122 résultats pour "muslims"
-
Libanon - geographie.
4.1 Bildung und Schulwesen Die Analphabetenquote lag 1998 für Männer bei 9 Prozent, für Frauen bei 21 Prozent. Über 70 000 Studenten studieren an 20 Universitäten und Hochschulen, mehr als dieHälfte davon an der staatlichen Université Libanaise. Die anderen Universitäten sind in privater Hand. Die verbreitetsten Fremdsprachen sind Französisch und Englisch. 4.2 Kultureinrichtungen In Beirut bietet ein Goethe-Institut Veranstaltungen an. Mehrere Kulturdenkmäler im Libanon wurden in die Liste des...
-
Bahrain - country.
A Religion Almost all Bahrainis and the majority of nonnatives are followers of Islam (Muslims). About 70 percent of all native Bahrainis belong to the Shia branch of Islam, whilethe remainder, including the ruling al-Khalifa clan, are adherents of the Sunni branch. Non-Muslims, including Hindus, Buddhists, Christians, and Jews, account for 15percent of the total population. High unemployment among the Shia population has caused considerable discontent on the part of this group toward the Sunni...
-
Bulgaria - country.
E Climate Most of Bulgaria has a continental climate, with cold winters and hot summers. The climate in general is more severe than in other European areas of the samelatitudes, and the average annual temperature range is greater than that of neighboring countries. Severe droughts, frosts, winds, and hail storms frequently damagecrops. A Mediterranean climate, with dry summers and mild, humid winters, prevails in the valley of the southwestern Rhodope Mountains; the northern limit of theclimati...
- The population, composed of Serbs, Croats and Muslims, had to face, after the end of communism, a situation of conflict.
-
Indo-Pakistani Wars - History.
wrest Jammu and Kashmīr from India through the use of force. This effort failed as India held its ground, and the war ended in a stalemate after almost two months ofarmed conflict. Although the second war over the territory was shorter than the first, the increased firepower of the two nations resulted in a more deadly war, with atotal of about 6,800 battle casualties. A Events Before the War A number of factors precipitated the second conflict over Jammu and Kashm īr. In the wake of a border w...
-
Pakistan - geographie.
3.3 Religion Fast 100 Prozent der Bevölkerung bekennen sich zum Islam, rund 90 Prozent davon sind sunnitische, der Rest schiitische Muslime. Hindus und Christen bilden religiöseMinderheiten. Daneben gibt es Sikhs, Parsen und eine kleine Zahl Buddhisten. Die Verfassung definiert Pakistan als islamische Nation; seit den Verfassungsänderungen von1986 und 1991 ist die islamische Scharia oberste Rechtsquelle. Die Verfassung garantiert jedoch Glaubensfreiheit. 3.3. 1 Feiertage Weltliche Feiertage si...
-
Algeria - country.
areas to fishing. National parks, including the giant Tassili N’Ajjer National Park in the eastern corner of the country, comprise a large proportion of the protected area. The effects of Algeria’s human population on the fragile landscape have been severe. The greatest ecological threats are deforestation and burning of scrub vegetation,conversion of steppe habitat to arable land, and soil erosion due to overgrazing and poor farming practices. Pollution of Mediterranean coastal waters is pervas...
-
Vikings .
Wessex (England) and Charles II the Bald and Louis III in France could command their resources to move to fortify their towns, station fleets and naval patrols alongthe coasts, and organize localized and mobile military forces. Some Christian leaders paid ransom to the larger Viking armies of the 10th and early 11th centuries.Taxing their people to pay the “danegeld,” the tribute to the Vikings, became a regular defensive strategy. But in return for the cash, the Vikings often negotiatedpeaceful...
-
-
The Gambia - country.
The population of The Gambia (2008 estimate) is 1,735,464, making it one of the least populous countries of Africa. Still, the country has a fairly high overall populationdensity of 174 persons per sq km (449 per sq mi), and the population is increasing at a rate of 2.7 percent a year. Banjul, formerly called Bathurst, is the capital andonly seaport. The largest city is Serrekunda, a transportation hub and commercial center. B Religion and Language The great majority of the people of The Gambia...
-
Rap
I
INTRODUCTION
Jay-Z
Rapper Jay-Z rose to popularity with such albums as Vol.
Run-DMCTypically in rap music, vocalists recite rhyming lyrics in time to a beat that may be sampled from prerecorded music byother groups. Black youths developed rap music on the streets of inner cities in the United States during the 1970s, butthe style has expanded to include a wider variety of performers and audiences. The rap group Run-DMC, shown here, wasa powerful early influence in the genre. The group helped bring rap music into the mainstream when it released “WalkThis Way” (1986), a s...
-
Marokko - geographie.
Bevölkerung sprechen verschiedene Berberdialekte. Die verbreitetsten Dialekte sind: Tashilhayt, das im Hohen Atlas und dem Souss-Tal gesprochen wird, Tarifit, das in derEr Rif-Region verbreitet ist, und Tamazight, das im Mittleren Atlas zu hören ist. Der arabische Dialekt Hasaniya wird um Guelmim im Süden des Landes und auch in derWestsahara gesprochen. In den ehemaligen spanischen Küstengebieten um Tanger und Sidi Ifni ist Spanisch noch verbreitet. 3.2 Religion Der Islam ist die Staatsreligion...
-
Afghanistan - country.
D Climate Most of Afghanistan has a subarctic mountain climate with dry and cold winters, except for the lowlands, which have arid and semiarid climates. In the mountains and afew of the valleys bordering Pakistan, a fringe effect of the Indian monsoon, coming usually from the southeast, brings moist maritime tropical air in summer.Afghanistan has clearly defined seasons: Summers are hot and winters can be bitterly cold. Summer temperatures as high as 49°C (120°F) have been recorded in thenorth...
-
Georgia (country) - country.
1917. During the subsequent Soviet period, religious practice was strongly discouraged because the Soviet state was officially atheistic; however, the GeorgianOrthodox Church was allowed to function openly. Orthodox Christianity is the religion of about 58 percent of the Georgian population. Muslims represent about 19 percent of the country’s population, with ethnicAzerbaijanis, Kurds, and Ajars comprising the principal Muslim groups. Ajars are ethnic Georgians who converted to Islam in the 17th...
-
Uganda - country.
Uganda’s population is predominantly rural and is concentrated in the south, particularly in the crescent at the edge of Lake Victoria and in the southwest. Almost allUgandans are black Africans. Foreign residents make up less than 4 percent of the population and come mostly from neighboring states. In 2008 Uganda’s population was estimated at 31,367,972. The estimated growth rate of the population in 2008 was 3.6 percent. The birth rate was 48 per 1,000people and the death rate 12 per 1,000. Th...
-
Albania - country.
Joining the international community in its concern over the degradation of the environment, Albania is party to international agreements concerning biodiversity, climatechange, and wetlands. III THE PEOPLE OF ALBANIA In 2008 Albania’s population estimate was 3,619,778, resulting in an average density of 132 persons per sq km (342 per sq mi). More and more people have left ruralareas for urban ones, particularly in the northern districts, such that in 2005 some 45 percent of the population live...
-
Terrorism.
exploitation, ethnic discrimination, and religious persecution. Perceived inequities in the distribution of wealth and political power have led some terrorists to attempt tooverthrow democratically elected governments. To achieve a fairer society, they would replace these governments with socialist or communist regimes. Left-wingterrorist groups of the 1960s and 1970s with such aims included Germany’s Baader-Meinhof Gang, Italy’s Red Brigades, and the Weather Underground ( see Weathermen) in the...
-
-
Wars of Yugoslav Succession.
of Yugoslav succession was over. In January 1992 members of the European Community (EC; after 1993 the European Union, EU) recognized Slovenia’s independencealong with that of Croatia. The United States and other countries did so shortly thereafter. IV THE WAR IN CROATIA As the Yugoslav army withdrew from Slovenia in July 1991, a second and far more serious conflict erupted in Croatia. But the road to war in Croatia began more than ayear earlier. In April and May 1990 the Croatian Democratic U...
-
Wars of Yugoslav Succession .
of Yugoslav succession was over. In January 1992 members of the European Community (EC; after 1993 the European Union, EU) recognized Slovenia’s independencealong with that of Croatia. The United States and other countries did so shortly thereafter. IV THE WAR IN CROATIA As the Yugoslav army withdrew from Slovenia in July 1991, a second and far more serious conflict erupted in Croatia. But the road to war in Croatia began more than ayear earlier. In April and May 1990 the Croatian Democratic U...
-
Israel (country) - country.
harbor in the northern part of the country, and Ashdod, an artificial deepwater port to the south, serve as the main seaports on the Mediterranean. The port of Elat onthe Gulf of Aqaba provides Israel’s only access to the Red Sea, making it extremely important to the country’s shipping interests. D Natural Resources Although much of Israel’s desert regions contain poor soils, the northern Negev, the coastal plains, and the interior valleys provide patches of productive soils. Anestimated 18 per...
-
Indian Art and Architecture
I
INTRODUCTION
Art on the Indian Subcontinent
This map highlights places in India and Pakistan where prominent examples of Indian art and architecture have been
produced.
Sun Temple of KonarakThis 13th-century relief depicting a wheel of the chariot of Indian sun god Surya is situated in the Konarak temple. Thetemple, dedicated to Surya, is situated at Puri in the Gulf of Bengal.Keren Su/Corbis The arts of India expressed in architecture, sculpture, painting, jewelry, pottery, metalwork, and textiles, were spread throughout the Far East with the diffusion ofBuddhism and Hinduism and exercised a strong influence on the arts of China, Japan, Myanmar (formerly known...
-
Spanish Empire.
Spain’s royal government quickly imposed its own officials, first to collect taxes and then to administer the colony. Its goal was to assert royal control over both settlersand indigenous peoples. In Spain the government established a House of Trade to supervise colonial affairs and to oversee, license, and tax all trade and commerce. Asthe royal government asserted more authority over colonial activities, Columbus lost effective power, and was eventually replaced by other colonial governors. Wi...
-
Spanish Empire .
Spain’s royal government quickly imposed its own officials, first to collect taxes and then to administer the colony. Its goal was to assert royal control over both settlersand indigenous peoples. In Spain the government established a House of Trade to supervise colonial affairs and to oversee, license, and tax all trade and commerce. Asthe royal government asserted more authority over colonial activities, Columbus lost effective power, and was eventually replaced by other colonial governors. Wi...
-
Ash'ariyya and Mu'tazila
Wasil bin 'Ata' said that such a person was neither a believer nor an unbeliever, but occupied an intermediateposition. Hasan was displeased and remarked, 'He has withdrawn from us ( i'tazila 'anna )', at which Wasil withdrew from his circle and began to propagate his own teaching. The historicity of this story has been questioned on theground that there are several variants: according to one version the person who withdrew was Wasil's associate'Amr ibn 'Ubayd (d. AH 141/AD 761), and accor...
-
Slavery in Africa - history.
Arab Slave TradersThis 19th-century engraving depicts an Arab slave trading caravan transporting black African slaves across the Sahara. The trans-Saharan slave trade developed in the 7th and 8th centuries, as Muslim Arabs conquered most of North Africa. The trade grewsignificantly from the 10th to the 15th century and peaked in the mid-19th century.Archive Photos The spread of Islam from Arabia into Africa after the religion’s founding in the 7th century AD affected the practice of slavery and...
-
-
Slavery in Africa.
The spread of Islam from Arabia into Africa after the religion’s founding in the 7th century AD affected the practice of slavery and slave trading in West, Central, and East Africa. Arabs had practiced slave raiding and trading in Arabia for centuries prior to the founding of Islam, and slavery became a component of Islamic traditions.Both the Qur'an (Koran) (the sacred scripture of Islam) and Islamic religious law served to codify and justify the existence of slavery. As Muslim Arabs conquered...
-
Ethiopia - country.
constitute about 6 percent of the population. The Somali, who live in the east and southeast, notably in the Ogadēn region, are about equal in number to the Shangalla.The Denakil inhabit the semidesert plains east of the highlands. The nonindigenous population includes Yemenis, Indians, Armenians, and Greeks. B Political Divisions Ethiopia is divided into nine regions composed of specific ethnic groups. The regions, which have a significant degree of autonomy, are Tigray; Afar; Amhara; Oromia;S...
-
Griechenland - Geschichte.
In den Bergregionen gibt es noch die Großraubtiere Braunbär, Wolf, Luchs und Goldschakal, andere bemerkenswerte Raubtiere sind Wildkatze, Fischotter und der imNordosten des Landes vorkommende Tigeriltis; im Mittelmeer lebt die stark gefährdete Mönchsrobbe. Auf den griechischen Inseln (und ausgesetzt auf dem Festland) lebendie den Steinböcken ähnlichen Bezoarziegen; weitere Paarhufer sind Gämsen, Rothirsche, Rehe und Wildschweine. Zur reichen Avifauna (Vogelwelt) gehören u. a. vier Geierarten (Ba...
-
Griechenland - geographie.
In den Bergregionen gibt es noch die Großraubtiere Braunbär, Wolf, Luchs und Goldschakal, andere bemerkenswerte Raubtiere sind Wildkatze, Fischotter und der imNordosten des Landes vorkommende Tigeriltis; im Mittelmeer lebt die stark gefährdete Mönchsrobbe. Auf den griechischen Inseln (und ausgesetzt auf dem Festland) lebendie den Steinböcken ähnlichen Bezoarziegen; weitere Paarhufer sind Gämsen, Rothirsche, Rehe und Wildschweine. Zur reichen Avifauna (Vogelwelt) gehören u. a. vier Geierarten (Ba...
-
HALLAJ
jusqu'au troisième en passant par les vizirats de Khâqânî, d' Alî-b-'Isa, et de Hâmid. Tous ces hommes d'État nous sont bien connus par les annales et •les mémoires du temps et le cas Hallâj projette une lumière centrale sur bien des consciences, à la cour : à commencer par ses défenseurs, la reine mère Shaghab, et le chambellan Nasr, deux Grecs d'origine. Les novissima verba du condamné lors du supplice sont encore plus significatifs, e...
-
Iran Facts and Figures.
Shiite Muslim 93 percent Sunni Muslim 6 percent Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and Baha'i 1 percent HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancy Total 70.9 years (2008 estimate) Female 72.4 years (2008 estimate) Male 69.4 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 37 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 2,223 people (2004) Population per hospital bed 625 people (2001) Literacy rateTotal 81.3 percent (2005 estimate) Female 75.2 percent (2005 estimate...
-
Andorra - country.
For 715 years Andorra was ruled jointly by Spanish and French co-princes—respectively the Bishop of Urgel and, in modern times, the president of France. Under thisarrangement, which granted Andorra a limited form of autonomy, responsibility for domestic affairs was delegated to an elected general counsel ( Consell General de las Valls ). Judicial matters, foreign affairs, and defense remained under the control of the co-princes. In March 1993 Andorrans voted to end this semifeudal system ( see...
-
Jakarta - geography.
voluntary movement of families to Indonesia's less populated islands). Jakarta is a magnet for migrants from other areas of Indonesia; during the late 1980s an estimated 250 migrants arrived daily. Most were between the ages of 15 and39 years, many with six years of education or less. There is also a significant number of commuters and seasonal migrants who work in government, manufacturing,and services. In addition, many of these temporary residents are engaged in informal employment as drivers...
-
-
Suriname (country) - country.
Tongo, a Creole language. Also known as Taki-Taki, Sranang Tongo includes elements of several languages and is the vehicle for most interethnic communication. Otherlanguages spoken in Suriname include Hindi, Javanese, Chinese, English, and French. Small numbers of Native Americans still speak indigenous languages. The main religions in Suriname are Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism. The majority of Christians are Roman Catholics, and members of the Moravian Church predominateamong Protestants. E...
-
Burkina Faso - country.
powers to promote the welfare of the people. The Lobi live in the southwest as farmers and hunters. Defiant of newcomers, they live in small terraced fortifications. The Bobo are chiefly farmers, artisans, and metalworkers living in large villages in the west-central part of the country. The Gourounsi are mainly artisans and farmers in the south-central areas. Their society is lesshighly structured than that of the other Voltaic groups. Christianity has made substantial inroads among them. The M...
-
Madrid - geography.
stores and offices on the first one or two levels. While many people rent their apartments, most own them and participate in cooperatives that maintain the building.Because living spaces are small by American standards, madrileños do most of their socializing in the streets, bars, restaurants, and parks of their neighborhoods. Onlya few very wealthy areas north of the city have single family houses with gardens and yards similar to those in American suburbs. Many of the newest neighborhoodsare c...
-
Serbia - country.
Minority groups speak their own languages, such as Albanian and Hungarian. Bosniaks generally speak Bosnian and write it with the Latin alphabet. Serbs are by tradition Orthodox Christians. The Roman Catholic and Protestant churches also have adherents in Serbia. Most of the ethnic Albanians of Kosovo areSunni Muslims ( see Sunni Islam), as are the Bosniaks of the Sandžak region. Bosniaks are descendants of Slavs who converted to Islam in the 15th and 16th centuries. B Education The leading in...
-
Geographic Exploration.
The commercial reason for exploration has been a consistent driving force. In 1492 the great navigator Christopher Columbus sailed west across the Atlantic Oceanseeking a new, shorter, and cheaper route to reach the riches of East Asia, and Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama circumnavigated Africa for much the same reason.Yet similar investigations of the profitable eastern trade had already been made by Arab sailors. Arab trading ships were sailing from the Arabian Sea to southeasternAsia probab...
-
Geographic Exploration - explorer.
The commercial reason for exploration has been a consistent driving force. In 1492 the great navigator Christopher Columbus sailed west across the Atlantic Oceanseeking a new, shorter, and cheaper route to reach the riches of East Asia, and Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama circumnavigated Africa for much the same reason.Yet similar investigations of the profitable eastern trade had already been made by Arab sailors. Arab trading ships were sailing from the Arabian Sea to southeasternAsia probab...
-
Iran - geographie.
persische Sprache) und wird mit den Zeichen des arabischen Alphabets geschrieben ( siehe arabische Sprache). Es gibt viele Lehnwörter aus dem Arabischen. Zu den verbreitetsten Minderheitensprachen gehören Turkmenisch, Aserbaidschanisch, Kurdisch, Luri und Arabisch. 3.3 Religion Offizielle Religion ist der schiitische Zweig des Islam, dem mehr als 91 Prozent der Bevölkerung angehören. Einige der wichtigsten heiligen Stätten der Schiiten liegen imIran. Dazu gehört die Stadt Qum, ein bekannter Wa...
-
Philippinen - geographie.
Einwohner leben in Städten (2005). Das Bevölkerungswachstum beläuft sich auf 1,9 Prozent pro Jahr (2008). 3.1 Wichtige Städte Größte Stadt der Philippinen ist die Hauptstadt Manila mit etwa 10,4 Millionen Einwohnern (2003) in der Agglomeration. Die Stadt verfügt über den wichtigsten Hafen undist bedeutendster Produktionsstandort des Landes. Weitere wichtige Städte sind Quezon City (2,39 Millionen), das von 1948 bis 1976 die Hauptstadt des Landes war, Davao(1,40 Millionen), Cebu (662 000) und Za...
-
- Mohammed Ali Jinnah - biography.
-
Ramadan.
clothes. Friends, relatives, and neighbors meet in mosques and on streets, or visit one another, exchanging congratulations and embracing each other. Contributed By:Ismail K. PoonawalaMicrosoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
-
India - country.
delta in the north, are intensely farmed. B Rivers and Lakes The rivers of India can be divided into three groups: the great Himalayan rivers of the north, the westward-flowing rivers of central India, and the eastward-flowingrivers of the Deccan Plateau and the rest of peninsular India. Only small portions of India’s rivers are navigable because of silting and the wide seasonal variation inwater flow (due to the monsoon climate). Water transport is thus of little importance in India. Barrages,...
-
Afghanistan Facts and Figures.
Shia Muslim 15 percent Other 1 percent HEALTH AND EDUCATIONLife expectancy Total 44.2 years (2008 estimate) Female 44.4 years (2008 estimate) Male 44 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 155 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate) Population per physician 5,381 people (2004) Population per hospital bed 2,500 people (2001) Literacy rateTotal 36.3 percent (2000) Female 20.8 percent (2000) Male 51 percent (2000) Education expenditure as a share of gross national...
-
Spain - country.
B Natural Resources Spain has a number of mineral resources. The largest known deposits are of iron ore, zinc, and lead. Spain also produces significant quantities of copper and mercury.These deposits are mined mainly in Huelva province in southwestern Spain, around Cartagena on the Mediterranean, and at various points along the Bay of Biscay inthe north. Additionally, uranium is mined in the region of Extremadura, near the Portuguese frontier, where pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, tungsten, and po...
-
Turkey - country.
has a general elevation of 900 to 1,500 m (3,000 to 5,000 ft) above sea level. The eastern highlands region is the most mountainous and rugged portion of Turkey; Mount Ararat (Ağrı Da ğı) is the highest peak in the country at 5,165 m (16,945ft). Many Christians and Jews believe it to be the same Mount Ararat mentioned in the Bible as the place where Noah’s ark came to rest. The eastern highlands are thesource for both the Tigris (Dicle) and Euphrates (Fir āt)—two of southwestern Asia’s principal...
-
Asia - Geography.
Borneo, the world’s third largest island after Greenland and New Guinea. To the southeast is the Timor Sea separating the Asian island of Timor from the Australiancontinent. The Indian subcontinent is flanked by the Bay of Bengal on the east and the Arabian Sea on the west. The island of Sri Lanka and the much smaller Maldives andNicobar Islands trail away to the south. The Arabian Sea’s Gulf of Aden, the Red Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Black Sea form an arc along the western rim of Asia...
-
Asia - History.
Borneo, the world’s third largest island after Greenland and New Guinea. To the southeast is the Timor Sea separating the Asian island of Timor from the Australiancontinent. The Indian subcontinent is flanked by the Bay of Bengal on the east and the Arabian Sea on the west. The island of Sri Lanka and the much smaller Maldives andNicobar Islands trail away to the south. The Arabian Sea’s Gulf of Aden, the Red Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Black Sea form an arc along the western rim of Asia...
-
-
Indian Literature
I
INTRODUCTION
Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things
Indian author Arundhati Roy poses with a copy of her acclaimed first novel, The God of Small Things (1997).
Mathura BuddhaMany of the earliest texts of Indian literature were religious writings of Buddhism. This Buddha figure carved out ofsandstone is from Mathura, a city in northern India that was at the center of Buddhist sculptural activity from the 2ndcentury bc to the 6th century ad.Angelo Hornak/Corbis The sacred Vedas were composed in Old Sanskrit by Aryan poet-seers between about 1500 BC and about 1000 BC. The Vedas are compilations of two major literary forms: hymns of praise to nature deit...
-
Egypt - country.
Egypt has a wide variety of mineral deposits, some of which, such as gold and red granite, have been exploited since ancient times. The chief mineral resource ofcontemporary value is petroleum, found mainly in the Red Sea coastal region, at Al ‘Alamayn (El ‘Alamein) on the Mediterranean, and on the Sinai Peninsula. Otherminerals include phosphates, manganese, iron ore, and uranium. Natural gas is also extracted. D Plants and Animals The vegetation of Egypt is confined largely to the Nile Delta,...