally or viewed as infantile or in poor taste in another. Virtually every component of human behavior is subject to comic treatment. This includes bodilyfunc...

Victoria (queen) I INTRODUCTION Victoria (queen) (1819-1901), queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901) and empress of India (1876-1901).

Queen Victoria never truly recovered from Albert’s death in December 1861 at the age of 42. For almost a decade she remained in strict mourning. She rarely set footin London, and she avoided most public occasions, including the state opening of Parliament. She made an exception, however, for the unveiling of statues dedicated toPrince Albert and, after a few years, for attendance at army reviews. Behind the scenes, she continued to correspond with and talk to her ministers, and she took comfort...

Cubism I INTRODUCTION Cubism, movement in modern art, especially in painting, invented by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso and French artist Georges Braque in 1907 and 1908.

Mont Sainte-Victoire by CézanneFrench artist Paul Cézanne painted Mont Sainte-Victoire, a mountain near his home in Provence in southern France, onmany occasions. Over time, the images he produced became flatter, less realistic, and more abstract. In this late version,painted from 1902 to 1904, patches of color barely indicate the mountain, sky, and foreground, while creating a rhythmicpattern across the painting’s surface. The mountain and sky, both intensely blue, appear almost to merge.Philad...

master. The dance manuals published between 1550 and 1630, written by Thoinot Arbeau of France, Cesare Negri of Italy, and other dancing masters, describe dances such asthe pavane, galliard, allemande, courante, saltarello, and volta, as well as circular branles and progressive longways dances (for a line of couples, in which each couplerepeats the pattern with one new couple after another; see Country Dance). The sense of order and harmony so important during the Renaissance gave rise to forma...

Quantum Theory I INTRODUCTION Quantum Theory, in physics, description of the particles that make up matter and how they interact with each other and with energy.

electron in the same way a particle with momentum would: It bumps the electron and changes the electron’s path. The light is also affected by the collision as though itwere a particle, in that its energy and momentum changes. Momentum is a quantity that can be defined for all particles. For light particles, or photons, momentum depends on the frequency, or color, of the photon, which in turndepends on the photon’s energy. The energy of a photon is equal to a constant number, called Planck’s cons...

Expressionism I INTRODUCTION Auguste Rodin Regarded as the foremost sculptor of the 19th and 20th centuries, French artist Auguste Rodin captured both dynamic movement and inner psychological states.

Improvisation 28 (second version)Improvisation 28 (second version) was painted by Russian artist Wassily Kandinsky in 1912. Kandinsky used energeticcolor and form to express the spiritual content of his work. He was also a musician and saw a connection between thevisual arts and music, which he attempted to convey in paintings such as this one.© 2008 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / ADAGP, Paris./Bridgeman Art Library, London/New York A new phase of German expressionism called Die Neue...

Introduction de la Monarchie de France de Claude Seyssel

Introduction sur la Monarchie de France « Des trois états du peuple de France et comme ils sont bien réglés et entretenus. » Cette citation du début du texte : Monarchie de France de Claude de Seyssel qui s’adresse au roi François montre bien qu’il va faire un état des lieux, un constat des trois états du peuple. Claude de Seyssel est le fils illégitime de Claude (Maréchal de Savoie), est né vers 1450. Il fait des études de droit à l’université de Turin et obtient son doctorat en 1486....

Tragedy I INTRODUCTION Euripides Unlike other 5th-century BC Greek playwrights, tragic poet Euripides addressed the plight of the common people, rather than that of mythic heroes.

SenecaSeneca was a Roman philosopher, dramatist, and statesman. His tragedies later influenced Renaissance dramatists,including William Shakespeare. The bust of Seneca shown here is a Roman copy of a Greek original.Art Resource, NY Aeschylus is one of the best known of the ancient Greek tragic playwrights. The author of some 90 plays, he established many of the conventions of the tragic dramaticform, which he perfected throughout his career. Aeschylus's skillful use of poetic language and brilli...

Homer I INTRODUCTION Homer, the name traditionally assigned to the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, the two major epics that have survived from Greek antiquity.

Apollo ), and some have argued that portions of the texts, such as the concluding scenes of the Odyssey, were added by another hand. However, they generally believed that Homer was a poet (or at most, a pair of poets) much like the poets they knew from their own experience. They believed that the Iliad and the Odyssey, although based on traditional materials, were independent, original, and largely fictional. In the last 200 years, however, this view has changed radically, following the emer...

Arab Music I INTRODUCTION Umm Kulthum Egyptian singer Umm Kulthum was revered throughout Egypt, North Africa, and the Near East for her powerful voice and improvisational skill.

The rhythmic structure of Arab music is similarly complex. Rhythmic patterns have up to 48 beats and typically include several downbeats (called dums ) as well as upbeats (called taks) and silences, or rests. To grasp a rhythmic mode, the listener must hear a relatively long pattern. Moreover, the performers do not simply play the pattern; they elaborate upon and ornament it. Often the pattern is recognizable by the arrangement of downbeats. The Rhythm in Arab Music illustration demonstratesa...

Aristotle I INTRODUCTION Aristotle (384-322 BC), Greek philosopher and scientist, who shares with Plato and Socrates the distinction of being the most famous of ancient philosophers.

succession of individuals. These processes are therefore intermediate between the changeless circles of the heavens and the simple linear movements of the terrestrialelements. The species form a scale from simple (worms and flies at the bottom) to complex (human beings at the top), but evolution is not possible. C Aristotelian Psychology For Aristotle, psychology was a study of the soul. Insisting that form (the essence, or unchanging characteristic element in an object) and matter (the commonu...

Paleolithic Art I INTRODUCTION Cave Painting, Lascaux This portion of a cave painting in what is now Lascaux, France, was done by Paleolithic artists about 13,000 bc.

Venus of WillendorfThis so-called Venus figurine from the area of Willendorf, Austria, is one of the earliest known examples of sculpture,dating from about 23,000 bc. The figure, which is carved out of limestone, is only 11.25 cm (4.5 in) high, and wasprobably designed to be held in the hand. It is believed the Venus may be a fertility symbol, which would explain theexaggerated female anatomy.Ali Meyer/Bridgeman Art Library, London/New York Paleolithic art usually is classified as either figura...

Statistics I INTRODUCTION Statistics, branch of mathematics that deals with the collection, organization, and analysis of numerical data and with such problems as experiment design and decision making.

frequency, column (d), is the ratio of the frequency of an interval to the total count; the relative frequency is multiplied by 100 to obtain the percent relative frequency.The cumulative frequency, column (e), represents the number of students receiving grades equal to or less than the range in each succeeding interval; thus, thenumber of students with grades of 30 or less is obtained by adding the frequencies in column (c) for the first three intervals, which total 53. The cumulative relativef...

Statistics I INTRODUCTION Statistics, branch of mathematics that deals with the collection, organization, and analysis of numerical data and with such problems as experiment design and decision making.

Professional pollsters typically conduct their surveys among sample populations of 1,000 people. Statistical measurementsshow that reductions in the margin of error flatten out considerably after the sample size reaches 1,000.© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. The raw materials of statistics are sets of numbers obtained from enumerations or measurements. In collecting statistical data, adequate precautions must be taken tosecure complete and accurate information. The first problem of...

Animation I INTRODUCTION Finding Nemo A clown fish named Marlin, left, and his friend Dory search for Marlin's son in the computer-animated feature film Finding Nemo (2003).

Animator at WorkAnimators use computers for every part of the animation process, from creating a storyboard (a scene-by-sceneillustration of the plot) to imitating camera movement. This animator is creating a scene for the motion picture Antz(1998).C. Lepetit/Liaison Agency If an animator is basing the animation project on drawings, one of the most common animation techniques, he or she will first create a series of rough sketches thatoften will be filmed in a pencil test (simple line drawings...

Freud : Introduction à la Psychanalyse, explication de texte

Freud : Introduction à la Psychanalyse, explication de texte Vous vous trompez en pensant que j'agis arbitrairement lorsque j'admets que la première idée du rêveur doit m'apporter ce que je cherche ou me mettre sur la trace de ce que je cherche, vous avez tort en disant que l'idée en question peut être quelconque et sans aucun rapport avec ce que je cherche et que, si je m'attends à autre chose, c'est par excès de confiance. Je m'étais déjà permis une fois de vous reprocher votre croyance...

Raphael (painter) I INTRODUCTION Raphael's La Belle Jardinière Completed in 1508 in Florence, La Belle Jardinière is one of the most famous Madonna portraits of Italian Renaissance painter Raphael.

III ROMAN PERIOD Leo I and AttilaThis fresco by Italian Renaissance painter Raphael, Leo I Repulsing Attila (1512-1514, Vatican), depicts the confrontationbetween Pope Leo I and Attila the Hun outside Rome in the 5th century. Whereas the figures on the left exemplify theclassical poise typical of the High Renaissance, the tumultuous activity of the figures on the right prefigures the dynamicenergy of the later baroque style.Scala/Art Resource, NY In 1508 Raphael was called to Rome by Pope Juli...

L'introduction de l'explication de texte I'introauction a pour fonction de présenter le paradoxe du texte. On l'a vu, tout texte...

L'introduction de l'explication de texte I'introauction a pour fonction de présenter le paradoxe du texte. On l'a vu, tout texte est paradoxal [fiche 3]. « Para-doxal », c'est-à-dire qu'il s'op pose à une opinion commune, à un préjugé (ou éventuellement à la thèse d'un autre philosophe). Quel est ce préjugé, et pourquoi l'auteur le dénonce-t-il, quel problème y voit-il? Voilà ce qu'il faut exposer dès le début de votre explication, pour permettre tout simplement à votre lecteur de savoir de quo...

Bobby Jones I INTRODUCTION Bobby Jones (1902-1971), American amateur golfer, winner of the grand slam of golf in 1930 and founder of the prestigious golf tournament, the Masters.

Proton I INTRODUCTION Proton, elementary particle that carries a positive electric charge and, along with the electron and the neutron, is one of the building blocks of all atoms.

William Faulkner I INTRODUCTION William Faulkner Twentieth-century American novelist William Faulkner wrote novels that explored the tensions between the old and the new in the American South.

Faulkner’s “powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel.” He also wrote numerous short stories, many of the best of which werepublished in book form in Go Down, Moses (1942) and The Collected Stories (1950; Pulitzer Prize, 1951). In-between his fiction works, which until late in his career did not always pay well, Faulkner wrote screenplays for Hollywood; two of his more prominent scripts were for the motion pictures To Have and Have Not (1944) and The Big S...

Peter Paul Rubens I INTRODUCTION Thetis Dipping Achilles in the Styx The sea nymph Thetis is seen dipping her son Achilles in the River Styx to make him immortal.

Rubens, Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of LermaIn 1603 Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens traveled to Spain as part of a diplomatic mission. While there, he received acommission for this portrait of the Duke of Lerma, the powerful prime minister of Spanish king Philip III. The painting nowhangs in the Prado Museum in Madrid, Spain.The Prado Museum, Madrid/Archivo Fotografico Oronoz Shortly thereafter, following the example of many northern European artists of the period, Rubens traveled to Italy...

Calculus (mathematics) I INTRODUCTION Limits This graph, which charts the function f(x)=1x, shows that the value of the function approaches zero as x becomes larger and larger.

DerivativesThe derivative of a function at a given point is equal to the slope of the line that is tangent to the function at that givenpoint. In this example, the derivative of f(x) at x0 is defined as the slope of AB in the limit of h going to zero. As hbecomes increasingly smaller, B moves along the curve towards A, and AB increasingly approximates T, the tangent to thecurve at x0.© Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. Let the dependent variable y be a function of the independent vari...

Folk Dance I INTRODUCTION Traditional Irish Dancing Irish dancing comprises mainly reels and jigs and may be accompanied by lively folk music played on the fiddle, harp, or bagpipes.

Highland Games and DancesHighland dances are part of the Highland Games, a series of events held annually in various parts of Scotland, Canada,and the United States. Dance historians point out that warriors from the Scottish Highlands once went into battle dancingand playing the bagpipes. Highland dances, performed to music played on bagpipes or fiddles, remain an important part ofScottish culture.Courtesy of BBC Worldwide Americas. All Rights Reserved. Folk dances are usually thought to be simp...

Renaissance Art and Architecture I INTRODUCTION Renaissance Composition During the Renaissance (15th and 16th centuries) artists discovered new ways to help them create more realistic and compelling images.

with reliefs, had been familiar for centuries. A Early Renaissance Sculpture Ghiberti’s Gates of ParadiseThe Gates of Paradise are bronze doors created by Italian Renaissance sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti between 1425 and 1452for the east entrance to the baptistery of the Florence Cathedral in Italy. This detail, showing Isaac and Esau, is from oneof the doors' ten panels, each of which illustrates a story from the Bible. Ghiberti endowed the scenes with volume, depth,and movement, and helped initi...

Holy Grail I INTRODUCTION King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table The semilegendary King Arthur is probably the most well-known king in all of English literature.

Walt Disney I INTRODUCTION Walt Disney Walt Disney, an American cartoonist and film producer, started an entertainment empire with his creation of animated movies and world-renowned amusement parks.

Donald DuckDonald Duck waves to visitors at Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida. The Disney Studios created the excitable duck in1934.Kelly-Mooney Photography/Corbis In 1923 Disney moved to Hollywood, California. He, his brother Roy O. Disney, and Iwerks began producing short animated films. In 1927 Disney created the cartooncharacter Oswald the Rabbit. A year later he produced another character, a mouse called Mortimer, but shortly after changed the name to Mickey. In 1928 MickeyMouse starred...

Hercules (mythology) I INTRODUCTION Pollaiuolo's Hercules et Antaeus In a wrestling match, Hercules triumphed over the mighty giant Antaeus, who received his strength from his mother, the Earth goddess Gaia.

Pollaiuolo’s Hercules and the HydraAmong his 12 labors, the mythological hero Hercules had to kill the nine-headed Hydra. Each time Hercules cut off onehead, two more grew in its place. Hercules solved the problem by, as soon as he cut off one head, burning with a torchthe spot where it had been to stop its regrowth. Hercules and the Hydra (about 1460, Uffizi, Florence, Italy) was paintedby Italian artist Antonio Pollaiuolo. Hercules is shown wearing the skin of the Nemean lion, which he had kil...

Ernest Hemingway I INTRODUCTION Ernest Hemingway Twentieth-century American author Ernest Hemingway wrote novels and stories that reflected his rich life experiences as a war correspondent, outdoor sportsman, and bullfight enthusiast.

In his early work Hemingway used themes of helplessness and defeat, but in the late 1930s his writing began to reflect concerns about social problems. His novel To Have and Have Not (1937) and his play The Fifth Column, published in The Fifth Column and the First Forty-nine Stories (1938), strongly condemned economic and political injustice. Two of his best short stories, “The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber” and “The Snows of Kilimanjaro,” were part of the story collection. In thecla...

Karl Marx I INTRODUCTION Karl Marx (1818-1883), German political philosopher and revolutionary, the most important of all socialist thinkers and the creator of a system of thought called Marxism.

his death, were revived in the 20th century by Vladimir Ilich Lenin, who developed and applied them. They became the core of the theory and practice of Bolshevismand the Third International. Marx’s ideas, as interpreted by Lenin, continued to have influence throughout most of the 20th century. In much of the world, includingAfrica and South America, emerging nations were formed by leaders who claimed to represent the proletariat. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. A...

1609 résultats pour "introductives"