255 résultats pour "england"
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Magna Carta
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INTRODUCTION
Magna Carta (Latin, "Great Charter"), document sealed by King John of England on June 15, 1215, in which he made a series of promises to his subjects that he would
govern England and deal with his vassals according to the customs of feudal law (see Feudalism).
The importance of the Magna Carta lies more in its symbolism than in its words. As a result, many modern rights have been based on the Magna Carta that wereunknown in the 13th century, including habeas corpus and the principle of no taxation without representation. Neither of these concepts existed in the original Magna Carta of 1215 but both became accepted as English law during the early 17th century. At that time, members of Parliament, the English legislative assembly, who opposed the rule...
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england in the seventeenth
Introduction First part: England’s territorial expansion - 1. The process of colonization - 2. The army’s role into the process of the territorial expansion Second part: The rise of the British economy - 1. The chartered companies - 2. The slaves and triangular trades - 3. Profits from piracy Conclusion Sources The world is experiencing a New England since 1578, when Elizabeth I took an interest in exploring overseas and discovering the world. England is
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Elizabeth I
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INTRODUCTION
Elizabeth I (1533-1603), queen of England and Ireland (1558-1603), daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn.
Catholic challenges and plots persisted through much of Elizabeth’s reign, and Elizabeth reacted to them strongly. In 1569 a group of powerful Catholic nobles innorthern England rose in rebellion but were savagely repressed. The northern earls were executed, their property and those of their followers was confiscated, and theirheirs were deprived of their inheritance. In 1570 the pope excommunicated Elizabeth, sanctioning Catholic efforts to dethrone her. In 1571 an international conspiracywas u...
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Oliver Cromwell
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INTRODUCTION
Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658), leader in the English Revolution (1640-1660) and the first commoner to rule England.
as well as to the abolition of the House of Lords. He was an active member of the High Court of Justice set up for the king’s trial and boldly signed the king’s deathwarrant. For Cromwell, Charles’s execution was a divine judgment against a tyrant. Following the king’s execution, the Commonwealth of England was formed, ruled bya Council of State that included members of the Rump Parliament. For the next two years Cromwell remained a soldier in service to the state. The new Commonwealth had power...
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Henry VIII
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INTRODUCTION
Henry VIII (1491-1547), king of England (1509-1547), the image of the Renaissance king as immortalized by German artist Hans Holbein, who painted him hands on
hips, legs astride, exuding confidence and power.
that was completed by 1540. The crown then took possession of all their property, paying small pensions to the approximately 10,000 monks and nuns who weredeprived of their homes. In a reversal of roles, many towns were forced to assist the same people who had once provided charity to the less fortunate. To pay for hiscontinued wars, Henry sold the former monastic lands to nobles and gentry, who thereby gained an interest in the success of Henry’s reformation and becamedependent upon the king. T...
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English Literature
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INTRODUCTION
English Literature, literature produced in England, from the introduction of Old English by the Anglo-Saxons in the 5th century to the present.
evident. That feature is typical of other Old English literature, for almost all of what survives was preserved by monastic copyists. Most of it was actually composed byreligious writers after the early conversion of the people from their faith in the older Germanic divinities. Sacred legend and story were reduced to verse in poems resembling Beowulf in form. At first such verse was rendered in the somewhat simple, stark style of the poems of Caedmon, a humble man of the late 7th century who w...
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Principal Provisions of the Magna Carta
The Magna Carta was signed by King John of England in response to the complaints of his barons, and thus its emphasis is on the limits of royal authority and the proper
relationship between king and subject.
39. No free man shall be taken, or imprisoned, or dispossessed, or outlawed, or banished, or in any way injured, nor will we go upon him, nor send upon him, exceptby the legal judgment of his peers, or by the law of the land. 40. To no one will we sell, to no one will we deny or delay, right or justice. 41. All merchants shall be safe and secure in going out from England and coming into England, and in remaining and going through England, as well by land as bywater, for buying and selling, free...
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London (England) - geography.
In the northern part of the West End is Bloomsbury, the city’s traditional intellectual center, with its concentration of bookshops and homes of writers and academics. Inthe early 20th century a number of famous writers, critics, and artists who lived here became known as the Bloomsbury Group. Here, too, is the British Museum, one ofLondon’s chief tourist attractions. Nearby is the giant complex of the University of London, whose various colleges and departments have taken over much ofBloomsbury...
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London (England) - geography.
D The East End and Docklands The East End, beyond the City of London and the Tower, has long been the home of London’s docks and immigrants. It has frequently been characterized by slums, poverty,and crime. This is the area where the notorious criminal Jack the Ripper prowled. Some portions, such as Bethnal Green, were slums during the Victorian period. Manypoorer immigrants and working-class Londoners still reside in the East End, but its weekend street markets are very popular, especially Pet...
- England in XVIII century
- Hundertjähriger Krieg 1 EINLEITUNG Hundertjähriger Krieg, Bezeichnung für den Konflikt zwischen England und Frankreich, der mit Unterbrechungen von 1337 bis 1453 dauerte.
- Wilhelm der Eroberer 1 EINLEITUNG Wilhelm der Eroberer (um 1027 bis 1087), erster normannischer König von England (1066-1087) Wilhelm wurde als illegitimer Sohn Herzog Roberts I.
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Robert Frost
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INTRODUCTION
Robert Frost
Usually set amid the natural beauty of rural New England, the concise, direct poetry of American poet Robert Frost
conveys a wide range of emotions.
Frost's Collected Poems (1930) won him his second Pulitzer Prize. And his next two collections— A Further Range (1936) and A Witness Tree (1942)—also won Pulitzers. He then wrote two plays in blank verse. The first, A Masque of Reason (1945), received lukewarm praise from critics. The second, A Masque of Mercy (1947), which is a modern treatment of Christian biblical figures, was more successful. Frost's final volumes of poetry were Steeple Bush (1947) and In the Clearing (1962). Th...
- John Winthrop: "A City Upon a Hill" In 1629 English attorney and Puritan John Winthrop was chosen by the Massachusetts Bay Company, an English trading firm, to govern its colony in New England.
- Magna Charta 1 EINLEITUNG Magna Charta (Magna Carta libertatum, Große Urkunde der Freiheiten), Vertrag, den König Johann von England am 15.
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Elizabeth I.
Catholic challenges and plots persisted through much of Elizabeth’s reign, and Elizabeth reacted to them strongly. In 1569 a group of powerful Catholic nobles innorthern England rose in rebellion but were savagely repressed. The northern earls were executed, their property and those of their followers was confiscated, and theirheirs were deprived of their inheritance. In 1570 the pope excommunicated Elizabeth, sanctioning Catholic efforts to dethrone her. In 1571 an international conspiracywas u...
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Elizabeth I .
Catholic challenges and plots persisted through much of Elizabeth’s reign, and Elizabeth reacted to them strongly. In 1569 a group of powerful Catholic nobles innorthern England rose in rebellion but were savagely repressed. The northern earls were executed, their property and those of their followers was confiscated, and theirheirs were deprived of their inheritance. In 1570 the pope excommunicated Elizabeth, sanctioning Catholic efforts to dethrone her. In 1571 an international conspiracywas u...
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Protestantism.
F England The Anglican Church became the established church in England when Henry VIII assumed (1534) the ecclesiastical authority over the English church that had previouslybeen exercised by the pope. Henry’s motive was to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragón rather than to reform church doctrine, and he imposed severe lawsupholding the major tenets of medieval Catholicism. Under King Edward VI and Queen Elizabeth, however, the Anglican Church developed a distinctly Protestant creedthat w...
- Bank of England
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United Kingdom - country.
B Natural Regions and Topography The island of Great Britain can be divided into two major natural regions—the highland zone and the lowland zone. The highland zone is an area of high hills andmountains in the north and west. The lowland zone in the south and east consists mostly of rolling plains. The zones are divided by an imaginary line running throughEngland from the River Exe on the southwest coast to the mouth of the River Tees on the northeast coast. The lowland zone has a milder climat...
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Vereinigtes Königreich Großbritannien und Nordirland - geographie.
Wild lebende Großsäugetiere sind Rothirsche und Rehe sowie die eingebürgerten Damhirsche, Sikahirsche, Wasserrehe und Muntjaks (die beiden letzteren in Südengland).Die früher heimischen Wölfe und Wildschweine wurden ausgerottet. In Exmoor, auf den Shetland-Inseln und im New Forest gibt es halbwilde Ponys. Insgesamt entsprichtdie Säugetierfauna Großbritanniens weitgehend derjenigen Mitteleuropas. Das Eichhörnchen wird durch das ausgesetzte nordamerikanische Grauhörnchen verdrängt. InSüdengland le...
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History of Colonial America - U.
Despite the lack of settlement, New France prospered as a vast fur-trading enterprise. French explorers traveled deep into the North American continent seeking newsupplies of deerskins and beaver pelts. In 1673 French missionary Jacques Marquette reached the Mississippi River in present-day Wisconsin. In 1681 explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, traveled down the majestic Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. He honored the reign of King Louis XIV (1643-1715) by creating the newcolony...
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Hundred Years' War.
knowledge of English tactics. Du Guesclin became Constable of France (head of the army) in 1370, and when he died in 1380, Clisson succeeded him. Charles also reorganized the French military, developing a full-time, professional army for the first time, and established a regular system of taxation to pay for it. Inaddition, France gained an important ally on the throne of the Spanish kingdom of Castile, Henry II, who had pledged support for Charles V. When the Caroline war began in 1369, the Eng...
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Hundred Years' War .
knowledge of English tactics. Du Guesclin became Constable of France (head of the army) in 1370, and when he died in 1380, Clisson succeeded him. Charles also reorganized the French military, developing a full-time, professional army for the first time, and established a regular system of taxation to pay for it. Inaddition, France gained an important ally on the throne of the Spanish kingdom of Castile, Henry II, who had pledged support for Charles V. When the Caroline war began in 1369, the Eng...
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Henry VIII.
that was completed by 1540. The crown then took possession of all their property, paying small pensions to the approximately 10,000 monks and nuns who weredeprived of their homes. In a reversal of roles, many towns were forced to assist the same people who had once provided charity to the less fortunate. To pay for hiscontinued wars, Henry sold the former monastic lands to nobles and gentry, who thereby gained an interest in the success of Henry’s reformation and becamedependent upon the king. T...
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Henry VIII .
that was completed by 1540. The crown then took possession of all their property, paying small pensions to the approximately 10,000 monks and nuns who weredeprived of their homes. In a reversal of roles, many towns were forced to assist the same people who had once provided charity to the less fortunate. To pay for hiscontinued wars, Henry sold the former monastic lands to nobles and gentry, who thereby gained an interest in the success of Henry’s reformation and becamedependent upon the king. T...
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Fußballweltmeisterschaft
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EINLEITUNG
Fußballweltmeisterschaft, internationales Fußballturnier der Nationalmannschaften, das alle vier Jahre ausgetragen wird.
Österreichs an das nationalsozialistische Deutschland wurde von höchster Stelle die Nominierung eines gemeinsamen Teams befohlen. Trainer dieser deutsch-österreichischen Mannschaft war Sepp Herberger, der nach dem Misserfolg bei den Olympischen Spielen 1936 in Berlin Otto Nerz abgelöst hatte. Herberger stand vor derAufgabe, aus zwei eingespielten Mannschaften ein neues Team zu formen. Das Experiment misslang, und Deutschland unterlag in einem Wiederholungsspiel gegen dieSchweiz mit 2:4, nachdem...
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Oliver Cromwell.
as well as to the abolition of the House of Lords. He was an active member of the High Court of Justice set up for the king’s trial and boldly signed the king’s deathwarrant. For Cromwell, Charles’s execution was a divine judgment against a tyrant. Following the king’s execution, the Commonwealth of England was formed, ruled bya Council of State that included members of the Rump Parliament. For the next two years Cromwell remained a soldier in service to the state. The new Commonwealth had power...
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civilisation britanique synthése complette
I – Church of England, Nation of England A) Becoming an Independent Nation •Henry VIII (1509 -47 ) •1533 , Act in Restraint of Appeals to Rome : ‘This realm of England is an Empire’ . •1534 , Act of Supremacy declared Henry ‘the only Supreme Head of the Church of England, called Anglicana Ecclesia [… ] Any usage, custom, foreign law, foreign authority, prescription, or any other thing or things to the con...
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Benjamin Franklin.
Copley Medal for distinguished contributions to experimental science. Franklin also exerted a great influence on education in Pennsylvania. In 1749 he wrote thepamphlet Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pennsylvania; its publication led to the establishment in 1751 of the Academy of Philadelphia, later to become the University of Pennsylvania. The curriculum he suggested departed considerably from the study of the Greek and Roman classics then in vogue. Instead itemphasized Engl...
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Benjamin Franklin - USA History.
Copley Medal for distinguished contributions to experimental science. Franklin also exerted a great influence on education in Pennsylvania. In 1749 he wrote thepamphlet Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pennsylvania; its publication led to the establishment in 1751 of the Academy of Philadelphia, later to become the University of Pennsylvania. The curriculum he suggested departed considerably from the study of the Greek and Roman classics then in vogue. Instead itemphasized Engl...
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American Music
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INTRODUCTION
American Music, the folk, popular, and classical music of the United States--created by American-born or American-trained composers, or originating in American
culture, or written primarily for American audiences.
The country's first permanent orchestra was the New York Philharmonic Society, founded in 1842. Among the first symphonic and operatic composers the mostprominent was William Henry Fry, who composed the first opera by an American ( Leonora, 1845). Fry is best remembered, however, for four symphonies written in the 1850s and 1860s. George F. Bristow wrote the first opera on an American theme; his Rip Van Winkle was performed in New York City in 1855. Town bands, a popular form of community mu...
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Englische Literatur (Sprache & Litteratur).
Haus der Fama) und The Parlement of Foules (Das Parlament der Vögel) ist der Einfluss französischer Autoren deutlich spürbar. Chaucer diente zahlreichen Autoren des 15. Jahrhunderts in England und Schottland als Vorbild, und wirkte auf zahlreiche Künstler der Folgezeit, namentlich auf William Caxton, John Lydgate, Robert Henryson,William Dunbar und Sir David Lyndsay. In der Nachfolge Chaucers steht auch Sir Thomas Malory, der seinerseits mit Le morte Darthur (um 1460 bis 1470, Der Tod Arth...
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Feudalism
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INTRODUCTION
Feudalism, contractual system of political and military relationships existing among members of the nobility in Western Europe during the High Middle Ages.
lord”; thus, it was not rebellion for a subvassal to fight against his lord’s lord. In England, however, William the Conqueror and his successors required their vassals’vassals to take oaths of fealty to them. B Duties of a Vassal Military service in the field was basic to feudalism, but it was far from all that the vassal owed to his lord. When the lord had a castle, he might require his vassals togarrison it, a service called castle-guard. The lord also expected his vassals to attend his cour...
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Gotik.
Form der Gotik gefunden. Weitere Beispiele deutscher Gotik sind das Straßburger Münster (begonnen 1236), der Kölner Dom (begonnen 1248), die Erfurter Barfüßerkirche(begonnen 1291), die Dominikanerkirche in Colmar (begonnen 1283) und das Münster in Freiburg im Breisgau (begonnen 1250), welches auf das Triforium verzichtete unddie Einturmfassade etablierte. Im nördlichen Europa setzte sich die so genannte Backsteingotik durch, die ihren Namen durch das dort verwendete Material erhielt. In Itali...
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Criminal Law.
for rehabilitative treatment for the offender. On the other hand, the goals of punishment may at times conflict. The retributive and deterrence theories call for theinfliction of unpleasant experiences upon the criminal, including harsh prison treatment; but the prison environment may not be conducive to, or may even defeat,rehabilitation. No one theory of punishment addresses all the goals of criminal law. A combination of theories and goals plays a part in the thinking of the legislators who e...
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Zweiter Weltkrieg - Geschichte.
Mit der Jahreswende 1936/37 begann eine neue Phase nationalsozialistischer Außenpolitik. Galt es bisher, die Isolierung zu überwinden, wurde nun die „Eroberung neuenLebensraumes” zum vordringlichen Ziel. Mit der Verkündung des Vierjahresplanes auf dem Reichsparteitag der NSDAP im November 1936, der eine nochmalige Steigerungder Rüstungsproduktion und eine zukünftige Unabhängigkeit des Reiches von Importen aus dem Ausland anstrebte, nahmen die Kriegsvorbereitungen konkrete Formen an.Nach dem Ansc...
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Zweiter Weltkrieg - Geschichte.
Mit der Jahreswende 1936/37 begann eine neue Phase nationalsozialistischer Außenpolitik. Galt es bisher, die Isolierung zu überwinden, wurde nun die „Eroberung neuenLebensraumes” zum vordringlichen Ziel. Mit der Verkündung des Vierjahresplanes auf dem Reichsparteitag der NSDAP im November 1936, der eine nochmalige Steigerungder Rüstungsproduktion und eine zukünftige Unabhängigkeit des Reiches von Importen aus dem Ausland anstrebte, nahmen die Kriegsvorbereitungen konkrete Formen an.Nach dem Ansc...
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Immigration.
1655, only to lose all of their North American colonies to the British in 1664. These early colonies were often quite cosmopolitan, drawing settlers from many nations.When the English seized New Amsterdam, the city was home to perhaps 1500 residents, including Walloons, Huguenots, Swedes, Dutchmen, and African Americans. C The French and Spanish The French and Spanish also established colonies in North America. The Spanish established the oldest permanent European settlement in Saint Augustine,...
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Immigration - U.
1655, only to lose all of their North American colonies to the British in 1664. These early colonies were often quite cosmopolitan, drawing settlers from many nations.When the English seized New Amsterdam, the city was home to perhaps 1500 residents, including Walloons, Huguenots, Swedes, Dutchmen, and African Americans. C The French and Spanish The French and Spanish also established colonies in North America. The Spanish established the oldest permanent European settlement in Saint Augustine,...
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Criminal Punishment.
In the United States and Canada, younger offenders may be sentenced to highly regimented, military-style correctional programs known as boot camps. Generally,offenders volunteer to participate in boot camp programs to avoid other types of incarceration. At boot camps, officials subject offenders to strict discipline and physicaltraining. They also provide educational or vocational programs. Boot camps serve as an alternative to traditional, long-term incarceration and attempt to train offenderst...
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Sailing.
the sails sweep across the decks of the vessel from one side to the other, and also because of the danger of breaking spars. In wild jibing, control can be lostmomentarily and, if the seas are high, a small boat can broach —that is, veer on its side with danger of swamping or capsizing. An unintentional jibe in a heavy wind frequently has enough force to break the masts of a vessel. When jibing intentionally, careful sailors always haul in on the boom while turning, so that the boom willtravel...
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Folk Art
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INTRODUCTION
Carved Native American Figure
This figure of a Native American trapper was carved from a single pine log (about 1850-1890).
that young Native American women were taught to weave by Ursuline nuns. The overall spirit of French-Canadian folk art is colorful, happy, and, at the same time,devout. B Anglo-Canadian Folk Art The English tradition in the Maritime provinces is strong in the decoration of utilitarian objects, in graining, marbling, and incising, and in ship carvings (both figureheadsand stern-board decorations). The emigration to Canada of many New Englanders during and after the American Revolution led to int...
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Capitalism.
Physiocracy is the term applied to a school of economic thought that suggested the existence of a natural order in economics, one that does not require direction from the state for people to be prosperous. The leader of the physiocrats, the economist François Quesnay, set forth the basic principles in his Tableau économique (1758), in which he traced the flow of money and goods through the economy. Simply put, this flow was seen to be both circular and self-sustaining. More important, however...
- Gilbert and George, England - photographie.
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Golf.
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INTRODUCTION
Golf, outdoor game in which individual players use specially designed
caddie or caddy. (Caddies, once an integral feature of the game, have now been replaced on many courses by motorized carts and pull carts.) In England the game was made popular by the attention given it by James VI of Scotland, later James I of England, and his son Charles I. In the 18th century the first golf associations were established. They included the Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers (founded 1744) in Edinburgh, Scotland;the Saint Andrews Society of Golfers (1754) in Saint Andrew...
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John Adams.
the British authorities. The royal governor, aware of Adams's ability and growing influence, offered him the post of advocate general in the admiralty court. Adams declined the appointment,recognizing it as a bribe to bring him over to the side of the British government. A3 Adams and the Boston Massacre Adams generally supported the popular resistance to the British government, but he did not condone violence or mob action. Adams was greatly disturbed by theBoston Massacre of 1770, an incident...
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John Adams
the British authorities. The royal governor, aware of Adams's ability and growing influence, offered him the post of advocate general in the admiralty court. Adams declined the appointment,recognizing it as a bribe to bring him over to the side of the British government. A3 Adams and the Boston Massacre Adams generally supported the popular resistance to the British government, but he did not condone violence or mob action. Adams was greatly disturbed by theBoston Massacre of 1770, an incident...
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John Adams - U.
the British authorities. The royal governor, aware of Adams's ability and growing influence, offered him the post of advocate general in the admiralty court. Adams declined the appointment,recognizing it as a bribe to bring him over to the side of the British government. A3 Adams and the Boston Massacre Adams generally supported the popular resistance to the British government, but he did not condone violence or mob action. Adams was greatly disturbed by theBoston Massacre of 1770, an incident...
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William Shakespeare
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INTRODUCTION
William Shakespeare (1564-1616), English playwright and poet, recognized in much of the world as the greatest of all dramatists.
Shakespeare’s reputation today is, however, based primarily on the 38 plays that he wrote, modified, or collaborated on. Records of Shakespeare’s plays begin toappear in 1594, when the theaters reopened with the passing of the plague that had closed them for 21 months. In December of 1594 his play The Comedy of Errors was performed in London during the Christmas revels at Gray’s Inn, one of the London law schools. In March of the following year he received payment for two playsthat had been per...