999 résultats pour "institué"

• Autriche.

  Länder doivent faire appliquer les lois fédérales en matière d’élections, de communications et d’assistance publique ; ils gèrent aussi toutes les affaires d’intérêt local qui nesont pas du ressort de l’État. Les districts (Bezirkshauptmannschaften) et les communes sont subordonnés aux Länder. Vienne, capitale et principale ville, a une population (2004) de 1 626 440 habitants. Parmi les autres villes d’importance, on rencontre Graz, centre d’industrie lourde, avecune population de 244 604 ha...

• La Cohabitation Entre Le Président Et Le Congrès Aux Etats-Unis

  Enfin, d’autres messages peuvent être transmis par le président notamment par l’intermédiaire d’un rapport économique adressé tousles semestres au Congrès et à travers lequel le président peut recommander de prendre des mesures adéquates à une anomalie. Ces moyens du président sont complétés par une autre façon d’exercer son pouvoir de législateur qui est, sans contredit, le pouvoir d’apposer son veto à toute la législation passée par le Congrès. 2- Le droit de veto...

• Montréal 1 PRÉSENTATION Montréal, ville du sud-est du Canada située sur le fleuve Saint-Laurent, dans le sud de la province du Québec, à environ 50 km de la frontière avec la Nouvelle-Angleterre aux États-Unis.

  Mercier/Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, Anjou et Rivière-des-Prairies/Pointe-aux-Trembles/Montréal-Est. Selon ce découpage géographique artificiel de l’île de Montréal, Ville-Marie et le plateau Mont-Royal occupent également ce secteur Est-de-l’Île. 4 ARTS ET CULTURE 4.1 Musées et institutions culturelles Parmi les principaux musées de la ville de Montréal figurent le musée des Beaux-Arts (le plus ancien musée canadien, fondé en 1860 sous le nom anglais d’Art Associationof Montreal), le musée d'Art con...

• relations internationales introduction

  2) L’état n’est pas la seule forme d’organisation politique possible. Ex : Les empires précoloniaux en Afrique L’Empire du Darfour est un empire indépendant, il n’a été conquis qu’en 1916 par les britanniques. Ex : Les sociétés sans Etat Les sociétés des « Indiens guayaki » par Pierre Clastres. Ouvrage : La société contre l’état « Les société n’ont pas besoin nécessairement d’un Etat »  Clastres. Il a montré que chez ces indiens le chef s’impose non par la force mais par...

• Grèce.

  La population du pays est grecque à environ 93 % ; les principales minorités sont les Turcs (en Thrace en particulier), les Albanais et les Arméniens. La Grèce a longtempsété un pays à forte émigration, et une importante diaspora grecque s’est constituée dans le monde entier (estimée à 4,3 millions de personnes), en particulier en Australie,en Amérique du Nord (États-Unis et Canada) et en Allemagne. Le pays est aujourd’hui confronté à l’arrivée d’immigrés d’Asie du Sud-Est et d’Europe centrale,...

• Belgique.

  de vie (79 années) sont caractéristiques d’un pays industrialisé avec des infrastructures et des soins médicaux développés et modernes. Les Flamands d’origine germanique et les Wallons d’origine celtique sont les deux groupes majoritaires au sein de la population. La distinction s’opère également d’un pointde vue linguistique ; le premier groupe parle le néerlandais et des dialectes qui en sont issus, tandis que les Wallons parlent le français et des dialectes picards et wallons.La moitié nord d...

• APOLLINAIRE Guillaume : sa vie et son oeuvre

  judéité) et au brassage cosmopolite de l'Europe. Elle lui confère l'étonnement devant la langue française néces­ saire à sa poésie, l'attention de l'oreille aux possibilités combinatoires du signifiant, une sensualité gourmande devant la variété des vocables et les trésors du diction­ naire, le goût de surprendre et de se surprendre. Enfin, l'impécuniosité d'Apo llinai re l'excluait d'em­ blée du monde des nantis et des héritiers de l'institution littérair...

• Espagne.

  1,5 million en 2006, Marocains, Roumains). L’Espagne est divisée en 50 provinces. Celles-ci sont réunies en 17 communautés autonomes : Andalousie, Aragon, Asturies, Baléares, Pays Basque, Canaries, Cantabrie,Castille-La Manche, Castille et León, Catalogne, Estrémadure, Galice, La Rioja, Madrid, Murcie, Navarre et Valence. Trois d’entre elles bénéficient d’un statut de « grandeautonomie » : la Catalogne, la Galice et le Pays Basque. Les quatre régions les plus peuplées, en 2007, étaient l’Andalou...

• Article de presse: François Mitterrand ou la victoire de la persévérance

  Le paradoxe est pourtant que, sans avoir jamais été un " homme de parti ", encore moins un " homme d'appareil ", FrançoisMitterrand a tiré sa force de sa réussite à la tête d'un parti et d'un appareil qu'il a, plus que tout autre, contribué à rebâtir. Jusqu'alors, il était même un homme " sans parti ". Seul l'appui d'un certain nombre de clubs (qui donneront naissance à laconvention des institutions républicaines) lui permit de lancer, le 9 septembre 1965, sa première candidature élyséenne. L...

• Athènes

  vingtaine de villages attiques. Athènes en constituait le centre économique et administratif. 9 Comme dans la plupart des cités grecques, le régime évolua graduellement vers un pouvoir aristocratique avant que le peuple puisse se faire entendre. Des réformes, instituées par Dracon, puis par Solon, un sage, et enfin par Clisthène, préparèrent en un siècle et demi (environ 650-500 av. J.-C.) l'avènement de la démocratie athénienne. Là, des facteurs extérieurs sont venus donner un coup de pouce. La...

• Checks and Balances.

  no political interest has enough power to prevail over the others. In 1997 and early 1998, for example, the Senate refused to take action on many of President BillClinton’s appointments of new federal court judges. Although the Senate’s power to approve or reject federal court nominees is one of the key checks on presidentialauthority, the dispute between Clinton and the Senate meant that there were not enough federal judges to handle the court’s workload. But the system of checks andbalance was...

• Bangkok - geography.

  the decline of the canal system that once so distinguished the city, Bangkok's famous floating market has had to move from the city to the western suburbs. Themarket features vendors selling their wares from boats in the early-morning hours. Since the 1960s, high-rise buildings have been erected all over the city. Typical housing in the core of the city now consists of apartments on the second through fourthfloors of a shophouse; the building’s only recreational space is the rooftop. In the subu...

• Proche-Orient.

  en favorisant leur intégration (aussi appelé « mondialisation »), et leur libéralisation, même si celle-ci semble plus imposée par les contraintes économiques que librementdécidée. 5 HISTOIRE 5.1 Période ancienne Depuis l'Antiquité, les envahisseurs et les marchands ont parcouru la région du Proche-Orient à la recherche de nourriture, de matières premières, de marchandises, ou depouvoir politique. Les idées, les inventions et les institutions se sont répandues à partir de cette région, lui val...

• Proche-Orient.

  en favorisant leur intégration (aussi appelé « mondialisation »), et leur libéralisation, même si celle-ci semble plus imposée par les contraintes économiques que librementdécidée. 5 HISTOIRE 5.1 Période ancienne Depuis l'Antiquité, les envahisseurs et les marchands ont parcouru la région du Proche-Orient à la recherche de nourriture, de matières premières, de marchandises, ou depouvoir politique. Les idées, les inventions et les institutions se sont répandues à partir de cette région, lui val...

• Napoleon I I INTRODUCTION Napoleon I (1769-1821), emperor of the French, whose imperial dictatorship ended the French Revolution (1789-1799) while consolidating the reforms it had brought about.

  until after Napoleon’s fall did the common people of Europe, alienated from his governments by war taxes and military conscription, fully appreciate the benefits he hadgiven them. VI NAPOLEON’S DOWNFALL In 1812 Napoleon, whose alliance with Alexander I had disintegrated, launched an invasion of Russia that ended in a disastrous retreat from Moscow. Thereafter allEurope united against him, and although he fought on, and brilliantly, the odds were impossible. In April 1814, his marshals refused...

• Napoleon I.

  until after Napoleon’s fall did the common people of Europe, alienated from his governments by war taxes and military conscription, fully appreciate the benefits he hadgiven them. VI NAPOLEON’S DOWNFALL In 1812 Napoleon, whose alliance with Alexander I had disintegrated, launched an invasion of Russia that ended in a disastrous retreat from Moscow. Thereafter allEurope united against him, and although he fought on, and brilliantly, the odds were impossible. In April 1814, his marshals refused...

• Napoleon I .

  until after Napoleon’s fall did the common people of Europe, alienated from his governments by war taxes and military conscription, fully appreciate the benefits he hadgiven them. VI NAPOLEON’S DOWNFALL In 1812 Napoleon, whose alliance with Alexander I had disintegrated, launched an invasion of Russia that ended in a disastrous retreat from Moscow. Thereafter allEurope united against him, and although he fought on, and brilliantly, the odds were impossible. In April 1814, his marshals refused...

• Berlin.

  cours de la Nuit de cristal (novembre 1938). Ce quartier est également célèbre pour ses galeries d'art, ses cafés, ses bars et ses ateliers d'artistes. À proximité du lac de Wannsee s'étendent les quartiers résidentiels et bourgeois (Zehlendorf, Charlottenburg, Grünewald), tandis que les quartiers industriels et ouvriers selocalisent au nord (Siemensstadt et Reinickendorf) et au sud de la ville (Marienfelde, Rüdow). Situé à proximité de l'ancien mur, le quartier ouvrier de Kreuzberg accueilledep...

• campagnes, histoire des 1 PRÉSENTATION campagnes, histoire des, histoire de l'espace rural, par opposition à l'histoire des villes.

  seigneurie apparaît comme le pouvoir local par excellence, mettant en place le système de la vassalité. Le seigneur capte le banum, ou ban, pouvoir royal à l’origine ; il exerce également la justice et peut donc condamner ou arbitrer des conflits ; il prélève des taxes diverses sur le commerce et met en valeur la réserve seigneuriale enpartie grâce à de multiples corvées (charroi, labours) ; il perçoit les banalités qui découlent du monopole qu’il détient sur certaines activités (moulin, four,...

• Denver - geography.

  Denver is the center of professional sports in the Rocky Mountain region. Major league teams are the Denver Broncos (football), Colorado Rockies (baseball), DenverNuggets (basketball), and Colorado Avalanche (ice hockey). Coors Field (opened in 1995) is the home of the Colorado Rockies. The Broncos began play at the newlyconstructed Invesco Field at Mile High in 2001, and the Nuggets and Avalanche play at the Pepsi Center. The National Western Stock Show and Rodeo, one of thelargest such shows i...

• Dallas (Texas) - geography.

  VI RECREATION Dallas contains more than 400 parks that cover a total of about 20,000 hectares (about 50,000 acres). Notable parks include Marsalis Park, which contains the DallasZoo, and the parks surrounding White Rock Lake, Bachman Lake, and Lake Cliff. City-owned greenbelts parallel White Rock Creek, Turtle Creek, and the Trinity River.Fair Park contains a number of museums, the city aquarium, and the Cotton Bowl stadium (the site of the annual Cotton Bowl college football game), as well as...

• Amérique centrale.

  nombreux reptiles, comme le boa constricteur. Les perroquets, le quetzal et les toucans sont communs et il existe de nombreuses espèces de poissons ; des requinsfréquentent les eaux du lac de Nicaragua. 2.7 Ressources minérales Les minéraux de l’Amérique centrale attirèrent très tôt les colons européens. Il existe des gisements d’or et d’argent au Honduras et dans les régions montagneuses duNicaragua. En outre, le Honduras compte de nombreux gisements de plomb, de zinc, de cuivre et de minerai...

• Election.

  majority systems usually reduce the number of competitive political parties—for example, the mostly two-party system in the United States. Proportional representation systems boost participation by increasing the value of a vote to smaller or more marginal portions of a national population. In the UnitedStates, plurality or majority systems have reduced the incentive to vote of citizens who do not identify closely with the Democratic or Republican Party. Disillusionmentwith the major parties and...

• Benin - country.

  French is the official language of Benin, but most people speak an African language. Each of the country’s ethnic groups has its own language. Fon is the most widelyspoken language. About 52 percent of the population professes traditional religious beliefs, chiefly Vodun, a belief in spirits. Arab merchants introduced Islam to the region, and today it isthe religion of some 20 percent of the people, most of whom live in the north. Christianity, especially Roman Catholicism, is the religion of ab...

• Henry VIII I INTRODUCTION Henry VIII (1491-1547), king of England (1509-1547), the image of the Renaissance king as immortalized by German artist Hans Holbein, who painted him hands on hips, legs astride, exuding confidence and power.

  that was completed by 1540. The crown then took possession of all their property, paying small pensions to the approximately 10,000 monks and nuns who weredeprived of their homes. In a reversal of roles, many towns were forced to assist the same people who had once provided charity to the less fortunate. To pay for hiscontinued wars, Henry sold the former monastic lands to nobles and gentry, who thereby gained an interest in the success of Henry’s reformation and becamedependent upon the king. T...

• Henry VIII.

  that was completed by 1540. The crown then took possession of all their property, paying small pensions to the approximately 10,000 monks and nuns who weredeprived of their homes. In a reversal of roles, many towns were forced to assist the same people who had once provided charity to the less fortunate. To pay for hiscontinued wars, Henry sold the former monastic lands to nobles and gentry, who thereby gained an interest in the success of Henry’s reformation and becamedependent upon the king. T...

• Henry VIII .

  that was completed by 1540. The crown then took possession of all their property, paying small pensions to the approximately 10,000 monks and nuns who weredeprived of their homes. In a reversal of roles, many towns were forced to assist the same people who had once provided charity to the less fortunate. To pay for hiscontinued wars, Henry sold the former monastic lands to nobles and gentry, who thereby gained an interest in the success of Henry’s reformation and becamedependent upon the king. T...

• Jamaica - country.

  majority, the Church of God, Baptists, Anglicans, Seventh-day Adventists, Pentecostalists, and Roman Catholics predominate. Several well-established Jewish, Muslim,and Hindu communities exist. A number of popular sects, such as Pocomania and Rastafarianism, are a significant and famous feature of the national religious life. C Education School attendance by children between the ages of 6 and 11 is nearly universal, and 84 percent of all 12- to 18-year-olds attend secondary institutions. In 2000...

• Vikings .

  Wessex (England) and Charles II the Bald and Louis III in France could command their resources to move to fortify their towns, station fleets and naval patrols alongthe coasts, and organize localized and mobile military forces. Some Christian leaders paid ransom to the larger Viking armies of the 10th and early 11th centuries.Taxing their people to pay the “danegeld,” the tribute to the Vikings, became a regular defensive strategy. But in return for the cash, the Vikings often negotiatedpeaceful...

• Child Abuse.

  C Social Isolation and Low Community Involvement Parents and caretakers who abuse children tend to be socially isolated. Few violent parents belong to any community organizations, and most have little contact withfriends or relatives. This lack of social involvement deprives abusive parents of support systems that would help them deal better with social or family stress. Moreover,the lack of community contacts makes these parents less likely to change their behavior to conform with community va...

• Barbados - country.

  Barbados is served by a public library system centered in Bridgetown. B Culture The culture of Barbados combines English institutions, which evolved through more than three centuries of English rule, with a folk culture of African origin. Because ofits English traditions, Barbados is sometimes called “Little England.” Cricket has traditionally been the national game, and the island has produced some of the sport’sgreatest players. Water sports including surfing, swimming, snorkeling, and sailin...

• Federal Reserve System.

  and their powers were also expanded. For example, discount rates now had to be approved periodically by the board. Sales and purchases of governmentsecurities—the open-market operation that previously had been managed solely at the discretion of the presidents of the reserve banks—were centralized in the FederalOpen Market Committee (FOMC), consisting of the seven governors, the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and four other reserve bank presidentsserving on a rotating basis....

• La démocratie libérale : principes, institutions, vie politique.

  -······ ················ ·········· ···· .. ········ ··· ············ · .. ............................... ........................ ..... .. • Une démocratie libérale obéit à des principes fondamentaux en matière d'institutions et de vie politique. Les exemples de démocraties libérales dans le monde montrent que cette forme de régime politique et social correspond à une aire géographique et à un système économique : les pays occidentaux développés à...

• Guyana - country.

  European patterns of living. People of mixed African and European ancestry form a distinct group in Guyana, maintaining closer social ties to the European communitythan to the African Guyanese community. Asians from the Indian subcontinent began to arrive in the 19th century, following the abolition of slavery in Guyana, to work as indentured and contract laborers. Theycontinued to arrive until 1917, when Britain outlawed indentured servitude. Thousands of Indians chose to remain in Guyana after...

• Tunisia - country.

  mixture of Berber and Arab stock, and they regard themselves as Arabs. Nearly everyone speaks Arabic. The population of Tunisia is concentrated in the coastal plain. It is fairly dense in the hilly north, but the arid plateau, basin, and south are thinly settled. About two-thirds of the country’s people live in urban areas. A Principal Cities The capital and largest city of Tunisia is the seaport of Tunis. Other important cities include Sfax, a port and center of trade on the eastern coast; Sūs...

• Jordan (country) - country.

  whom belong to the Greek Orthodox Church, make up about 4 percent of the population. Islam is the state religion and Arabic the official language. C Education Jordan has made significant strides in education in recent decades, despite the influx of hundreds of thousands of refugees and the very large share of the nationalbudget assigned to the armed forces. Public education is free and compulsory between the ages of 6 and 15. At the secondary level, about 85 percent of the malechildren and 87 p...

• Millennium.

  Postmillennialism, also referred to as progressive millennialism, interprets the Bible less literally than premillennialism does. Postmillennialists regard the millennium as a1,000-year reign of Christian ideals that will end with the return of Christ. In this view, the millennium will not start suddenly through an apocalypse, but graduallythrough the efforts of human beings. Postmillennialists believe that through social reform and by upholding Christian ideals, the kingdom of God will be built...

• Athens (Greece) - geography.

  At the heart of the modern city is Syntagma (Constitution) Square, located east of the Acropolis. The square is bordered by the national Parliament Building, originally aroyal palace completed in 1842 for King Otto I. Nearby is the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, which features a daily changing of the guard. Several of the city’s principalhotels as well the offices of major banks and airline companies also face the square. Behind the Parliament Building is the National Gardens, a public park that i...

• Lithuania - country.

  pollution. III PEOPLE Ethnic Lithuanians constitute about 80 percent of the country’s population. The proportion of Lithuanians increased slightly in the first years after the dissolution of theSoviet Union—many Lithuanians returned to their homeland from that country and abroad while some Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians left the country. Russiansand Poles constitute the country’s largest minority groups, each accounting for roughly 7 percent of the population. Jews were the largest mino...

• United States (Overview) - country.

  parts. IV UNITED STATES PEOPLE When Europeans first reached North America in the 1520s, they encountered other people—Native Americans—and they also encountered a new geography. Someimagined they were entering “a howling wilderness”—an environment filled with exotic flora and fauna but sparsely populated. In reality, they found their way to alandmass that was widely settled. But soon after the Europeans’ arrival, the population of the Americas plummeted, largely because Native Americans lacked...

• Louis XIV I INTRODUCTION Louis XIV (1638-1715), king of France (1643-1715), known as the Sun King.

  he could defend against attack from his enemies. In the first instance, Louis worked to tighten central control over the array of departments, regions, and duchies that together made up France. To this end, he revivedthe use of regional intendants, officials who were sent to the provinces with instructions to establish order and effective royal justice. Although agents of the centralgovernment, intendants worked closely with the local nobility and legal institutions to establish efficient admini...

• Louis XIV.

  he could defend against attack from his enemies. In the first instance, Louis worked to tighten central control over the array of departments, regions, and duchies that together made up France. To this end, he revivedthe use of regional intendants, officials who were sent to the provinces with instructions to establish order and effective royal justice. Although agents of the centralgovernment, intendants worked closely with the local nobility and legal institutions to establish efficient admini...

• Ronald Reagan.

  deposed shah of Iran to enter the United States for medical treatment, a group of Iranian revolutionaries stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehrān and held 53 Americansas hostages. United States media publicized the plight of the hostages and Carter’s failure to win their release. They were eventually released in January 1981, on theday of Reagan’s inauguration. The contrast between the television personalities of the two candidates was also very important. Carter’s stiff, nervous manner had never bee...

• Ronald Reagan - USA History.

  deposed shah of Iran to enter the United States for medical treatment, a group of Iranian revolutionaries stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehrān and held 53 Americansas hostages. United States media publicized the plight of the hostages and Carter’s failure to win their release. They were eventually released in January 1981, on theday of Reagan’s inauguration. The contrast between the television personalities of the two candidates was also very important. Carter’s stiff, nervous manner had never bee...

• Han Dynasty - History.

  However, these reforms faced serious opposition. The feudal barons formed an alliance and rebelled against Wang Mang. They were joined by members of the Liufamily, who were descended from Jingdi (Ching-ti), a former Han emperor, and a civil war followed. As the empire fell into disorder, militant secret societies formedarmed bands and attacked villages and towns. Wang Mang had believed that proper institutions would eventually bring peace to China, but in AD 23, an army led by the Liu clan brea...

• Belarus - country.

  In the last complete census conducted in the Soviet Union in 1989, the population of Belarus was 10,151,806; a 2008 estimate was 9,685,768, giving the country apopulation density of 47 persons per sq km (121 per sq mi). The most notable demographic trend since the 1950s has been the steady migration of the population fromthe villages to urban centers, and the correspondent aging of the population remaining in the rural areas. In 1959 urban residents accounted for 31 percent of thepopulation; in...

• New Orleans - geography.

  D Metropolitan Region The New Orleans metropolitan region covers 8,800 sq km (3,400 sq mi) and includes the counties—known in Louisiana as parishes— of Orleans, Jefferson, Saint Bernard, Saint Charles, Saint John the Baptist, Saint Tammany, Saint James, and Plaquemines. At the center is the city of New Orleans, which is coextensive withOrleans Parish. It has a land area of 468 sq km (181 sq mi). Extending from this base are numerous suburban towns in the surrounding parishes. Metairie, Harahan...

• Denmark - country.

  forests, which cover just 11.6 percent of the country, include conifers (mainly fir, spruce, larch, and pine), beech, oak, birch, and ash. Several varieties of ferns andmosses common to the northern European mainland are also found. Wild animals are scarce. Natural animal life is limited to deer and small animals such as foxes,squirrels, hares, wild ducks, pheasants, and partridges. Numerous species of freshwater fish live in Denmark’s streams and lakes. F Environmental Issues Considered highly...

• London (England) - geography.

  In the northern part of the West End is Bloomsbury, the city’s traditional intellectual center, with its concentration of bookshops and homes of writers and academics. Inthe early 20th century a number of famous writers, critics, and artists who lived here became known as the Bloomsbury Group. Here, too, is the British Museum, one ofLondon’s chief tourist attractions. Nearby is the giant complex of the University of London, whose various colleges and departments have taken over much ofBloomsbury...

• Cambodia - country.

  The population of Cambodia is 14,241,640 (2008 estimate). Population growth per year is estimated at 1.8 percent, one of the highest rates in Asia. The rate of infantmortality is also high. The population density is 81 persons per sq km (209 per sq mi), with the densest concentrations on the heavily cultivated central plain. Themountainous regions of the country, where malaria is widespread, are thinly populated, as are the poorly watered northern provinces. During the late 1970s, under thebruta...