519 résultats pour "originalité"

• son, enregistrement et reproduction du - informatique.

  rayon laser lit les informations codées. Des circuits électroniques les convertissent en signaux analogiques qui sont ensuite amplifiés et diffusés par des amplificateurs et des haut-parleurs classiques. Ce type d'enregistrement numérique peut être considéré comme un enregistrement mécanique puisqu'il a recours aux variations géométriques du disque compact. 3 HAUTE-FIDÉLITÉ 3. 1 Définition La haute-fidélité (hi-fi) est une technique d'enregistrement et de reproduction du son, permettant d'obte...

• Dom Juan, Acte I, scène 1

  sentencieux, avec, par exemple, l'emploi de « qui vit sans tabac n'est pas digne de vivre » et en proposant un discours trèsconstruit ayant la forme d'un raisonnement, même si celui-ci est totalement absurde. Il expose donc sa thèse, ses arguments avantd'illustrer par un exemple. Or, la thèse est ridicule (« il n'est rien d'égal au tabac », le tabac est donc un bien), les arguments («Non seulement il réjouit et purge les cerveaux humains, mais encore il instruit les âmes à le vertu, et l'on appr...

• LAMARTINE Alphonse Marie Louis de : sa vie et son oeuvre

  L'écrivain a une m1sswn sociale. Toure la production littéraire, toute l'action politique de Lamartine à cette époque est marquée par cette préoccupation. Mais voici une nouvelle rupture : après son échec aux élections présidentielles en décembre 1848, Lamartine quitte définitivement la scène politique. Confronté à des problèmes financiers, il devient un «galérien des let­ tres>> et doit écrire pour vivre. La qualité s'en ressent : compilations historique...

• New Orleans - geography.

  levees bordering Lake Pontchartrain. On the 17th Street Canal, a section about 90 m (about 300 ft) wide collapsed, allowing a torrent of water to enter the city. The rapidlyrising waters flooded more than 80 percent of New Orleans. The disaster prompted a mandatory evacuation of the entire city. A week after the storm, the U.S. Army Corpsof Engineers finished patching the 17th Street Canal levee and began pumping water out of the city. But by then the damage was catastrophic. The city’s low-lyin...

• LA FONTAINE: FABLES (résumé et analyse)

  LA FONTAINE (t62t-i6951 FABLES. Notice biographique. LEs FABLES. - flistorique. - Élude littéraire : Lo. Fontaine et sa conception de la fable. - La Fontaine et ses prédécesseurs. Son originalité dans l'imitation (La Laitière et le Pot au lait). La comédie à cent actes divers. - Les acteurs de la comédie. La satire contemporaine dans les Fables. - Le moraliste· et le philosophe. - L'écrivain et l'artiste. - La Fontaine et l'opinion au xvne siècle. Notice biographique (i). - Jean de L...

• fromage - agriculture et agroalimentaire.

  3.2 Fromages à pâte molle et à croûte fleurie Ce sont pour la plupart des fromages au lait de vache en forme de disque, souples sous le doigt. Leur croûte est blanche et duveteuse, parfois veinée de brun, ce quiprovient de l’ensemencement d’un mycelium ( Penicillium candidum, voir champignons) au moment du salage du caillé. Leur pâte varie, selon leur âge, du blanc crayeux au jaune ocre. Les plus connus sont le brie de Meaux, le coulommiers (Île-de-France) et le camembert (Normandie). Il exis...

• Church (building) I INTRODUCTION Church (building), a building designed for worship for groups of Christians.

  nearby was a basilica; the two are now combined in one building, known as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The original Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome, replaced bythe present church during the Renaissance, was a huge processional basilica with projecting wings—transepts—forming a Latin cross in plan. The domed, centralizedform persisted in the Byzantine and Slavic East, where medieval churches, small in scale, often took the form of five domes arranged on a Greek cross plan. IV MEDIEVAL EUROPE...

• PASCAL Blaise

  tés antagonistes que Pascal doit sa remarquable mobilité stylistique. Elles s'équilibrent enfin dans un discours qu'on nomme à juste titre« classique ». La multiplicité des dons et des intérêts fait de Pascal le plus brillant des autodidactes. S'il aborde un pro­ blème, c'est presque toujours en amateur, en dilettante. Mais dans tous les domaines il se présente soit comme un initiateur ouvrant de nouvelles perspectives, soit comme celui qui épuise...

• comète - astronomie.

  4.3 Les queues des comètes Chaque comète porte une queue originale, qui dépend de la composition du noyau, de sa taille, etc. Mais de manière générale, les comètes possèdent au moins deuxqueues : une queue de poussières et une queue de plasma. 4.3. 1 La queue de poussières Les poussières éjectées du noyau forment une traînée lumineuse, appelée queue de poussières, qui prolonge la chevelure. Cette queue, dont la longueur peut atteindreplusieurs millions de kilomètres, est toujours dirigée à l’o...

• CHIMIE LES ORIGINES LA TECHNOLOGIE CHIMIQUE La technologie chimique est née avec l'homme.

  2 LES THÉORIES CHIMIQUES La chimie, comme science, n’est née que récemment, entre le XVI e et le XVII e siècle. Et pourtant, il existe une histoire de la chimie, beaucoup plus ancienne, qui ne concerne pas seulement la chimie appliquée, à laquelle nous avons fait allusion. Il existe aussi une histoire très ancienne de la chimie théorique, qui accompagne et, parfois, qui précède les études d’astronomie et de mathématiques. Les premières théories chimiques sont une conséquence du « problème des...

• Sobekhotep V Néferhotep II Néferhotep III Iâib Iy Ini 1674 Dédoumésiou Ier Fig.

  Bietak quecette ville,untemps identifiée àTanis, estKhatâna, lesite mitoyen deTell ed-Dabâ, lafuture Pi- Ramsès, àsept kilomètres aunord deFaqous. Cesévénements sepassent vers1730-1720, sil'on encroit une stèle érigée sousRamsès II,qui aété retrouvée àTanis parA.Mariette en1863 (Paris: 1976,33-38). Cette stèle, quicommémore lafondation dutemple deSeth àAvaris, estdatée eneffet de«l'an 400, quatrième jour du quatrième moisdel'inondation duroide Haute etBasse-Égypte Sethàla grande vaillance, leFil...

• Martin Luther I INTRODUCTION Martin Luther (1483-1546), German theologian and religious reformer, who

  VI THEOLOGY Luther was not a systematic theologian, but his work was subtle, complex, and immensely influential. It was inspired by his careful study of the New Testament, but itwas also influenced in important respects by the great 4th-century theologian Saint Augustine. A Law and Gospel Luther maintained that God interacts with human beings in two ways—through the law and through the Gospel. The law represents God’s demands—as expressed, for example, in the Ten Commandments and the golden r...

• Martin Luther.

  VI THEOLOGY Luther was not a systematic theologian, but his work was subtle, complex, and immensely influential. It was inspired by his careful study of the New Testament, but itwas also influenced in important respects by the great 4th-century theologian Saint Augustine. A Law and Gospel Luther maintained that God interacts with human beings in two ways—through the law and through the Gospel. The law represents God’s demands—as expressed, for example, in the Ten Commandments and the golden r...

• roman noir français - littérature.

  noire » qui, à sa création en 1945, accueille principalement des auteurs américains — avec toutefois quelques belles exceptions, puisque Serge Arcouët y signe la Mort et l’Ange (1948), sous le pseudonyme de Terry G. Stewart. Parmi la pléthore de romans noirs publiés durant cette période, il faut également citer Ainsi soit-il (1948) de Maurice Raphael (pseudonyme d’Ange Bastiani), et le Bon Dieu s’en fout (1948) d’André Héléna. 7 LES TRUANDS DES ANNÉES CINQUANTE Exception faite des roman...

• Tragedy I INTRODUCTION Euripides Unlike other 5th-century BC Greek playwrights, tragic poet Euripides addressed the plight of the common people, rather than that of mythic heroes.

  SenecaSeneca was a Roman philosopher, dramatist, and statesman. His tragedies later influenced Renaissance dramatists,including William Shakespeare. The bust of Seneca shown here is a Roman copy of a Greek original.Art Resource, NY Aeschylus is one of the best known of the ancient Greek tragic playwrights. The author of some 90 plays, he established many of the conventions of the tragic dramaticform, which he perfected throughout his career. Aeschylus's skillful use of poetic language and brilli...

• Thermodynamics I INTRODUCTION Thermodynamics, field of physics that describes and correlates the physical properties of macroscopic systems of matter and energy.

  Carnot EngineThe idealized Carnot engine was envisioned by the French physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, who lived during theearly 19th century. The Carnot engine is theoretically perfect, that is, it converts the maximum amount of energy intomechanical work. Carnot showed that the efficiency of any engine depends on the difference between the highest andlowest temperatures reached during one cycle. The greater the difference, the greater the efficiency. An automobileengine, for example, wou...

• brésilienne, littérature.

  symboliste João da Cruz e Sousa, place le thème de la négritude et la douleur qui l’accompagne au cœur de sa problématique. Il est le représentant majeur du courant symboliste au Brésil (les recueils Missal et Broquéis, parus en 1893, sont les seules œuvres éditées de son vivant). 3. 3 Théâtre La production dramaturgique apparaît tardivement au Brésil. Au XIXe siècle, Gonçalves de Magalhães (1811-1882), d’inspiration romantique, signe la première tragédie brésilienne, Antônio José ou le...

• Deforestación - ciencias de la naturaleza.

  las áreas boscosas de Inglaterra ya estaban deforestadas. A mediados del siglo XVII en la península Ibérica había desaparecido el 75% de los bosques. En la Europacontinental y en América del Norte, la deforestación se aceleró durante los siglos XVIII y XIX, con el fin de despejar tierras y dedicarlas a cultivos alimentarios paraabastecer a las ciudades industriales y hacer frente a las necesidades de combustible y de materiales de construcción. Desde entonces, la creciente productividad agrícola...

• Interstellar Matter - astronomy.

  silhouette of a cloud of dust. At other times, it blocks only a percentage of the light from behind it, a process known by astronomers as extinction . The long, narrow dark lanes in the Milky Way as seen from Earth are examples of extinction. The amount of extinction is different for different wavelengths of light. A2 Reddening Starlight that does not get completely absorbed by interstellar dust can still be changed by the dust’s effects. As light passes through less dense patches of interstel...

• San Diego - geography.

  Qualcomm Stadium is the home of the San Diego Chargers, playing major league football. PETCO Park is the home of the San Diego Padres, playing major leaguebaseball. Major sporting events in the city include a professional golf tournament in February, hydroplane races on Mission Bay in late summer, and the Holiday Bowlpostseason college football game in December. VI ECONOMY The total value of all the goods and services produced in San Diego make it one of the most powerful economies in the worl...

• Oído - ciencias de la naturaleza.

  Las ondas sonoras, en realidad cambios en la presión del aire, son transmitidas a través del canal auditivo externo hacia el tímpano, en el cual se produce una vibración.Estas vibraciones se comunican al oído medio mediante la cadena de huesecillos (martillo, yunque y estribo) y, a través de la ventana oval, hasta el líquido del oído interno.El movimiento de la endolinfa que se produce al vibrar la cóclea, estimula el movimiento de un grupo de proyecciones finas, similares a cabellos, denominada...

• 1900 - 1994: CHRONOLOGIE ARTISTIQUE

  Antonio Gaudí fait la décoration intérieure de la cathédrale de Palma.1905Aleksandr Constantinovicht Glasounov est nommé professeur au conservatoire de Saint-Petersbourg, puis directeurjusqu'en 1928. Arnold Schoenberg compose le premier quatuor à cordes. Études d'Oscar Kokochka à l'école des Artsdécoratifs de Vienne. Composition durant les quatre années passées là de deux drames Le Sphinx et l'Épouvantail etAssassin espérance des femmes avec l'affiche Pieta, une des œuvres maîtresses de l'E...

• La Pologne est marquée, dans son histoire, par l'opposition entre l'immutabilité de la nation polonaise et la variabilité de son territoire, qui connut quatre partages et disparut deux fois de la carte du monde, en 1795 et en 1939.

  Guerre mondiale valent à la Pologne une population homogène, où les minorités nationales (Ukrainiens, Biélorusses, Allemands) comptent pour moins de 2 %. L'accroissement démographique a d'abord été très rapide (1,3 % par an entre 1946 et 1970), avant de se ralentir à partir des années soixante-dix (0,8 % entre 1970 et 1990, 0,2 % entre 1990 et 1995), en raison de la baisse de la natalité et d'une remontée progressive de la mortalité. La population reste relativement jeune : les moins de 30 ans r...

• Smithsonian Institution.

  F Arthur M. Sackler Gallery The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery houses a permanent collection of art from China, South and Southeast Asia, ancient and Islamic Iran, and Japan. Changing exhibitions ofAsian art are drawn from collections in the United States and abroad. The core of the collection was a gift from American research physician and medical publisherArthur M. Sackler. G Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum The Cooper-Hewitt is located in New York City and features examples of historical an...

• Qur'an.

  man who profoundly influenced the history of the world. See Spread of Islam. Muhammad’s home, the Arab city of Mecca, was a major religious center and site of the revered sanctuary and shrine, the Kaaba. According to legend, the ancientreligious patriarch of the Hebrew Bible, Abraham, and his son, Ishmael, built the shrine using foundations laid by the first human being and father of humankind, Adam.During Muhammad’s years there, from about AD 570 to 622, Mecca was also an environment of spir...

• São Paulo (city) - geography.

  universities include the State University Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (1976), and the even larger University of São Paulo (1934), which incorporates the city’s famousand influential Faculty of Law. Important private universities are Mackenzie University, originally founded by Presbyterian missionaries from the United States (1870);the Paulista University (1972); the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (1946); and the University São Judas Tadeu (1971). The city is home to the São Pau...

• International Law.

  merchants), modernized the rights of neutrals during maritime war, and required blockades to be effective. The Declaration of Paris also initiated the practice of allowingnations other than the original signatories to accede (become a party to) to an agreement. In 1864 a conference convened in Geneva, Switzerland, at the invitation of the Swiss government. The conference approved a convention for the proper treatment ofwounded soldiers on the battlefield and the protection of medical personnel;...

• Map - Geography.

  Often only southeast slopes are hachured or shaded, giving somewhat the effect of a bird's-eye view of the area illuminated by light from the northwest. Shadings orcarefully drawn hachures, neither of which give elevations, are more easily interpreted than contour lines and are sometimes used in conjunction with them for greaterclarity. IV MAP PROJECTIONS For the representation of the entire surface of the earth without any kind of distortion, a map must have a spherical surface; a map of this...

• Canadian Architecture I INTRODUCTION L'Anse aux Meadows In around ad 1000 Norse Vikings sailed from Greenland to North America and set up a village on the tip of what is now the island of Newfoundland's Great Northern Peninsula.

  IglooSome Inuit peoples in the Arctic regions of Canada live in domed houses of snow, or igloos, which provide good insulationand protection from wind. The word igloo comes from the Inuit iglu, meaning “house.”George Holton/Photo Researchers, Inc. Canada’s original inhabitants are known as the First Nations. At the time of European arrival, about 40 nations were scattered across Canada. Many of them lived alongthe coasts, where they could fish. These nations can be classified into five major gro...

• Children's Literature I INTRODUCTION Kate Greenaway's May Day The delicate skill and graceful simplicity of English artist Kate Greenaway's illustrations delighted children and impressed thinkers, including art critic John Ruskin.

  With the development of vernacular literature, particularly after the invention of printing, more children's books appeared. The publications of the first English printer,William Caxton, included the Book of Curtesye (1477), a collection of rhymes that sets forth rules of conduct for a “goodly chylde.” Eight years later Caxton printed Le Morte d'Arthur (1469-1470; The Death of Arthur ) by English translator and compiler Sir Thomas Malory, which became the basis for later treatments of the A...

• Alphabet I INTRODUCTION Bengali Script India developed a number of different writing systems over the course of its history.

  A Pictographic and Ideographic Systems Early systems of writing used pictures to represent things and then to represent the sounds of those things. Pictographic writing, in which a simplified picture of the sunstood for the word sun, was probably the first step toward a written language. Chinese began as a pictographic language. To represent abstract ideas, the Chinese writing system combined pictographs. For example, the pictographs for sun and tree were combined to represent the concept of...

• American Music I INTRODUCTION American Music, the folk, popular, and classical music of the United States--created by American-born or American-trained composers, or originating in American culture, or written primarily for American audiences.

  The country's first permanent orchestra was the New York Philharmonic Society, founded in 1842. Among the first symphonic and operatic composers the mostprominent was William Henry Fry, who composed the first opera by an American ( Leonora, 1845). Fry is best remembered, however, for four symphonies written in the 1850s and 1860s. George F. Bristow wrote the first opera on an American theme; his Rip Van Winkle was performed in New York City in 1855. Town bands, a popular form of community mu...

• Animation I INTRODUCTION Finding Nemo A clown fish named Marlin, left, and his friend Dory search for Marlin's son in the computer-animated feature film Finding Nemo (2003).

  Animator at WorkAnimators use computers for every part of the animation process, from creating a storyboard (a scene-by-sceneillustration of the plot) to imitating camera movement. This animator is creating a scene for the motion picture Antz(1998).C. Lepetit/Liaison Agency If an animator is basing the animation project on drawings, one of the most common animation techniques, he or she will first create a series of rough sketches thatoften will be filmed in a pencil test (simple line drawings...

• Saskatchewan (province) - Geography.

  The length of the frost-free season varies within the province. In the southwest, particularly in the valley lands along the South Saskatchewan River, the frost-freeperiod ranges from 150 to 160 days. Regina enjoys about 123 frost-free days, and Saskatoon has about 111. The far north has only from 85 to 95 frost-free days. One important characteristic of Saskatchewan’s climate is the great variability in temperature and precipitation from year to year, which is often critical for agriculture.The...

• Saskatchewan (province) - Canadian History.

  The length of the frost-free season varies within the province. In the southwest, particularly in the valley lands along the South Saskatchewan River, the frost-freeperiod ranges from 150 to 160 days. Regina enjoys about 123 frost-free days, and Saskatoon has about 111. The far north has only from 85 to 95 frost-free days. One important characteristic of Saskatchewan’s climate is the great variability in temperature and precipitation from year to year, which is often critical for agriculture.The...

• Evolución - ciencias de la naturaleza.

  Los pulmones de los organismos que respiran aire y la vejiga natatoria de casi todos los peces actuales han evolucionado a partir delos sacos aéreos dobles de los primitivos peces óseos. En éstos, igual que la vejiga natatoria en los actuales, los sacos aéreos seinflaban y desinflaban para determinar la profundidad a la que nadaba el pez. En otros grupos de peces se transformaron enpulmones primitivos, provistos de abundantes repliegues para maximizar la absorción de oxígeno en un medio pobre en...

• Paris (city, France) - geography.

  Théâtre Musical de Paris and the Théâtre de la Ville. Just north of the Hôtel de Ville is the Pompidou Center, also known as Beaubourg, an arts complex devoted to modern and contemporary art and design. The structure,in steel and glass and featuring brightly colored, exposed pipes and ducts, is the work of Italian architect Renzo Piano and British architect Richard Rogers. Itscontroversial pop-art design contrasts sharply with the overall gray hue of the city, and was criticized by many followin...

• Fascism.

  values as coming before a radical political transformation. Others argue that a radical political transformation will then be followed by a change in values. Fascists claimthat the nation has entered a dangerous age of mediocrity, weakness, and decline. They are convinced that through their timely action they can save the nation fromitself. Fascists may assert the need to take drastic action against a nation's 'inner' enemies. Fascists promise that with their help the national crisis will end an...

• Telecommunications.

  commonly referred to as wireless communications, use technologies such as cordless telephones, cellular radio telephones, pagers, and satellites. Wirelesscommunications offer increased mobility and flexibility. In the future some experts believe that wireless devices will also offer high-speed Internet access. C Wires and Cables Wires and cables were the original medium for telecommunications and are still the primary means for telephone connections. Wireline transmission evolved fromtelegraph...

• Blacks in Latin America.

  Throughout Latin America and the Caribbean the slave population declined at the astonishing rate of 2 to 4 percent a year; thus, by the time slavery was abolished, theoverall slave population in many places was far less than the total number of slaves imported. The British colony of Jamaica, for example, imported more than 600,000slaves during the 18th century; yet, in 1838, the slave population numbered little more than 300,000. The French colony of Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti)imported mo...

• American Literature: Drama I INTRODUCTION American Literature: Drama, literature intended for performance, written by Americans in the English language.

  American plays, while still a minority, began to appear in the theater repertory in the 19th century. Although American plays were still styled after British models, theirsubject matter came to be based on specifically American incidents or themes. In the United States as in Britain, many plays reflected the influence of romanticism , a European literary and artistic movement. Melodrama, with its outpourings of emotion, was the most prevalent dramatic form in the 19th century. Gothic melodramas...

• Television.

  A charge-coupled device (CCD) can be much smaller than a camera tube and is much more durable. As a result, cameras with CCDs are more compact and portablethan those using a camera tube. The image they create is less vulnerable to distortion and is therefore clearer. In a CCD, the light from a scene strikes an array ofphotodiodes arranged on a silicon chip. Photodiodes are devices that conduct electricity when they are struck by light; they send this electricity to tiny capacitors. Thecapacitors...

• Virginia (state) - geography.

  C Coastline Virginia’s coastline, for both the mainland and the Eastern Shore counties, is 180 km (112 mi) long. The state’s tidal shoreline measures 5,335 km (3,315 mi), includingall bays, inlets, tidal estuaries, and other indentations. Major indentations include Chesapeake Bay; Hampton Roads, the excellent natural harbor on which are locatedNewport News, Norfolk, and Portsmouth; and the wide tidal estuaries of the lower Potomac, James, Rappahannock, and York rivers. Cape Henry, in the southe...

• Virginia (state) - USA History.

  C Coastline Virginia’s coastline, for both the mainland and the Eastern Shore counties, is 180 km (112 mi) long. The state’s tidal shoreline measures 5,335 km (3,315 mi), includingall bays, inlets, tidal estuaries, and other indentations. Major indentations include Chesapeake Bay; Hampton Roads, the excellent natural harbor on which are locatedNewport News, Norfolk, and Portsmouth; and the wide tidal estuaries of the lower Potomac, James, Rappahannock, and York rivers. Cape Henry, in the southe...

• New Jersey - geography.

  C Soils Broadly defined, all of New Jersey’s soils are podzolic soils; that is, they are acidic and contain fairly high amounts of iron oxides. The soils in northern New Jersey areirregular in quality and contain rock fragments and small stones deposited by the continental glaciers of the last Ice Age. The soils of the inner coastal plain, unaffectedby glaciation, are the richest in the state, while those of the outer coastal plain are generally infertile. The newer soil classification system d...

• New Jersey - USA History.

  C Soils Broadly defined, all of New Jersey’s soils are podzolic soils; that is, they are acidic and contain fairly high amounts of iron oxides. The soils in northern New Jersey areirregular in quality and contain rock fragments and small stones deposited by the continental glaciers of the last Ice Age. The soils of the inner coastal plain, unaffectedby glaciation, are the richest in the state, while those of the outer coastal plain are generally infertile. The newer soil classification system d...

• West Virginia - geography.

  Forests, mostly of hardwood varieties, cover 79 percent of West Virginia. The principal commercial species are the oak, yellow poplar, maple, birch, beech, black walnut,hickory, and gum. Softwoods include pines and hemlock firs. Flowering trees include the wild crab apple, dogwood, hawthorn, and redbud. Among the many floweringbushes and plants are the rhododendron, which is the state flower, the laurel, blueberry, hepatica, wild geranium, and black-eyed Susan. Insects and disease, mostly introd...

• West Virginia - USA History.

  Forests, mostly of hardwood varieties, cover 79 percent of West Virginia. The principal commercial species are the oak, yellow poplar, maple, birch, beech, black walnut,hickory, and gum. Softwoods include pines and hemlock firs. Flowering trees include the wild crab apple, dogwood, hawthorn, and redbud. Among the many floweringbushes and plants are the rhododendron, which is the state flower, the laurel, blueberry, hepatica, wild geranium, and black-eyed Susan. Insects and disease, mostly introd...

• L'originalité a-t-elle toujours de la valeur ?

• Originalité ou imitation.