2058 résultats pour "periodique"

• ?stanbul - geography.

  İstanbul hosts a number of annual cultural events. The İstanbul Cultural Festival, held in the summer, offers music and dance performances in more than 50 venuesthroughout the city, including outdoors at Rumelihisar ı. The city also hosts a summer jazz festival. Turkey is one of the world’s largest producers of motion pictures, anda highly regarded international film festival takes place in İstanbul during the early months of the year. V RECREATION With increasing modernization, recreation is...

• Zebra - biology.

  C Life Span Captive zebras have lived into their late 30s. Life expectancy in the wild, where predators abound, is probably not much more than 12 years. IV SOCIAL BEHAVIOR Like horses, zebras have large brains and a wide variety of social behaviors. Although they cannot match the overall intelligence of mammals that hunt, zebras interactwith each other in complex ways. Zebras usually live in groups known as herds, but the social structure of these groups depends on the species. The plains zeb...

• Los Angeles - geography.

  size and population) among all the cities in Los Angeles County. It is irregular in shape because it has grown over the years through the annexation of surrounding territoryand cities. The city proper is shaped like a lighted torch, its narrow handle extending north from the Port of Los Angeles to downtown Los Angeles, and its flames flickeringirregularly to the north, west, and northwest. Several separate cities—such as Beverly Hills, Santa Monica, and Culver City—are partly or completely surro...

• Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de

  concerning Human Understanding (1689) by Pierre Coste and read Voltaire's books on Newton. He was the contemporary of such Enlightenment luminaries as Helvetius, Diderot, Buffon, La Mettrie and Holbach. Voltaire and Diderot both expressed the very highest regard for his writings. Condillac was on friendly terms with Rousseau, and was frequently to be seen at the salons in and around Paris where so much of the intellectual activity of the Enlightenment took place. He spent nine years (1758-67...

• Richard Wagner.

  which took place in August 1876. Wagner completed his final opera, Parsifal (which he called a 'festival drama of dedication' for the Festspielhaus), in 1882, and it premiered that July. In September Wagner moved to Venice, where in February 1883, after a heated argument with Cosima, he suffered a fatal heart attack. He was buried in Bayreuth. III MUSIC AND THOUGHT In the early 19th century, an opera was structured as a succession of conventional self-contained forms such as aria (a vocal so...

• L'oeuvre de Baudelaire

  1 BAUDELAIRE Né à Paris en 1821, Charles BAUDELAIRE était le fils d’un aimable sexagénaire disciple des philosophes et amateur de peinture. Sa mère, veuve en 1827, se remarie l’année suivante avec le commandant Aupick, futur général, ambassadeur et sénateur sous l’Empire. Révolté par ce mariage, l'enfant, qui ne s'entend pas avec son beau-père, est mis en pension à Lyon, puis au Lycée Louis-le-Grand. C’est un élève cynique, singulier, qui éprouve de « lourdes mélancolies », un « sentime...

• Rio de Janeiro (city) - geography.

  were coronated; and Our Lady of Candelária Church, thought by some to be the city’s most beautiful church. Another building of interest is the Imperial Palace, located several blocks west of Santos Dumont Airport. Originally constructed as Brazil’s colonial governor’s capitol in1743, it was converted to the royal palace during the city’s period as an imperial capital. It has recently been restored and now houses a cultural center. Otherimpressive 19th-century palaces include Itamaraty and Catete...

• Radio Astronomy - astronomy.

  equivalent to the apparent angular dimensions of a basketball at the distance of the moon. In 1984, the U.S. government appropriated funds for the construction of aninstallation called the very long baseline array (VLBA), a network of 10 radio antennas spread from the U.S.-Canadian border to Puerto Rico and from Hawaii to the U.S.Atlantic coast. The VLBA is expected to provide angular resolutions in the range of 200-millionths of an arc second. Canada and Australia are both planning similarprogr...

• Gemstones.

  In the late 1960s a method was developed for “growing” diamonds by heating a diamond particle to a high temperature and subjecting it to methane gas. The gasdecomposes into carbon atoms, which adhere to the diamond crystal. The crystal structure of the enlarged diamond is identical to that of a natural diamond. Diamondsof about 1 carat (200 mg or 0.007 oz) have been produced by this method, but their cost is still considerably higher than that of naturally occurring diamonds. Sapphires are made...

• Hurricane.

  V HOW HURRICANES ARE DETECTED AND MONITORED Since 1943 U.S. military and civilian aircraft have been flying into hurricanes to measure wind velocities and directions, the location and size of the eye, air pressures,and temperatures in different parts of the storm. A coordinated system of tracking hurricanes was developed in the mid-1950s, and steady improvements have beenmade over the years. In addition to reports from aircraft, geosynchronous weather satellites (since 1966) and ocean buoys tha...

• Protestantism.

  F England The Anglican Church became the established church in England when Henry VIII assumed (1534) the ecclesiastical authority over the English church that had previouslybeen exercised by the pope. Henry’s motive was to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragón rather than to reform church doctrine, and he imposed severe lawsupholding the major tenets of medieval Catholicism. Under King Edward VI and Queen Elizabeth, however, the Anglican Church developed a distinctly Protestant creedthat w...

• Rumänien - geographie.

  3.1 Wichtige Städte Hauptstadt des Landes ist Bukarest, mit 1,85 Millionen Einwohnern (2003) zugleich die größte Stadt Rumäniens und das wichtigste Industrie- und Handelszentrum desLandes. Andere größere Städte sind Konstanza (310 000), Rumäniens einzige Hafenstadt am Schwarzen Meer, Kronstadt (285 000), das für die Herstellung von Textilien,Chemieprodukten und Metallerzeugnissen bekannt ist, Temeschburg (318 000), eine Industriestadt, Iaşi (321 000), ein Handelszentrum; Klausenburg (318 000),...

• Influenza.

  days and disappear in seven to ten days. However, coughing and fatigue may persist for two or more weeks. Death from influenza itself is rare. But influenza can aggravate underlying medical conditions, such as heart or lung disease. Invading influenza viruses produceinflammation in the lining of the respiratory tract, damage that increases the risk that secondary infections will develop. Common complications include bronchitis,sinusitis, and bacterial pneumonia, occurring most frequently in olde...

• Isaac NewtonIINTRODUCTIONIsaac Newton (1642-1727), English physicist, mathematician, and natural philosopher, considered one of the most important scientists of all time.

  B Calculus (Newton’s “Fluxional Method”) In 1669 Newton gave his Trinity mathematics professor Isaac Barrow an important manuscript, which is generally known by its shortened Latin title, De Analysi . This work contained many of Newton’s conclusions about calculus (what Newton called his “fluxional method”). Although the paper was not immediately published, Barrowmade its results known to several of the leading mathematicians of Britain and Europe. This paper established Newton as one of the...

• Isaac Newton.

  B Calculus (Newton’s “Fluxional Method”) In 1669 Newton gave his Trinity mathematics professor Isaac Barrow an important manuscript, which is generally known by its shortened Latin title, De Analysi . This work contained many of Newton’s conclusions about calculus (what Newton called his “fluxional method”). Although the paper was not immediately published, Barrowmade its results known to several of the leading mathematicians of Britain and Europe. This paper established Newton as one of the t...

• Suriname (country) - country.

  Tongo, a Creole language. Also known as Taki-Taki, Sranang Tongo includes elements of several languages and is the vehicle for most interethnic communication. Otherlanguages spoken in Suriname include Hindi, Javanese, Chinese, English, and French. Small numbers of Native Americans still speak indigenous languages. The main religions in Suriname are Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism. The majority of Christians are Roman Catholics, and members of the Moravian Church predominateamong Protestants. E...

• Parkinson Disease.

  III SYMPTOMS Parkinson disease most notably affects motor control (muscle activity). The disease progresses differently for each individual—symptoms develop swiftly in some peopleand slowly in others. Some Parkinson patients may develop problems that affect their intellect or ability to reason, or they may suffer from depression or anxiety. A Motor Control Problems Doctors look for the presence of four principal symptoms in patients they suspect may have Parkinson disease. Tremor (the involun...

• Vitamin.

  Vitamin B 1, or thiamine, promotes the metabolism of carbohydrates, enabling these nutrients to release their energy. Thiamine also plays a role in the functioning of the nervous system, muscles, and heart. The body does not store thiamine and people who are malnourished may develop thiamine deficiency. Mild thiamine deficiency cancause fatigue, muscle weakness, and loss of appetite. Severe thiamine deficiency causes beriberi, a disease characterized by muscle weakness, swelling of the heart,and...

• Antelope - biology.

  antelopes still display complex patterns of behavior, although much of it is instinctive rather than learned. In open habitats, antelopes run a high risk of predation (being preyed upon). To survive they use several kinds of defensive strategy, including living in herds. Herd living ensures that many pairs of eyes and ears are on the alert for danger. Herd living also gives individuals a better chance of avoiding attack, because predators canchoose from many potential targets. When danger thre...

• Shark - biology.

  Sharks have two-chambered hearts that are relatively small compared to the rest of their bodies. Blood flows from the heart to the gills, where it collects oxygen fromwater and then distributes it to the other organs and tissues. The small heart produces weak blood pressure, and many sharks must swim continuously to create themuscular contractions needed to circulate blood throughout their bodies. Most sharks are cold-blooded—that is, they do not generate heat by digesting food. Instead, the bod...

• Crusades.

  modern Lebanon; the Principality of Antioch, in modern Syria; and the County of Edessa, in modern northern Syria and southern Turkey. IV CRUSADES OF THE 12TH CENTURY The Crusades of the 12th century, through the end of the Third Crusade in 1192, illustrate the tensions and problems that plagued the enterprise as a whole. For thelords of Outremer a compromise with the residents and Muslim powers made sense; they could not live in constant warfare. And yet as European transplants theydepended on...

• Crusades .

  modern Lebanon; the Principality of Antioch, in modern Syria; and the County of Edessa, in modern northern Syria and southern Turkey. IV CRUSADES OF THE 12TH CENTURY The Crusades of the 12th century, through the end of the Third Crusade in 1192, illustrate the tensions and problems that plagued the enterprise as a whole. For thelords of Outremer a compromise with the residents and Muslim powers made sense; they could not live in constant warfare. And yet as European transplants theydepended on...

• Chine.

  la partie nord du plateau de l’Ordos, ils sont recouverts d’un fin limon d’origine éolienne, le lœss. Peu compact, le lœss, épais de 200 m, est très sensible à l’érosion(ravinement), la surface des plateaux étant incisée par de nombreux ravins aux parois verticales. Débordant sur le Xinjiang, la Mongolie-Intérieure et le Gansu, le désert de Gobi est un désert de sable et de pierres de type continental. Il s’étend sur le plateau Mongol,situé entre 800 et 1 200 m d’altitude. La végétation devient...

• Flower - biology.

  insects. The sepals unfurl as the flower opens and often resemble small green leaves at the flower’s base. In some flowers, the sepals are colorful and work with thepetals to attract pollinators. E Variations in Structure Like virtually all forms in nature, flowers display many variations in their structure. Most flowers have all four whorls—pistil, stamens, petals, and sepals. Botanists callthese complete flowers. But some flowers are incomplete, meaning they lack one or more whorls. Incomplet...

• Filmgeschichte.

  4 DER STUMMFILM Zwischen 1909 und 1912 wurde der neu entstandene Industriezweig vollständig durch die „Motion Picture Patents Company” kontrolliert, einem Trust, zu dem sich führendeProduzenten zusammengeschlossen hatten. Sie begrenzten die Filmlänge auf einen oder zwei Akte und weigerten sich, die Namen der Darsteller im Vor- oder Abspann zuerwähnen. Im Jahr 1912 bekam dieses Monopol jedoch Konkurrenz; unabhängige Produzenten gründeten in Europa und den USA ihre eigenen Produktions- undVorführ...

• Detroit - geography.

  of German and Irish immigrants. In the first half of the 20th century, the percentage of foreign-born residents declined, even though many immigrants arrived fromeastern Europe. During World War II (1939-1945), both whites and blacks were attracted from the South to work in the city’s defense industries. In 1950 foreign-bornand black residents each made up about 16 percent of the total population. In the five decades after 1950, the city lost almost half of its population, as many white resident...

• Serbia - country.

  Minority groups speak their own languages, such as Albanian and Hungarian. Bosniaks generally speak Bosnian and write it with the Latin alphabet. Serbs are by tradition Orthodox Christians. The Roman Catholic and Protestant churches also have adherents in Serbia. Most of the ethnic Albanians of Kosovo areSunni Muslims ( see Sunni Islam), as are the Bosniaks of the Sandžak region. Bosniaks are descendants of Slavs who converted to Islam in the 15th and 16th centuries. B Education The leading in...

• World Energy Supply.

  In the 1990s, oil production by non-OPEC countries remained strong and production by OPEC countries rebounded. The result at the end of the 20th century was aworld oil surplus and prices (when adjusted for inflation) that were lower than in 1972. Experts are uncertain about future oil supplies and prices. Low prices have spurred greater oil consumption, and experts question how long world petroleum reservescan keep pace with increased demand. Many of the world’s leading petroleum geologists beli...

• Johann Sebastian Bach.

  from his duties, and even tossed him into jail for “too obstinately requesting his dismissal.” But after several weeks the duke saw it was of no use and let him go. E Köthen: 1717-1723 Bach’s new employer, Leopold, loved and understood music and could play the violin, viola da gamba, and harpsichord as well as sing bass. The prince held Bach in highregard and stood as godfather for his seventh child. Bach, in turn, named the child Leopold August in his employer’s honor. Bach later said that the...

• Medical Ethics.

  medical profession. In recent years, however, the field of medical ethics has struggled to keep pace with the many complex issues raised by new technologies for creating and sustaininglife. Artificial-respiration devices, kidney dialysis, and other machines can keep patients alive who previously would have succumbed to their illnesses or injuries.Advances in organ transplantation have brought new hope to those afflicted with diseased organs. New techniques have enabled prospective parents to con...

• Bosnia and Herzegovina - country.

  Serb military campaigns in 1992 and 1993 and Croat campaigns in 1993 and 1995 were aimed at expelling others from areas claimed by these groups. By the end ofthe war almost all non-Serbs had been expelled from Serb-claimed lands in eastern and northern Bosnia, and non-Croats from Croat-claimed lands in southwesternBosnia. In turn, most non-Muslims had left land under Muslim control in northwestern Bosnia. The largest cities had mixed populations in 1991, but the war and its aftermath made them a...

• Banking.

  loans, and some commercial loans in addition to checking accounts and time deposits. Credit unions, SLAs, and savings banks help encourage thriftiness by paying interest to consumers who put their money in savings deposits. Consequently, creditunions, SLAs, and savings banks are often referred to as thrift institutions. Of the various types of banks in the United States, commercial banks account for the greatest single source of the financial industry’s assets. In 2000 the 8,528commercial banks...

• Woodrow Wilson.

  daughters. In 1885 Wilson also accepted a position with the newly opened Bryn Mawr College, a school for women near Philadelphia. Wilson was not particularly patient with womenas intellectual associates and did not enjoy his teaching duties. He was, however, able to pursue his writing. A University Professor In 1888 Wilson left Bryn Mawr for a professorship in history and political economy at Wesleyan University in Connecticut. There, in 1889, he published The State, a lengthy textbook analyz...

• Woodrow Wilson

  daughters. In 1885 Wilson also accepted a position with the newly opened Bryn Mawr College, a school for women near Philadelphia. Wilson was not particularly patient with womenas intellectual associates and did not enjoy his teaching duties. He was, however, able to pursue his writing. A University Professor In 1888 Wilson left Bryn Mawr for a professorship in history and political economy at Wesleyan University in Connecticut. There, in 1889, he published The State, a lengthy textbook analyz...

• Native American Architecture I INTRODUCTION Native American Architecture, traditional architecture of the peoples of who lived in North America before Europeans arrived.

  Mound Builders who resided in the area.John Elk III/Bruce Coleman, Inc. Another mound building culture, named Hopewell, also appears to have originated in Ohio but expanded west to Iowa, Kansas, and Oklahoma, south to Louisiana,Mississippi, and Alabama, east to Georgia and the Appalachian Mountains, and north to Wisconsin, Michigan, and lower Ontario in Canada. The Hopewell culture lastedfrom about 200 BC to 400 AD. Hopewell people built large, linear mounds to create enclosures in geometrical...

• South Carolina - geography.

  (20° F) or lower, occur each winter. July temperatures average 27° C (80° F) in most of the state, with temperatures in the lower 20°s C (lower 70°s F) in themountains. Except in the mountains, summer daytime highs throughout South Carolina often enter the lower 30°s C (lower 90°s F). The temperature in July in Columbiaranges from 21° to 33° C (70° to 92° F). D2 Precipitation Central South Carolina has an average annual precipitation (both rainfall and snowfall) of 1,140 mm (45 in). Greater amo...

• South Carolina - USA History.

  (20° F) or lower, occur each winter. July temperatures average 27° C (80° F) in most of the state, with temperatures in the lower 20°s C (lower 70°s F) in themountains. Except in the mountains, summer daytime highs throughout South Carolina often enter the lower 30°s C (lower 90°s F). The temperature in July in Columbiaranges from 21° to 33° C (70° to 92° F). D2 Precipitation Central South Carolina has an average annual precipitation (both rainfall and snowfall) of 1,140 mm (45 in). Greater amo...

• Ontario - Geography.

  governed Ontario’s initial settlement and development. The province’s most important river is the St. Lawrence. Its route was much improved and enlarged by dredgingand canal building in the mid-20th century. This enabled large ocean-going vessels to reach Great Lake ports ( see St. Lawrence Seaway). The Ottawa River was an important early route to the interior for fur traders and timber merchants. The Niagara River, because of its falls, is a great center of hydroelectric power as well as aninte...

• Ontario - Canadian History.

  governed Ontario’s initial settlement and development. The province’s most important river is the St. Lawrence. Its route was much improved and enlarged by dredgingand canal building in the mid-20th century. This enabled large ocean-going vessels to reach Great Lake ports ( see St. Lawrence Seaway). The Ottawa River was an important early route to the interior for fur traders and timber merchants. The Niagara River, because of its falls, is a great center of hydroelectric power as well as aninte...

• Georgia (state) - geography.

  B Rivers and Lakes Most of the rivers of Georgia drain eastward to the Atlantic Ocean proper or southward to the Gulf of Mexico. Only a few flow northward to the Tennessee River, which isa major tributary of the Mississippi River. Most of the rivers flowing to the coasts are navigable by barges and small craft as far upstream as the Fall Line. The major river flowing to the Atlantic is the Savannah River, which, with the Tugaloo River, one of its headwaters, forms most of the state’s eastern bo...

• Georgia (state) - USA History.

  B Rivers and Lakes Most of the rivers of Georgia drain eastward to the Atlantic Ocean proper or southward to the Gulf of Mexico. Only a few flow northward to the Tennessee River, which isa major tributary of the Mississippi River. Most of the rivers flowing to the coasts are navigable by barges and small craft as far upstream as the Fall Line. The major river flowing to the Atlantic is the Savannah River, which, with the Tugaloo River, one of its headwaters, forms most of the state’s eastern bo...

• LA Ve RÉPUBLIQUE, PÉRIODE GAULLIENNE {1958-1969} - Histoire

  11. La V' République, période gaullienne (1958-1969) b. La Constitution • Le pouvoir exécutif est renforcé : -Le Président de la République est élu par un collège de grands électeurs. Il dispose désormais de réels pouvoirs : -il nomme le Premier ministre, -il préside le Conseil des ministres, -il peut dissoudre l'Assemblée nationale, -il peut légiférer par ordonnances, -il peut exercer les pleins pouvoirs dans des circonstances except...

• Histoire MODERNE : L’ESSOR DE L’ECONOMIE D’ECHANGES AU COURS DE LA PERIODE MODERNE

  Histoire MODERNE : L’ESSOR DE L’ECONOMIE D’ECHANGES AU COURS DE LA PERIODE MODERNE PREMIERE PARTIE : Cadres conditions de l’échange 1) Les moyens de transports dans la France d’Ancien Régime Le commerce s’est dvlp de manière considérable, il y a une diversité géographique, sociale et culturelle. Il y a peu de progrès des infrastructures et il y a pas de progrès spectaculaire dans les véhicules qu’on utilise à l’époque, le seul moyen de transport : cheval avec une charrette, il faut attendr...

• Lituanie (1993-1994) Le début de 1993 a clos la période houleuse - seconde moitié de 1992 - qui a vu...

  Lituanie (1993-1994) Le début de 1993 a clos la période houleuse - seconde moitié de 1992 - qui a vu la fin de la présidence de Vytautas Landsbergis qui avait initié l'indépendance de la Lituanie - remplacé par Algirdas Brazauskas, membre du Parti démocratique du travail (PDLT) et ex-chef du Parti communiste lituanien, devenu de beaucoup plus populaire et qui a été élu lors des présidentielles du 14 février 1993. Le Premier ministre, Adolphas Slezevicius (PDLT), nommé le 10 mars 1993, a défini...

• LA SLOVÉNIE AU XXe SIÈCLE La Slovénie a accédé à l’existence politique au xxe siècle. Au début de cette période,...

  LA SLOVÉNIE AU XXe SIÈCLE La Slovénie a accédé à l’existence politique au xxe siècle. Au début de cette période, la Slovénie a conservé une langue parlée par les paysans et écrite par certains écrivains, mais elle est, de fait, partie de la Cisleithanie (partie autrichienne de l’Empire austro-hongrois). Sans statut juridique propre, sans droit d’État historique, elle se contente d’envoyer des députés au Parlement de Vienne. Tous sont issus du Parti du peuple slovène (Lljudska stranska slovenije)...

• La science et l'industrie La période contemporaine de la physique a été caractérisée par l'explo­ ration, à l'aide de procédés...

  La science et l'industrie La période contemporaine de la physique a été caractérisée par l'explo­ ration, à l'aide de procédés indirects extrêmement fins, de la structure de · 1a matière et par la découverte successive de:i différents genres de particules• dont en dernière analyse la matière est constituée. Au premier abord,' l'étude de ce qui se passe à des échelles aussi incroyablement petites, quel que soit l'intérêt intellectuel de cette étude, pouvait paraitre n'avoir guère de portée pratiq...

• En 1817, Chateaubriand connaît une période de déboires politiques et de gêne. Un soir d'été, au cours d'une promenade à...

  En 1817, Chateaubriand connaît une période de déboires politiques et de gêne. Un soir d'été, au cours d'une promenade à la campagne, il est brusquement envahi par le souvenir de sa jeunesse, qui le ramènera à la rédaction des Mémoires d'outre-tombe interrompue depuis trois ans. Je fus tiré de mes réflexions par le gazouillement d'une grive perchée sur la plus haute branche d'un bouleau. A l'instant, ce son magique fit reparaître à mes yeux le domaine paternel. J'oubliais les catastrophes dont j...

• SUJET: FAUT-IL VOULOIR LA PAIX À TOUT PRIX? Lors de conflits intérieurs ou extérieurs, lors de périodes d'attentats ou de...

  SUJET: FAUT-IL VOULOIR LA PAIX À TOUT PRIX? Lors de conflits intérieurs ou extérieurs, lors de périodes d'attentats ou de paix1 , lorsqu'un conflit quel qu'il soit menace d'éclater, beaucoup d'États ou de citoyens se demandent:«Faut-il vouloir la paix à tout prix?» C'est à cette question que nous tenterons de répondre au terme de notre réflexion2. Dans cette question, deux concepts sont essentiels à première vue: le verbe falloir et l'expression«à tout prix» 3. Le verbe falloir a généralement...

• Singapour (2003-2004): Le retour de la dynastie Lee La Cité du Lion est entrée dans l’une de ses rares périodes...

  Singapour (2003-2004): Le retour de la dynastie Lee La Cité du Lion est entrée dans l’une de ses rares périodes de transition politique, seulement la seconde en quarante ans, lorsque le Premier ministre Goh Chok Tong a déclaré en août 2003 qu’il quitterait son poste dès que l’économie rebondirait, chose faite à la mi-2004. Entré en politique en 1976, puis titulaire du poste de Premier ministre depuis 1990, Goh Chok Tong a d’abord été perçu comme simple chef intérimaire mais, de l’avis général,...

• LA DÉTENTE INTERNATIONALE ET SES LIMITES DE 1924 A 1932 Introduction : Période de détente dominée par deux hommes Briand,...

  LA DÉTENTE INTERNATIONALE ET SES LIMITES DE 1924 A 1932 Introduction : Période de détente dominée par deux hommes Briand, Stresemann, ministres des Affaires étrangères, le premier en France de 1925 à 1931, le second en Allemagne de 1923 à 1929, qui ont entrepris de réconcilier la France et l'Allemagne, rendant ainsi possible le fonctionnement de la S.D.N. Rentrée en scène des U.S.A. dans un rôle de médiateur et de banquier mondial. 1. Le règlement du problème des réparations. A la demande de St...