3748 résultats pour "placé"

• BALZAC (Honoré, dit de)

  guières pour tenter de devenir écrivain. Dans la préface à la première édition de la Peau de chagrin, Balzac fera de l'observation et de l'expression les deux éléments constitutifs de l'art d'écrire, « une vue et un toucher littéraires >> la réunion de ces deux facultés fait « l'homme complet >>,mais non le génie, apanage des écrivains « réellement phi­ losophes >> qui doivent posséder « une sorte de seconde vue qui leur permet de deviner la vé...

• suisse, littérature.

  La littérature romanesque de langue française se développe au XXe siècle selon deux tendances, apparemment contradictoire : en même temps qu’elle tend à s’universaliser, elle affirme ses spécificités régionales. Un mouvement régionaliste s’amorce en effet avec des auteurs comme Robert de Traz (1884-1951) ou Gonzague de Reynold (1880-1970). Mais la figure la plus marquante de ce courant est Charles Ferdinand Ramuz, qui effectue un travail intéressant sur les parlers populaires régionaux ; la G...

• CAMUS Albert : sa vie et son oeuvre

  1936-37, disent un émerveillement devant l'accord vécu avec une terre désirable, une révélation païenne et sen­ suelle dont l'œuvre ultérieure ne cessera de convoquer le souvenir ou de dire la nostalgie : cet « accord», ce « silence >> qui, du monde au jeune Camus, > qui « me donne raison>> (l'Été), se double d'une fascination pour le désert et pour 1 'île, ces deux espaces contraires pour­ tant réunis dans une même invitation faite à l'homme de joui...

• Thermodynamics I INTRODUCTION Thermodynamics, field of physics that describes and correlates the physical properties of macroscopic systems of matter and energy.

  Carnot EngineThe idealized Carnot engine was envisioned by the French physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, who lived during theearly 19th century. The Carnot engine is theoretically perfect, that is, it converts the maximum amount of energy intomechanical work. Carnot showed that the efficiency of any engine depends on the difference between the highest andlowest temperatures reached during one cycle. The greater the difference, the greater the efficiency. An automobileengine, for example, wou...

• Tragedy I INTRODUCTION Euripides Unlike other 5th-century BC Greek playwrights, tragic poet Euripides addressed the plight of the common people, rather than that of mythic heroes.

  SenecaSeneca was a Roman philosopher, dramatist, and statesman. His tragedies later influenced Renaissance dramatists,including William Shakespeare. The bust of Seneca shown here is a Roman copy of a Greek original.Art Resource, NY Aeschylus is one of the best known of the ancient Greek tragic playwrights. The author of some 90 plays, he established many of the conventions of the tragic dramaticform, which he perfected throughout his career. Aeschylus's skillful use of poetic language and brilli...

• Né avec la révolution industrielle, le socialisme a dû surmonter dès l'origine ses divisions.

  Internationale - Jean Jaurès, page 2557, volume 5 socialisme - vue générale du familistère de Guise, page 4812, volume 9 France - Jaurès à la tribune (1901), page 2018, volume 4 Le socialisme marxiste Figure centrale du socialisme, davantage, sans doute, par son influence posthume que pour le rôle politique qu'il eut de son vivant, Marx reprochait avec virulence aux autres socialistes de n'avoir pas su analyser scientifiquement la société capitaliste, ni théoriser les conditions de passage a...

• projet d établissement ehpad

  PROJET D’ETABLISSEMENT 2010 – 2013 -EHPAD “LES JARD INS DU CASTEL » - 35410 CHATEAUGIRON 2 Avant propos Le projet institutionnel de l’EHPAD « Les Jardins d u Castel » s’est voulu ambitieux. Il est le fruit d’une réflexion collective, d’une conf rontation de points de vue qui ont largement occupé l’année 2010. Avec la convention tripartite 2009 - 2013, le projet d’établissement 2010 -2013 est la clé de voûte de la politique mené e par les acteurs d...

• Sismo - ciencias de la naturaleza.

  como ocurre en la falla de San Andrés en California y México, o es subducida (se desliza bajo otra). Los sismos de las zonas de subducción son casi la mitad de los sucesossísmicos destructivos y liberan el 75% de la energía sísmica. Están concentrados en el llamado Anillo de Fuego, una banda estrecha de unos 35.000 km de longitud quecoincide con las orillas del océano Pacífico. En estos sismos los puntos donde se rompe la corteza terrestre suelen estar a gran profundidad, hasta 645 km bajo tierr...

• From Bulfinch's Mythology: Arthur - anthology.

  It must not be concealed, that the very existence of Arthur has been denied by some. Milton [17th-century English poet John Milton] says of him: 'As to Arthur, morerenowned in songs and romances than in true stories, who he was, and whether ever any such reigned in Britain, hath been doubted heretofore, and may again, withgood reason.' Modern critics, however, admit that there was a prince of this name, and find proof of it in the frequent mention of him in the writings of the Welshbards. But th...

• La puissance économique de l'Union européenne

  Garantir aux consommateurs la sécurité et la régularité d’pprovisionnement en denrées alimentaires à prixraisonnablesCatégories socioprofessionnelles3. Une crise cependant : la PAC victime de son succèsMultiplication des excédents, des surproductions et de ce fait coût en plus élevé au plan financier avecd’importantes subventions publiques.Effets pervers du productivisme, notamment en matière d’environnement, mais aussi au plan de la sécurité sanitaire(cf. vache folle)Des réforme...

• Monarchie parlementaire de l'Europe septentrionale, ouverte sur la mer du Nord, et étirant le long de la péninsule scandinave un territoire très protégé, la Norvège est l'héritière des fiers guerriers vikings, terreur de l'Europe médiévale avant leur christianisation.

  Trois formes de végétation se succèdent du sud au nord et sur les reliefs de leur base au sommet : la forêt à feuilles caduques, la taïga de conifères et la toundra, formation basse (pelouse, lichens, mousses) avec seulement quelques arbres nains (bouleaux) en limite de forêt. Le sol est gelé en permanence en profondeur ( tjäle ). Complétez votre recherche en consultant : Les corrélats fjord Gulf Stream pôles - Les zones ou régions polaires - La zone polaire arctique Sognefjord taïga L...

• Cetáceos - ciencias de la naturaleza.

  OrcaLa orca es un gran depredador marino y entre sus presas están: peces, focas, leones marinos y ballenas. Las orcas tienen unaestructura social bien definida que gira en torno a la hembra dominante. Al igual que otros cetáceos con dientes (Odontocetos), lacomunicación entre los individuos está basada en la diversidad de sonidos que emiten estos animales. El silbido que se oye aquípertenece al calderón.Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers, Inc./Library of Natural Sounds, Cornell Laboratory of Ornitholo...

• Dictionnaire en ligne: LUI2, ELLE3, EUX, ELLES3, pronom personnel.

  — [comme complément d'objet second de verbes à double construction] Nous parlerons de vous ce soir avec le chancelier; ayez patience, c'est moi qui vous recommande à lui (ALFRED DE MUSSET, La Quenouille Barberine, 1840, I, 3, page 290) : Ø 2. — Quel est donc ce Valdo dont tu parles à tout propos? — Je vais te le présenter à l'instant, ou, plutôt, je vais te présenter à lui. GEORGES DUHAMEL, Le Jardin des bêtes sauvages, 1934, page 18. b) [Pour indiquer l'identité ou l'appartenance, avec le...

• MALRAUX André : sa vie et son oeuvre

  dans le logement surplombant l'épicerie familiale de Bondy. Il fréq uente le collège, puis, à dix-sept ans, décide de prendre en main sa propre éducation. Pas­ sionné d'art, élève au musée Guimet et à l'école du Louvre, ce lecteur insatiable apprend le sanskrit. Il gagne sa vie dans le commerce des livres d'occasion, et cette activité l'introduit auprès d'intellectuels chevronnés (Gide, Max Jacob, Reverdy) qui l'encouragent à écrire : la revue...

• Définition du terme: DANSE, substantif féminin.

  Au figuré. Mener la danse. Diriger une action collective. Santerre irait tranquillement se coucher seul, attendant son heure, menant la danse, en gaillard prudent qui se ménage (ÉMILE ZOLA, Fécondité, 1899, page 72 ). 2. Manière générale de danser : Ø 2. Christine (...) plaçait le talon droit dans la concavité du pied gauche — une, deux, trois. — Puis, demi- courbée, et ensuite redressée en un long glissement de danse, elle se retrouvait le talon gauche dans la concavité du pied droit, — quatre...

• From The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn - anthology.

  'Wherebouts?' says I. 'Down to Silas Phelps's place, two mile below here. He's a runaway nigger, and they've got him. Was you looking for him?' 'You bet I ain't! I run across him in the woods about an hour or two ago, and he said if I hollered he'd cut my livers out—and told me to lay down and stay where Iwas; and I done it. Been there ever since; afeard to come out.' 'Well,' he says, 'you needn't be afeard no more, becuz they've got him. He run off f'm down South, som'ers.' 'It'...

• Napoleonic Wars .

  Before the effect of British sea power could be manifest, however, Napoleon increased his power over the Continent. In 1806 Prussia, aroused by Napoleon's growingstrength in Germany, joined in a Fourth Coalition with Britain, Russia, and Sweden. Napoleon badly defeated the Prussians in the Battle of Jena on October 14, 1806,and captured Berlin. He then defeated the Russians in the Battle of Friedland and forced Alexander I to make peace. By the principal terms of the Treaty of Tilsit, Russiagave...

• Connecticut Yankee - anthology.

  This missionary knight's name was La Cote Male Taile, and he said that this castle was the abode of Morgan le Fay, sister of King Arthur, and wife of King Uriens,monarch of a realm about as big as the District of Columbia—you could stand in the middle of it and throw bricks into the next kingdom. “Kings” and “Kingdoms”were as thick in Britain as they had been in little Palestine in Joshua's time, when people had to sleep with their knees pulled up because they couldn't stretch outwithout a passp...

• Définition: CHAIR, substantif féminin.

  broyant sous leur étreinte les poumons, le coeur, tous les viscères qui saignèrent, se triturèrent comme une pâte de chair vivante et fumante,... LOUIS PERGAUD, De Goupil à Margot, 1910, page 116. SYNTAXE : Chair vive (= profonde, sensible); enfoncer, entrer, pénétrer dans la chair; mettre les chairs à vif; tailler, trancher dans la chair vive. Spécialement, anatomie. Chair carrée (de Sylvius). Muscle du pied, dit aussi « muscle accessoire du long fléchisseur commun des orteils » (d'après Dict...

• Article de presse: 27 jours qui ébranlèrent la France

  Après quelques discours enflammés, on se disperse vers 13 heures. Au début de l'après-midi, les Nanterrois qui ne savent où aller sont toujours là et à nouveau les orateurs se succèdent. Le tonmonte. La psychose d'agression reparaît : les " fafs " vont attaquer. Dans la confusion, les fausses nouvelles, les bruits alarmistes,la foule étudiante grossit rapidement. Comme la veille à Nanterre, les autorités font fermer à clef les portes des amphithéâtres,puis encercler la Sorbonne par la police,...

• Acting I INTRODUCTION Lee Strasberg American acting teacher Lee Strasberg was best known for his association with the Actors Studio, of which he became the artistic director in 1951.

  truthfully felt those emotions at the moment they expressed them. Finding the true feeling in the proper place and time on stage, however, was a problem that Aristotleaddressed less well. He concluded that acting was an occupation for the gifted or insane. How to cross the artistic boundary beyond feigned emotions and flat imitation obsessed many Greek actors. In 315 BC the tragedian Polus carried the real ashes of his recently deceased son in an urn to stimulate a sense of genuine grief when h...

• One Hundred Years of Olympics.

  Getting over the Hurdles The next three Olympics attracted more athletes and saw stronger performances but otherwise did not measure up to Athens. The 1900 Paris Olympics were upstagedby the concurrent Exposition Universelle and were spread out over two months. The 1904 games in remote St. Louis were subordinated to the Louisiana PurchaseExhibition; over three-fourths of the competitors were Americans, and even Coubertin did not attend. The 1908 London Olympics were also overshadowed byanother...

• Coral - biology.

  Soft corals lack a distinct skeleton. Although they live in colonies, the individual polyps are fused into a complex body, usually strengthened by small lumps or spikesknown as sclerites, which are made of protein and calcite. Soft corals come in a variety of shapes, including undulating sheets, upright mushroomlike shapes, andbeautiful shapes that form branches. A number of other octocorals have skeletons made from a hard or horny protein, sometimes strengthened with more brittle calcareous dep...

• citations

  « Tout le monde dit que l’amour fait mal, mais c’est faux . La solitude fait mal, se faire rejeter fait mal, perdre quelqu’un fait mal . Tout le monde confond ces petites choses avec l’amour mais en réalité, l’amour est la seule chose dans ce monde capable de faire fuir tout ce mal et te faire sentir bien à nouveau . » « Et soudain, j’éprouve le besoin de tenir sa main. Un besoin comme je n’en ai jamais connu jusque-là . De la serrer, sans me contenter de le laisser serrer la mie...

• Russie.

  (18 390 km²), et le lac Onega (9 610 km²), tous deux d’origine glaciaire, situés au nord-ouest de la Russie d’Europe et dont le principal émissaire, la Neva, rejoint le golfede Finlande. 2.3 Climat Le territoire de la Russie est soumis, dans sa plus grande partie, à un climat continental rigoureux, avec des hivers longs et froids, des étés chauds mais courts, et dessaisons intermédiaires réduites. La majeure partie du pays connaît plus de cent vingt jours de gel par an. Plusieurs facteurs inter...

• agriculture - agriculture et agroalimentaire.

  de travailler vite et dans les meilleures conditions. Le travail de récolte, fondamental puisque une année d’efforts peut être ruinée ou récompensée, a connu la même évolution : récolte manuelle nécessitant des équipesnombreuses employées de façon temporaire, machines à traction animale comme la moissonneuse-lieuse, machines à traction mécanique, puis automotrices (comme lamoissonneuse-batteuse). La contrepartie de cette mécanisation est la nécessité de confier de grandes surfaces à ces machines...

• Toronto - geography.

  now a museum. In the far northeast side of the City is the Toronto Zoo, a modern zoo covering many acres and with well-designed animal displays. Originally known as the SkyDome, the Rogers Centre is a state-of-the-art stadium complex that opened in 1989. The stadium features a retractable roof that can openin 20 minutes to expose the playing field and most of the 50,000 seats to the open air. It is the home of the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League and theToronto Blue Jays of Majo...

• Toronto - Geography.

  now a museum. In the far northeast side of the City is the Toronto Zoo, a modern zoo covering many acres and with well-designed animal displays. Originally known as the SkyDome, the Rogers Centre is a state-of-the-art stadium complex that opened in 1989. The stadium features a retractable roof that can openin 20 minutes to expose the playing field and most of the 50,000 seats to the open air. It is the home of the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League and theToronto Blue Jays of Majo...

• espagnole, littérature.

  2.3. 2 Littérature érudite et chevaleresque La littérature satirique et historique s’épanouit particulièrement dans l’Espagne du XVe siècle. Les monarques Ferdinand V et Isabelle I re la Catholique encouragent durant leur règne (1474-1504) l’étude des humanités ; le savant le plus en vue de l’époque est d’ailleurs un grammairien et lexicographe, Antonio de Nebrija (ou Lebrija), qui rédige la Grammaire de la langue castillane (1492). C’est à cette époque également que le roman de chevalerie...

• Air Pollution.

  Several pollutants attack the ozone layer. Chief among them is the class of chemicals known as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), formerly used as refrigerants (notably in airconditioners), as agents in several manufacturing processes, and as propellants in spray cans. CFC molecules are virtually indestructible until they reach thestratosphere. Here, intense ultraviolet radiation breaks the CFC molecules apart, releasing the chlorine atoms they contain. These chlorine atoms begin reacting withozone, br...

• Roman Mythology.

  Her temple on the Aventine Hill in Rome was a center for organizations of skilled craftspeople. According to tradition, in 509 BC the dynasty of Etruscan kings ended and the Roman Republic was founded. The republic was ruled by two chief magistrates, called consuls, who were elected by the people to one-year terms. During the time of the republic, the Capitoline temple became the most important public shrine of theRoman people and the focus of public worship. Each January, the new consuls offer...

• Snake (reptile).

  in their heads that conduct sound. They are able to hear low-frequency sounds and to sense vibrations that travel through the ground or water. The majority of snakeshave good eyesight, especially for detecting moving objects, although most burrowing snakes can only distinguish between light and dark. Pit vipers, boas, and pythons have an unusual adaptation for detecting warm-blooded prey and predators. On the heads of these snakes are small pits lined with cellsthat are extremely sensitive to he...

• Soil. I INTRODUCTION Soil, the loose material that covers the land surfaces of

  an exchange between plants and the atmosphere, as oxygen diffuses into the soil and is used by roots for respiration. In turn, the resulting carbon dioxide diffusesthrough pore spaces and returns to the atmosphere. This exchange is most efficient in soils with a high degree of porosity. For farmers, gardeners, landscapers, andothers with a professional interest in soil health, the process of aeration—making holes in the soil surface to permit the exchange of air—is a crucial activity. Theburrowi...

• Tokyo - geography.

  The port of Tokyo has expanded tremendously in recent years and is now the second largest in Japan (after Yokohama) in value of trade. In 1993 it accounted forapproximately 14 percent of all trade by Japan’s ports. Reasons for the port’s growth include the deepening of sea lanes in Tokyo Bay, large reclamation projects tocreate room for new facilities and container terminals, and improvements to storage and distribution facilities. The largest categories of exports from the port of Tokyoare mach...

• Souvent considérée comme un volet secondaire de l'histoire proprement dite, l'histoire des techniques n'a suscité la création que d'un petit nombre de chaires magistrales et ne fait pas l'objet de multiples publications.

  repos – ce qui empêcha pendant deux millénaires toute possibilité d'établissement d'une dynamique cohérente (étude des mouvements sous l'effet des forces qui les produisent). Il fallut attendre 1687 pour que Newton établisse que la charge tractée s'arrêtait sous l'effet des forces de frottement, mais qu'un corps libre et non sollicité dans l'espace décrivait, quant à lui, un mouvement rectiligne uniforme, inaugurant ainsi l'approche de la dynamique théorique et de l'ensemble de la mécanique r...

• Violence� mprt, cruauté. L:univers du drame rom_an�iq�e est plàcé sous le signe de là violence. C'est une violence multiforme: à...

  Violence� mprt, cruauté. L:univers du drame rom_an�iq�e est plàcé sous le signe de là violence. C'est une violence multiforme: à côté de la violence physique, qÛi cause le plus souvent la mort des victimes, on y trouve la violence psychologiquë, plus subtile, mais tout ausst efficace. Cette cruauté morale•dégrade les victimes et les asservit. Dans ce monde dur et impitoyable, le seul antidote __à- la violence générale est, paradoxale­ ment, la violence contre.. soi-même: on se suicide beau­ coup...

• Dissertation sur La place d’Annie Ernaux

  Dissertation sur La place d’Annie Ernaux 18 % Nature du travail : À partir du sujet ci-dessous, vous préparez un plan simplifié de développement et vous rédigez ensuite une dissertation complète (une introduction, les paragraphes de développement et une conclusion) dans le cahier de rédaction. Sujet : Consignes d’écriture (pénalité si non respectées) § Travail à l’encre bleue ou noire dans le cahier de rédaction à interligne simple. Un travail malpropre, raturé et illisible ne sera...

• Articles of Confederation - U.

  trade, or any other pretence whatever. VIII ARTICLE IV The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different states in this union, the free inhabitants of each of thesestates, paupers, vagabonds and fugitives from Justice excepted, shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of free citizens in the several states; and the people ofeach state shall have free ingress and regress to and from any other state, and shall enjoy therein all the...

• DE GAULLE ET LA PLACE DE LA FRANCE DANS LE MONDE

  B) Un nationalisme syncrétique 1) il puise dès l’origine ses références autant à gauche pour le messianisme républicain qu’à droite pour le mythe de la France multiséculaire tel qu’exposé par Barrès. * le père Henri est paradoxalement pour un monarchiste, dreyfusard et le fils est quand à lui un républicain convaincu. * L’armée a d’ailleurs sensiblement évolué durant les années qui précèdent la grande guerre : renouvellement des chefs militaires : chez De gaulle, la vision de...

• Moon - astronomy.

  B Volcanic Features Maria, domes, rilles, and a few craters display indisputable characteristics of volcanic origin. Maria are plains of dark-colored rock that cover approximately 40 percent ofthe Moon's visible hemisphere. The maria formed when molten rock erupted onto the surface and solidified between 3.16 billion and 3.96 billion years ago. This rockresembles terrestrial basalt, a volcanic rock type widely distributed on Earth, but the rock that formed the maria has a higher iron content an...

• Technology.

  loose soil in this region, known as the Fertile Crescent, was easily scratched for planting, and an abundance of trees was available for firewood. By 5000 BC, farming communities were established in areas known today as Syria, Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Greece, and the islands of Crete and Cyprus. Agricultural societies in these places constructed stone buildings, used the sickle to harvest grain, developed a primitive plowstick, and advanced their skills inmetalworking. Trade in flint al...

• John F.

  by the United States, was unable to withstand the advance of Communist forces under Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung). By the end of 1949 government troops had beenoverwhelmingly defeated, and Chiang led his forces into exile on Taiwan. The triumphant Mao formed the People’s Republic of China. Truman’s critics, includingKennedy, charged that the administration had failed to support Chiang Kai-shek against the Communists. Kennedy easily won reelection to Congress in 1948 and 1950. In 1952 he decided to r...

• John F.

  by the United States, was unable to withstand the advance of Communist forces under Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung). By the end of 1949 government troops had beenoverwhelmingly defeated, and Chiang led his forces into exile on Taiwan. The triumphant Mao formed the People’s Republic of China. Truman’s critics, includingKennedy, charged that the administration had failed to support Chiang Kai-shek against the Communists. Kennedy easily won reelection to Congress in 1948 and 1950. In 1952 he decided to r...

• Industrial Revolution I INTRODUCTION Industrial Revolution, widespread replacement of manual labor by machines that began in Britain in the 18th century and is still continuing in some parts of the world.

  The most important advance in iron production occurred in 1784 when Englishman Henry Cort invented new techniques for rolling raw iron, a finishing process thatshapes iron into the desired size and form. These advances in metalworking were an important part of industrialization. They enabled iron, which was relativelyinexpensive and abundant, to be used in many new ways, such as building heavy machinery. Iron was well suited for heavy machinery because of its strength anddurability. Because of t...

• Industrial Revolution .

  The most important advance in iron production occurred in 1784 when Englishman Henry Cort invented new techniques for rolling raw iron, a finishing process thatshapes iron into the desired size and form. These advances in metalworking were an important part of industrialization. They enabled iron, which was relativelyinexpensive and abundant, to be used in many new ways, such as building heavy machinery. Iron was well suited for heavy machinery because of its strength anddurability. Because of t...

• Health Insurance.

  needs services. Essentially, individuals make regular payments to the plan rather than having to pay especially large sums at any one time in the event of sudden illnessor injury. In this way, the group as a whole funds expensive treatments for those few who need them. Many people believe that in addition to providing financial stability, health insurance can promote good health. Supporters of this idea claim that by lowering thepersonal cost of services, insurance induces individuals to seek he...

• Quantum Theory I INTRODUCTION Quantum Theory, in physics, description of the particles that make up matter and how they interact with each other and with energy.

  electron in the same way a particle with momentum would: It bumps the electron and changes the electron’s path. The light is also affected by the collision as though itwere a particle, in that its energy and momentum changes. Momentum is a quantity that can be defined for all particles. For light particles, or photons, momentum depends on the frequency, or color, of the photon, which in turndepends on the photon’s energy. The energy of a photon is equal to a constant number, called Planck’s cons...

• Ecuador - country.

  F Natural Resources Ecuador’s main mineral wealth is in petroleum. Other mineral resources of the country include gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc. Forests cover 38.3 percent of thecountry. G Plants and Animals Along the northern part of the Ecuador coast, and within the inner portion of the southern coast, tropical jungles abound. In some places the jungles extend up theslopes of the Andes as wet, mossy forests. Dense forests cover both flanks of the Cordilleras, as well as the Oriente, u...

• Ghana - country.

  times of depressed cacao prices, Ghana has significantly increased exports of timber to generate needed revenue. In 1988 Ghana initiated a conservation plan called the Forest Resource Management Project. In 1989 Ghana restricted the export of 18 tree species, and in 1994 thecountry banned the export of raw logs. About 4.8 percent (1997) of the country’s land is officially protected, but illegal logging threatens Ghana’s remaining forests. Deforestation, overgrazing, and periodic drought have led...

• Japanese Literature I INTRODUCTION Japanese Literature, literature of Japan, in written form from at least the 8th century AD to the present.

  The Man’yō’sh ū contains about 4,500 poems, most of them composed in the Nara period (710-784). Some of the poems are far older, however, and some of the verses date to earlier collections that have not survived. The work demonstrates a gradual change from basic verses on simple subjects to more sophisticated expressions with a broad range of subject matter. This text also shows the development of poetic forms such as the tanka (short poem), a form structured around alternating lines of 5 an...