1979 résultats pour "humanistes"

• Bacteria - biology.

  A2 b Bacterial Killers Some dramatic infectious diseases result from exposure to bacteria that are not part of our normal bacterial community. Cholera, one of the world’s deadliest diseasestoday, is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae . Cholera is spread in water and food contaminated with the bacteria, and by people who have the disease. After entering the body, the cholera bacteria grow in the intestines, often along the surface of the intestinal wall, where they secrete a toxin (poiso...

• Fish - biology.

  pectoral fins provide fine movements, add forward thrust, or, together with the pelvic fins, serve as brakes. Typically, fins consist of a thin membrane stretched over afanlike series of thin rods called spines or rays. Most fish breathe underwater with the help of special respiratory organs called gills. Gills are made of a series of thin sheets or filaments through which blood circulates.As water moves into a fish’s mouth and passes over the gills, dissolved oxygen passes across the thin gill...

• Définition: ATHÉISME, substantif masculin.

  ? 5. Le capital reprend la dialectique de ma?trise et servitude, mais remplace la conscience de soi par l'autonomie ?conomique, le r?gne final de l'esprit absolu par l'av?nement du communisme. ? L'ath?isme est l'humanisme m?diatis? par la suppression de la religion, le communisme est l'humanisme m?diatis? par la suppression de la propri?t? priv?e ?. ALBERT CAMUS, L'Homme r?volt?, 1951 page 248. ? Ath?isme sentimental?: ? 6. L'ath?isme sentimental peut se traduire ainsi?: ? Si les ?v?nemen...

• L'Abbaye de Thélème - Rabelais

  Enumération des qualités des hommes et des femmes « si nobles ». Répétition de « si ». On y voit des qualitésphysiques et morales. Au §2 : « libres, bien nés, bien éduqués ». Cela montre l'importance de l'éducation. Ce sont des personnes qui ontdes qualités morales : ils constituent une élite homogène à la fois aristocratique et humaniste. III Une harmonie parfaite Le rythme binaire souligne l'harmonie. Il y a une succession du mode impératif « buvons, jouons » et du modeindicatifs...

• Mammal - biology.

  On land, mammals live in many different habitats, and at a wide range of altitudes. Many mammals dig burrows as refuges or as places to raise their young, but somehave developed a largely subterranean lifestyle, feeding on small animals or plant roots beneath the soil's surface. These animals, including moles and mole-rats, digthrough the ground either with spadelike front paws or with their teeth, and they detect danger by being highly sensitive to vibrations transmitted through the soil.Most m...

• commentaire Sartre, L'Existentialisme est un Humanisme

  possible inexistence de Dieu ont ainsi été posées ; au XVIIIème siècle, Voltaire a par exemple affirmé que « Si dieu n'existait pas, il faudrait l’inventer ». Le philosophe des Lumières pense même que « ce système sublime à l‘homme est nécessaire ». Alors que certains sont donc prêts à inventer un dieu pour ne pas être perdu dans leurs existence et trouvent la religion nécessaire afin de donner des règles, Sartre assume l’abandon qui entraîne l'inexistence de Dieu, « l’homme e...

• Endangered Species - biology.

  Red List database assesses the status of, and threats to, animal species worldwide. To add to this and other biodiversity databases, nongovernmental organizationssuch as Conservation International and World Wildlife Fund conduct periodic rapid assessments (focused, intensive evaluations) of biodiversity in varioushotspots— regions like Madagascar that are both rich in endemic species and environmentally threatened. This information is used in the administration of international agreements such...

• Hinduism.

  they do not share any basic terms. B Sanātana Dharma Evidence from inscriptions indicates that Hindus had begun to use the word dharma for their religion by the 7th century. After other religions of Indian origin also began to use this term, Hindus then adopted the expression san ātana dharma to distinguish their dharma from others. The word san ātana, meaning immemorial as well as eternal, emphasized the unbroken continuity of the Hindu tradition in contrast to the other dharmas . The Bu...

• Pourquoi l'humanité s'intéresse-t-elle a son passé ?

• Buddhism.

  Although never actually denying the existence of the gods, Buddhism denies them any special role. Their lives in heaven are long and pleasurable, but they are in thesame predicament as other creatures, being subject eventually to death and further rebirth in lower states of existence. They are not creators of the universe or incontrol of human destiny, and Buddhism denies the value of prayer and sacrifice to them. Of the possible modes of rebirth, human existence is preferable, because thedeitie...

• Anatomy.

  The body defends itself against foreign proteins and infectious microorganisms by means of a complex dual system that depends on recognizing a portion of the surfacepattern of the invader. The two parts of the system are termed cellular immunity, in which lymphocytes are the effective agent, and humoral immunity, based on theaction of antibody molecules. When particular lymphocytes recognize a foreign molecular pattern (termed an antigen), they release antibodies in great numbers; other lymphocy...

• Insect - biology.

  they almost always have six legs. In some insects, such as beetles, the legs are practically identical, but in other insects each pair is a slightly different shape. Still otherinsects have specialized leg structures. Examples are praying mantises, which have grasping and stabbing forelegs armed with lethal spines, and grasshoppers andfleas, which have large, muscular hind legs that catapult them into the air. Mole crickets’ front legs are modified for digging, and backswimmers have hind legs de...

• Herman Melville I INTRODUCTION Herman Melville These lines (recited by an actor) begin the novel Moby Dick (1851), by Herman Melville.

  short novel Billy Budd in manuscript form. Melville’s death in New York City on September 28, 1891, went virtually unnoticed. None of his books was still in print. VI MELVILLE’S EARLY WORKS With the exception of Mardi , all of Melville’s early books are narratives of maritime adventure based upon his own experiences and on his wide reading. Although London publisher John Murray accepted Typee for his Home and Colonial Library as a strictly factual account of South Seas travel, he was lar...

• Texte de Schopenhauer. Métaphysique et humanité

• Renaissance I INTRODUCTION Renaissance, series of literary and cultural movements in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries.

  the great writings of ancient Greece and Rome. Intellectuals continued to build on the ideas of the Renaissance during the 18th century Age of Enlightenment, a time when scientific advancements led to a newemphasis on the power of human reason. One of the early Enlightenment thinkers was French philosopher and writer Voltaire. He claimed that the Renaissance was acrucial stage in liberating the mind from the superstition and error that he believed characterized Christian society during the Middl...

• Renaissance .

  the great writings of ancient Greece and Rome. Intellectuals continued to build on the ideas of the Renaissance during the 18th century Age of Enlightenment, a time when scientific advancements led to a newemphasis on the power of human reason. One of the early Enlightenment thinkers was French philosopher and writer Voltaire. He claimed that the Renaissance was acrucial stage in liberating the mind from the superstition and error that he believed characterized Christian society during the Middl...

• Fungus - biology.

  Many fungi can reproduce by the fragmentation of their hyphae. Each fragment develops into a new individual. Yeast, a small, single-celled fungus, reproduces bybudding, in which a bump forms on the yeast cell, eventually partitioning from the cell and growing into a new yeast cell. V CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI Scientists have long disagreed about how to classify fungi, and the classification systems are still developing. The first description of fungi was published in 1729 byItalian botanist Pier...

• Paleolithic Art I INTRODUCTION Cave Painting, Lascaux This portion of a cave painting in what is now Lascaux, France, was done by Paleolithic artists about 13,000 bc.

  Venus of WillendorfThis so-called Venus figurine from the area of Willendorf, Austria, is one of the earliest known examples of sculpture,dating from about 23,000 bc. The figure, which is carved out of limestone, is only 11.25 cm (4.5 in) high, and wasprobably designed to be held in the hand. It is believed the Venus may be a fertility symbol, which would explain theexaggerated female anatomy.Ali Meyer/Bridgeman Art Library, London/New York Paleolithic art usually is classified as either figura...

• Native Americans of North America.

  addition to smallpox and measles, explorers and colonists brought a host of other diseases: bubonic plague, cholera, typhoid fever, scarlet fever, pleurisy, mumps,diphtheria, pneumonia, whooping cough, malaria, yellow fever, and various sexually transmitted infections. Despite the undisputed devastation wreaked on Indian populations after European contact, native populations showed enormous regional variability in their response todisease exposure. Some peoples survived and, in some cases, even...

• Native Americans of North America - Canadian History.

  addition to smallpox and measles, explorers and colonists brought a host of other diseases: bubonic plague, cholera, typhoid fever, scarlet fever, pleurisy, mumps,diphtheria, pneumonia, whooping cough, malaria, yellow fever, and various sexually transmitted infections. Despite the undisputed devastation wreaked on Indian populations after European contact, native populations showed enormous regional variability in their response todisease exposure. Some peoples survived and, in some cases, even...

• China - country.

  North China lies between the Mongolian Steppe on the north and the Yangtze River Basin on the south. It stretches west from the Bo Hai gulf and the Yellow Sea to theeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. Administratively, North China includes Beijing and Tianjin municipalities; Shandong and Shanxi provinces; most of Hebei, Henan,and Shaanxi provinces; and portions of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and of Jiangsu, Anhui, and Gansu provinces. Humans have lived in the agriculturally rich region of Nor...

• Aging - biology.

  Different theories have been proposed to explain how SF works. One theory is based on the assumption that aging, and diseases that occur more frequently withadvancing age, are caused by structural damage to cells. This damage accumulates in tiny amounts each time the cell divides, eventually preventing the cell fromcarrying out normal functions. One cause of this damage may be free radicals, which are chemical compounds found in the environment and also generated by normal chemical reactions in...

• 16 La Renaissance Questions sur une période Trois rois, Charles VIII, son cousin Louis XII puis François Ier - gendre de Louis - embarquent donc le pays dans leurs rêves transalpins.

  après eux,feront carrière souslaprotection desprinces italiensoudupontife romain, etquelle époque etquel pays peuvent setarguer d’enavoir enfanté autant ? DitesFlorence, situez-vous àpeu près entre 1450 et 1550et soyez éblouis parlamoisson quevous allezfaire, encomptant simplement ceuxquiyont vécu, ouaumoins yont travaillé untemps : Botticelli yest né(en 1445), lesculpteur Donatello yest mort (1466) etquand unjeune peintre nommé Raphaël, venudesapetite villed’Urbino, ypasse, c’estpour yrecevoir...

• L'isl?m est une des religions majeures de l'humanité.

  Mahomet Mecque (La) Médine prophète révélation Les livres Mahomet, page 2983, volume 6 Le temps des conquêtes. Après la mort de Mahomet, l'islām, sous l'impulsion de quatre califes (de l'arabe khal īf , « successeur »), Ab ū Bakr as-Sad īk, ‘Omar ibn al-Khatt āb, ‘Othm ān ibn ‘Aff ān et ‘Al ī (le gendre et cousin de Mahomet), prit en peu de temps une extension qui engloba la plupart des tribus arabes. Celles-ci se lancèrent alors dans des expéditions de razzias vers les pays du nord e...

• Sigmund Freud.

  reminiscences from the past and about her daydreams. Remarkably, as her narrative revisited memories from the past, which were associated with the onset of aparticular symptom, each symptom disappeared when accompanied by an emotional outburst. Breuer made use of this discovery to eliminate her symptoms one at atime. He called the treatment the cathartic technique (from the Greek katharsis meaning “purgation”). The treatment was time consuming and required considerable effort to reach dimly re...

• Frog (animal).

  which means that their body temperature depends on the temperature of the surrounding environment. Few species can tolerate temperatures below 4°C (40°F) orabove 40°C (104°F), and many species can survive only within a narrower range of temperatures. In addition, frogs’ thin, moist skin offers little protection againstwater loss, and when on land the animals must guard against drying out. Many frogs are active at night because temperatures are cooler and humidity is higher thanduring the day. In...

• Frog (animal) - biology.

  which means that their body temperature depends on the temperature of the surrounding environment. Few species can tolerate temperatures below 4°C (40°F) orabove 40°C (104°F), and many species can survive only within a narrower range of temperatures. In addition, frogs’ thin, moist skin offers little protection againstwater loss, and when on land the animals must guard against drying out. Many frogs are active at night because temperatures are cooler and humidity is higher thanduring the day. In...

• Quel peut être, selon vous, l'intérêt de la lecture des oeuvres du passé ?

  lisons plus, il nous parle bien davantage à travers ses romans philosophiques comme Candide. Il se voulait lecontinuateur de Racine, mais il s'est enfermé dans des recettes usées, et son théâtre désuet a cessé de nous parlerparce qu'au lieu de recréer un monde il ne fait qu'en copier un révolu, celui de Racine, et du siècle de Louis XIV.b) b) Bien des œuvres ont ainsi cessé de solliciter notre intérêt et nous ne les lisons plus. Qui se préoccupe encoredes œuvres des frères Goncourt qui o...

• Shrimp - biology.

  shrimp have a maximum length of about 20 cm (8 in). On the West Coast, the Franciscan Bay shrimp is caught commercially. Freshwater shrimp are most common in warm parts of the world. They include river shrimp, edible shrimp that are trapped or farmed in the tropics, and also all trueshrimp that have become adapted for life in caves. Cave shrimp are typically pale, with vestigial (nonfunctioning) eyes, and they find their way mainly by touch. Decapod shrimp also include animals that are rarely ea...

• Cobra (snake) - biology.

  Most cobras prey on small rodents or other small mammals. They also eat birds, snakes, lizards, frogs, toads, insects, and even eggs. Water cobras catch fish and kingcobras specialize in eating other snakes. Similar to other venomous snakes, cobras use venom to subdue their prey before swallowing it whole, generally head first. Thevenom may contain substances that also break down the prey for digestion. Despite their potent venom and dramatic threat displays, cobras are hunted and eaten by a num...

• LE DÉBAT Philosophique de 1940 à 1949 : Histoire

  recevra en 195l le Grand Prix national de littérature. s'est depuis 1939 retiré de la vie publique. •C'est la guerre qui fit éclater les cadres vieillis de notre pensée. La guerre, l'occupation, la résistance, les années qui suivirent"· écrit Sartre dans la Critique de la raison di alec· tique. Une volonté de changement radical et irréversible canalise aspi­ rations et rejets hétérogènes dans un mouvement dont le succès a valeur de symptôme: l'existentia...

• L'humanité ne doit-elle parler qu'une seule langue ?

  certain nombre de relations affectives, qui traduisent ses propres expériences. Les connotations personnelles quej'ajoute plus ou moins consciemment aux mots témoignent à leur façon de mon histoire singulière, en maintiennentles échos dans mon langage. Sans doute une telle relation n'est-elle pas inconcevable par rapport à une languemondialement pratiquée, mais l'aspect « maternel » de la langue signifie d'abord l'inscription d'un sujet dans uncontexte familial, lui-même situé de manière...

• Le Cahier d'un retour au pays natal Aimé CESAIRE - Commentaire p.41-45

  I Le clivage « nègres » / occident A Un vrai poème « nègre » Le terme « négritude » fait son apparition pour la première fois dans la journal L'Etudiant noir , fondé par Césaire et des amis africains tels que Léopold Sedar Senghor ou Léon Gontran Damas. Ce concept vise à faire lapromotion des valeurs noires en opposition aux valeurs occidentales. Cette notion est particulièrement mise enavant dans son poème Cahier d'un retour au pays natal . En effet, dès les premi...

• Le culte de l'humanité : la dette des vivants envers les morts (COMTE)

• William Blake I INTRODUCTION William Blake (1757-1827), English poet, painter, and engraver, who created an unusual form of illustrated verse; his poetry, inspired by mystical vision, is among the most original, lyric, and prophetic in the language.

  Your spring & your day are wasted in play,And your winter and night in disguise. Both series of poems take on deeper resonances when read in conjunction. Innocence and Experience, “the two contrary states of the human soul,” are contrasted insuch companion pieces as “The Lamb” and “The Tyger.” Blake’s subsequent poetry develops the implication that true innocence is impossible without experience,transformed by the creative force of the human imagination. III BLAKE AS ARTIST The LambThe Lamb...

• tchèque, littérature.

  néant, qui marque l'origine de la poésie tchèque moderne, ainsi qu'un grand roman, les Tsiganes (1835). Karel Jaromir Erben (1811-1870) s'est lui aussi interrogé sur la destinée tragique de l'homme dans son Florilège des légendes nationales (1853) et dans un recueil de ballades imprégné de morale chrétienne, le Bouquet (1861). Karel Havlíček Borovský (1821-1856) fonda le journalisme libéral tchèque en dénonçant dans ses satires, épigrammes et articles l'absolutisme autrichien. Traductrice...

• Devenons-nous homme en accédant à la citoyenneté?

  homme,   donc   faire   preuve   d’humanité,   se   caract érise   par   la   capacit é  de   ressentir   des   sentiments   nobles   ?   Dans   ce   cas­l à,   une   personne   égo ïste   serait   inhumaine   ?   Cela   induirait   que nos qualit és comme nos d éfauts pourrait alt érer ou non notre humanit é   ? Ainsi   on   peut   se   demander   si   l’homme   a   des   limites   ?   Si   nos   limites   se   caract érisent   par   l’inhumanit é   ? Et donc que nos limites se r ésumeraien...

• Animal language and thought

  this. Although Malcolm ( 1972-3 ) does not identify thought with language, he claims that the relationship is ‘so close that it is really senseless to conjecture that people may not have thoughts, and also really senseless to conjecture that animals may have thoughts'. However, we know that animals think because ‘in real life we commonly employ the verb "think" in respect to animals'. Clearly Malcolm believes that animal thinking does not involve havingthoughts, but says very little...

• espagnole, littérature.

  2.3. 2 Littérature érudite et chevaleresque La littérature satirique et historique s’épanouit particulièrement dans l’Espagne du XVe siècle. Les monarques Ferdinand V et Isabelle I re la Catholique encouragent durant leur règne (1474-1504) l’étude des humanités ; le savant le plus en vue de l’époque est d’ailleurs un grammairien et lexicographe, Antonio de Nebrija (ou Lebrija), qui rédige la Grammaire de la langue castillane (1492). C’est à cette époque également que le roman de chevalerie...

• Psychoanalysis.

  A cornerstone of modern psychoanalytic theory and practice is the concept of anxiety, which institutes appropriate mechanisms of defense against certain dangersituations. These danger situations, as described by Freud, are the fear of abandonment by or the loss of the loved one (the object), the risk of losing the object's love,the danger of retaliation and punishment, and, finally, the hazard of reproach by the superego. Thus, symptom formation, character and impulse disorders, andperversions,...

• Pablo Picasso.

  Color juxtapositions—between blue and orange, for instance—are intentionally strident and unharmonious. The representation of space is fragmented and discontinuous. While the left side of the canvas is largely Iberian-influenced, the right side is inspired by African masks, especially in its striped patterns and oval forms. Suchborrowings, which led to great simplification, distortion, and visual incongruities, were considered extremely daring in 1907. The head of the figure at the bottom right,...

• Animal Behavior - biology.

  The first motor program analyzed in much detail was the egg-rolling response of geese. When a goose sees an egg outside its nest, it stares at the egg, stretches itsneck until its bill is just on the other side of the egg, and then gently rolls the egg back into the nest. At first glance this seems a thoughtful and intelligent piece ofbehavior, but it is a mechanical motor program; almost any smooth, rounded object (the sign stimulus) will release the response. Furthermore, removal of the egg on...

• Ghirlandaio (Domenico), Humanistes de la cour des Médicis.

• Native American Architecture.

  B Relationship to the Universe and Nature A more profound difference between European American and Native American perceptions lay in how human beings saw themselves in relationship to the universe andin what they believed their responsibilities were to the natural world and to each other. Most European Americans saw themselves as separate from creation andadversaries of nature, ever struggling to conquer and subdue nature and force it to yield to their will. Native Americans saw themselves as...

• 1904 Jean Jaurès fonde L'Humanité.

• Camus, Albert (article universitaire)

  for whom value is demanded. Here is the crux of Camus' critique of 'legitimate murder' , including capital punishment, which has led him, mistakenly, to be defined as a pacifist. Self-defence is justified, both individually and collectively, but pre-meditated or logical murder in the service of any cause whatsoever is not. It undermines the one undeniable community of humans confronting the universe, destroying the grounds of the possibility of coherent social values. Thus Camus rejecte...

• Le point de vue de quelques humanistes sur l'enseignement

  cr i t iquer le met t re en face de di f féren te si t ua t ion. L’ impo r tance du concre t. L’expér ience, l’observa t ion. X X X Va r ié mé t hode d’app ren t issage en fonc t ion de l’élève. D’abord s’adap ter a l’élève et v is vers ca. E t pu is p rend re en compte la men ta l i té de l’élève X X Au tonom ie de l’élève. L ibe r té, loisi rs, déten te, respect du r y t h me de l’élève. App ren t issage par jeux. X

• La pluralité des cultures est-elle un obstacle à l'unité du genre humain ?

  permet d'introduire de la différence entre eux. . C'est donc l'Homme lui-même qui se différencie des autres hommes,qui se sépare et se donne une identité propre. La culture n'est donc pas naturelle puisque à leur naissances, seulsles facteurs biologiques différencient les hommes.De ce point de vue, nous ne pouvons que constater la diversité au sein du genre humain.Ce qui fait obstacle, c'est « ce qui empêche de », soit physiquement, soit sur le plan de la représentation. Unobstacle à la compr...

• droit de l`homme

  2 INTRODUCTION L‱envers de l‱histoire nous enseigne que la construction des droits de l‱homme a accompagné toujours la lente maturation de l‱Etat de Droit Occidental mais dans son versant interne et certainement pas dans son versant externe. En effet trois étapes confirm èrent la réintroduction du juste dans l ordre international: 1) la lente maturation du droit international...

• L'humanité se souvient-elle d'elle-même à travers son histoire ?

  L'histoire n'est pas la mémoire de l'humanité L'histoire n'est qu'une interprétation du passé. La véritable mémoire de l'humanité réside dans le fait que les hommes, de génération en génération, savent qu'il appartiennent à une même espèce. A chaque peuple, à chaque époque, son histoire I l'histoire de l'Occi- dent n'est pas celle de l'Inde. L'historien, montre Paul Veyne dans «L'histoire est nécessaire- ment un divers, une multi- plicité: il y a ceci...