34 résultats pour "virtue"
- LA «VIRTU» CHOISIT LES MOYENS D'ACTION ADAPTÉS AUX CIRCONSTANCES (Discours sur Tite-Live, Livre III, Chapitre XXI)
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Concepts
suggested that concept possession need not consist in knowing a definition, but in appreciating the role of a concept in thought and practice. Moreover, he claimed, a concept need not apply to things by virtue of some closed set of features captured by a definition, but rather by virtue of ‘family resemblances' among the things, a suggestion that has given rise in psychology to ‘prototype' theories of concepts. Most traditional approaches to possession conditions have been concerned with t...
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Plato
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INTRODUCTION
Plato (428?
one of the individuals escapes from the cave into the light of day. With the aid of the sun, that person sees for the first time the real world and returns to the cave withthe message that the only things they have seen heretofore are shadows and appearances and that the real world awaits them if they are willing to struggle free oftheir bonds. The shadowy environment of the cave symbolizes for Plato the physical world of appearances. Escape into the sun-filled setting outside the cave symbolize...
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Plato.
one of the individuals escapes from the cave into the light of day. With the aid of the sun, that person sees for the first time the real world and returns to the cave withthe message that the only things they have seen heretofore are shadows and appearances and that the real world awaits them if they are willing to struggle free oftheir bonds. The shadowy environment of the cave symbolizes for Plato the physical world of appearances. Escape into the sun-filled setting outside the cave symbolize...
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Confucianism.
IV NEO-CONFUCIANISM After centuries of intellectual and cultural dominance by Buddhism, China began to experience a revival of Confucian thought during the Tang dynasty ( AD 618-907). It was led by poet and essayist Han Yu (Han Yü). Han Yu attacked Buddhism and Daoism, which he believed had kept government officials from seeing how they couldhelp the people. To further public welfare, he urged them to study the way of the ancient sages through the Five Classics . Han Yu almost lost his life f...
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L'Etat et les passions
politique et de la vie active (rita activa). Dès lors ce n’est plus le modèle du sage qui fait référence mais plutôt celui du citoyen. Machiavel s’inscrit alors dans le courant que l’on a pu nommer comme un « humanisme civique » qui s’oppose à l’idéal contemplatif de l’humanisme littéraire (troisième forme d’humanisme : humanisme commercial) qui débute au début du 15 ème siècle alors que l’Italie est dans un contexte politique très particulier. Il émerge de la résistance des c...
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Aquinas' Moral Philosophy
From remarks such as this Aquinas' followers developed the famous doctrine of double effect. If an act, not evil initself, has both good and bad effects, then it may be permissible if (1) the evil effect is not intended, and (2) thegood effect is not produced by means of the bad, and (3) on balance, the good done outweighs the harm. Thereare many everyday applications of the principle of double effect: e.g. there is nothing wrong with appointing thebest person to a job, though you know that by d...
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Aristotle
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INTRODUCTION
Aristotle (384-322
BC),
Greek philosopher and scientist, who shares with Plato and Socrates the distinction of being the most famous of ancient philosophers.
succession of individuals. These processes are therefore intermediate between the changeless circles of the heavens and the simple linear movements of the terrestrialelements. The species form a scale from simple (worms and flies at the bottom) to complex (human beings at the top), but evolution is not possible. C Aristotelian Psychology For Aristotle, psychology was a study of the soul. Insisting that form (the essence, or unchanging characteristic element in an object) and matter (the commonu...
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Aristotle.
succession of individuals. These processes are therefore intermediate between the changeless circles of the heavens and the simple linear movements of the terrestrialelements. The species form a scale from simple (worms and flies at the bottom) to complex (human beings at the top), but evolution is not possible. C Aristotelian Psychology For Aristotle, psychology was a study of the soul. Insisting that form (the essence, or unchanging characteristic element in an object) and matter (the commonu...
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Confucian philosophy, Japanese
1 Confucian philosophy in early Japan The earliest extant Japanese histories record that in AD 285 - the actual date was probably a century or so later - Wani, of the Korean kingdom of Paekche, brought copies of the Analects (Lunyu ; in Japanese, Rongo ) of Confucius and the Qianziwen (Thousand Character Classic; Senjimon in Japanese) from Korea to Japan ( Confucian philosophy, Korean ). Even though most scholarship on Japan tends to identify this introduction of Confucian texts with...
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Western Philosophy.
the popular belief in personal deities, but he failed to explain the way in which the familiar objects of experience could develop out of elements that are totally differentfrom them. Anaxagoras therefore suggested that all things are composed of very small particles, or “seeds,” which exist in infinite variety. To explain the way in whichthese particles combine to form the objects that constitute the familiar world, Anaxagoras developed a theory of cosmic evolution. He maintained that the activ...
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Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Virtue and Happiness (the system of aristotle)
along the correct part of the road by mastering our initial swerves towards the kerb and towards the oncomingtraffic. Once we have learnt, by whatever means, the right amount of some kind of action – whether it is the rightlength of an after-dinner speech, or the right proportion of one's income to give to charity – then, Aristotle says,we have ‘the right prescription' (orthos logos) in our mind. Virtue is the state which enables us to act in accordancewith the right prescription.Virtue concerns...
- Comte de Shaftesbury 1671-1713 Antony Ashley Cooper, 3e comte de Shaftesbury (né à Londres, mort à Naples) est l'auteur de : An Inquiry concerning Virtue or Merit (1699) ; A letter concerning Enthusiasm (1708) ; Soliloquy (1710) ; Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times (1711).
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Antisthenes
who are just as well as brave. The most indispensable item of knowledge Cyrus of Persia acquires is to unlearn what is evil ( fr. 21 ). Few specific examples of appropriate exertions survive. A bad reputation is said to be good and 'equal to exertion' ( Diogenes Laertius, VI 11 ). The sayings ascribed to Antisthenes indicate a strong tendency (congenial to Stoicism) to redraw concepts like kinship and friendship in terms of moral notions such as justice andgoodness, or to prefer the c...
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Confucius
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INTRODUCTION
Confucius (551 or 552-479
BC),
Chinese philosopher and educator, one of the most important individuals in Chinese history, and one of the most influential figures in
world history.
From a modern perspective, Confucius’s worldview has certain limitations. He was ignorant of cultural diversity; he accepted the sexism of his society; he shows nointerest in natural science or technology; his political philosophy is undemocratic; and he gives insufficient stress to social change. However, Confucius will no doubtcontinue to inspire people across the world with his vision of social harmony, his insight into human virtue, and his techniques for cultivating ethical individuals. Mi...
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Confucius.
From a modern perspective, Confucius’s worldview has certain limitations. He was ignorant of cultural diversity; he accepted the sexism of his society; he shows nointerest in natural science or technology; his political philosophy is undemocratic; and he gives insufficient stress to social change. However, Confucius will no doubtcontinue to inspire people across the world with his vision of social harmony, his insight into human virtue, and his techniques for cultivating ethical individuals. Mi...
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Don Juan de Molière
The hypocrisy of others: What is hypocrisy in general? A hypocrite is a man who intentionally appears to be what he is not in reality. What does it mean for a virtuous man to be a hypocrite? It means that the love that this man is supposed to have for the beautiful and the good isn’t the sole or prime motive of his “virtuous” actions. The virtue of most men is the result of their fear or cowardice. It is not truly virtue. Are fear and cowardice motives able to make a man virtuous? No....
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Community and communitarianism
makes fundamental ethical criticism's of one's own community impossible. The success of communitarianism as a political theory depends upon whether it can be demonstrated that liberal political institutions cannot provide adequate conditions for the flourishing of community or secure appropriate support for persons' identities so far as their identities are determined by their membership in communities. 1 Community If I am a member of a community, I conceive of the goals and values I shar...
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Theater
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INTRODUCTION
The Art of Theater
BBC Worldwide Americas, Inc.
Theater at EpidaurusAncient Greek dramas were performed in open-air theaters like this one in Epidaurus, Greece, which was designed byPolyclitus the Younger in 350 bc. A festival of ancient Greek drama is still held in the summer in this 14,000-seat theater.Roger Wood/Corbis Fundamental to the theater experience is the act of seeing and being seen; in fact, the word theater comes from the Greek word theatron , meaning 'seeing place.' Throughout the history of world cultures, actors have used...
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Ressource gratuite: La Politique Est-Elle Une Science Ou Un Art ?
Toujours selon la thèse de Claude Lefort, Machiavel s'engage dans la découverte comme invention, en cernant progressivementun réel qui nourrit sa pensée, au point que ce que nous appelons contradiction n'est qu'un effet de surprise: l'écrivain ne maitrisejamais pleinement son texte mais est en partie conduit par ce qu'il écrit. Si la politique joue sur la question des moyens, il n'est pasquestion de déduire l'action de règles antécédentes. Effectivement, le but de la politique n'est donc pas pou...
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William Shakespeare
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INTRODUCTION
William Shakespeare
English playwright and poet William Shakespeare, who lived in the late 1500s and early 1600s, is regarded as the greatest
dramatist in the history of English literature.
Avon, Warwickshire, a prosperous town in the English Midlands. Based on this record and on the fact that children in Shakespeare’s time were usually baptized two orthree days after birth, April 23 has traditionally been accepted as his date of birth. The third of eight children, William Shakespeare was the eldest son of John Shakespeare, a locally prominent glovemaker and wool merchant, and Mary Arden, thedaughter of a well-to-do landowner in the nearby village of Wilmcote. The young Shakespeare...
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Middle Ages .
Saints were very important in Late Antiquity. They were considered both models of virtue and powerful miracle workers. One of the most well-known saints of the periodwas Saint Anthony. Anthony gave away all his possessions and left his hometown in Egypt to live alone in the desert and pray. Anthony was one of the first Christianmonks. The word monk comes from a term meaning 'alone.' Gradually Anthony attracted followers, and he eventually became the center of a whole community of monks who wis...
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How to live a good life according to aristotle and kant
Similarities and differences between them Kant and Aristotle: Kant and Aristotle both agree that for someone to be virtuous they must have good external conditions and that the state/government can help them achieve that and what separates human beings from animals is our capacity to reason. The difference is the way they achieve virtue for Kant it is trough learning the categorical imperative and acting upon it and for Aristotle it is by learning the 2 kinds of knowledge scientific knowledge...
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La compétence technique peut-elle fonder l'autorité politique ?
cruellement défaut à l'Italie. D'autre part, Machiavel balaye toute différence entre histoire sacrée et histoire profane : ainsi comme il avait précédemment éliminé toute différence essentielle entre un législateur sacré commeMoise et un législateur profane, comme Thèsée ou Lycurgue , Machiavel place-t-il ici la Providence et la Fortune sur le même plan.La formule ici éclaire le double projet de Machiavel dans notre passage. Il s'agit tout d'abord de récuser la notion de hasard pour...
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Machiavel, Discours sur la première décade de Tite-Live, II, Avant-propos, La Pléiade p. 510 - 511.
Comment compr endre que Machiavel refusant toute philosophie de l’histoire puisse se référer constamment aux événements historiques ? Si l’histoire n’a ni sens ni fin comment peut -il voir en l’histoire une source d’enseignement ? Comment tirer des leçons de l’histoire sans supposer qu’il existe un moteur dans l’histoire ? Il ne serait pas abusif de dire que le secrétaire de la Chancellerie de Florence e st fasciné par l’histoire. Les D iscours sur la première décade de Tite -Live en t...
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Colour and qualia
Faced with the dilemmas posed by subjective colour for physicalist doctrine, some philosophers opt for eliminativism, the doctrine that subjective colour is not a genuine, or real, phenomenon after all. On this view the source of the puzzle is a conceptual confusion; a tendency to extend our judgments concerning objective colour, what appear to be intrinsic properties of the surfaces of physical objects, onto the properties of our mental states. Once we see that all that is happening ‘inside'...
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Medical Ethics.
medical profession. In recent years, however, the field of medical ethics has struggled to keep pace with the many complex issues raised by new technologies for creating and sustaininglife. Artificial-respiration devices, kidney dialysis, and other machines can keep patients alive who previously would have succumbed to their illnesses or injuries.Advances in organ transplantation have brought new hope to those afflicted with diseased organs. New techniques have enabled prospective parents to con...
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MACHIAVEL: La fortune et la virtu, de la prévision en politique
l'Italie, qui est le siège de ces changements et qui leur a donné le branle, vous verrez qu'elle est unecampagne sans levées et sans aucune digue. Que si elle se fut donné un rempart d'une force suffisante commel'Allemagne, l'Espagne ou la France, ou cette crue n'aurait pas fait les grands changements qu'elle a fait, ouelle ne se serait pas produite. »Et voici l'idée de fortune contredite : la capacité des hommes à forger leur propre avenir est soit partielle (ilspeuvent minimiser les c...
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L'ETAT
valeur propre de l'homme d'action (sa « Virtù ») expliquent ses
succès et échecs. Le «machiavélisme», ou cynisme...
, L'ETAT valeur propre de l'homme d'action (sa « Virtù ») expliquent ses succès et échecs. Le «machiavélisme», ou cynisme politique, pour lequel tous les moyens sont bons, qui assurent la réussite, n'est donc pas le dernier mot de Machiavel, ni l'essentiel. Pourquoi l'État? Quelles sont ses fins essentielles? Une société ► l'Esprit des Lois peut-elle exister sans État? Telles sont quelques-unes des ques On a dit de Montesquieu qu'il était le fondateur des sciences tions majeures de la philos...
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A quelles conditions une guerre est-elle justifiée ?
juste ni injuste, c'est juste à un moment la mise en œuvre de la virtu, la confrontation de différents intérêts. LePrince accepte toutes les opportunités permettant d'agrandir sa puissance, pour mieux rester sur sa monture, laguerre est donc justifiée même dans ce cas là. De plus, désigner un ennemi commun à la communauté permet derenforcer la cohésion, ce qui amène à ne pas diminuer les possibilités de guerre. Il prône aussi l'absence de droitinternational, il n'y a donc pas de limite à la gue...
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Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics
2) Hume, enquiry concerning the principles of morals self love vs public affection The second appendix is intended to clarify the meaning of the term self-love. Does this term connote only those actions which are selfish in the narrower sense of the word, or is it possible that it includes actions which are usually called altruistic? The question arises from the fact that moral sentiments are said to have their origin in the feelings. Whose feelings are referred to in this connection? Is it...
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Confucian philosophy, Chinese
occupies a pre-eminent place in the history of Chinese philosophy. The core of Confucian thought lies in the teachings of Confucius (551-479 BC) contained in the Analects ( Lunyu ), along with the brilliant and divergent contributions of Mencius (372?-289 BC) and Xunzi ( fl. 298-238 BC), as well as the Daxue (Great Learning) and the Zhongyong (Doctrine of the Mean), originally chapters in the Liji (Book of Rites). Significant and original developments, particularly along a quasi-metaphysica...
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Louisiana Purchase Treaty
In 1803 the United States purchased a vast interior region of North America from France for $15 million.
Government if it Shall take place in the United States; It is however well understood that the object of the above article is to favour the manufactures, Commerce,freight and navigation of France and of Spain So far as relates to the importations that the French and Spanish Shall make into the Said Ports of the United Stateswithout in any Sort affecting the regulations that the United States may make concerning the exportation of the produce and merchandize of the United States, or anyright they...
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Political Parties.
In both Britain and the United States, competition between political parties undermined traditional conceptions of politics rooted in classical and Christian notions ofvirtue and public service. According to this tradition, political leaders should act according to a model of virtue that involved placing the common good above theinterests of a fraction of the society. Leaders acting to benefit only themselves or a narrow portion of the society were considered corrupt. However, party competitionr...