1979 résultats pour "humanistes"

• First Americans - Canadian History.

  bones and artifacts helped 19th-century archaeologists establish the age of ancient human encampments in Europe. Yet, search as they might, American archaeologists found no comparable evidence of a Pleistocene-era human presence. But several sites revealed stone artifacts thatsome scholars believed looked similar to the ancient stone tools found in Europe. On the basis of this similarity, these experts claimed the American artifacts must be asold. By the 1890s, however, other scholars had challe...

• 1904 Jean Jaurès fonde L'Humanité.

• Quels sont les dilemmes de l'humanisme athée ?

  2 — La construction de l'immanentisme. Que proposent en fait les philosophies de « l'Humanisme athée » si l'on convient d'appeler ainsi l'ensemble des philosophies athées constructives ? Elles donnent une profondeur à laRéalité. L'Être qu'elles refusent sous l'aspect d'une Transcendance Absolue, est placé dans la Réalité comme uneVirtualité secrète que le Progrès ou l'Action va déployer dans le Temps ou dans l'Histoire, et sur laquelle se fondentà nouveau les valeurs. A — La notion de P...

• Mythology.

  Across cultures, mythologies tend to describe similar characters. A common character is the trickster. The trickster is recklessly bold and even immoral, but through hisinventiveness he often helps human beings. In Greek mythology, Hermes (best known as the messenger of the gods) was a famous trickster. In one version of acharacteristic tale, Hermes, while still an infant, stole the cattle of his half-brother Apollo. To avoid leaving a trail that could be followed, Hermes made shoes from thebark...

• Hormone.

  women is called a follicle-stimulating hormone. When a follicle-stimulating hormone binds to an ovary cell, it stimulates the enzymes needed for the synthesis ofestradiol, a female sex hormone. Another gonadotropin called luteinizing hormone regulates the production of eggs in women and the production of the male sexhormone testosterone. Produced in the male gonads, or testes, testosterone regulates changes to the male body during puberty, influences sexual behavior, and playsa role in growth. T...

• Virus (life science) - biology.

  RNA into DNA earned them their name because this process is the reverse of the usual transfer of genetic information, from DNA to RNA.) The DNA form of theretrovirus genome is then integrated into the cellular DNA and is referred to as the provirus. The viral genome is replicated every time the host cell replicates its DNA and is thus passed on to daughter cells. Hepatitis B virus can also transcribe RNA to DNA, but this virus packages the DNA version of its genome into virus particles. Unlike...

• Quelles sont les caractéristiques de la période de la Renaissance ?

  D’autre part, cette volonté de changement ce poursuit avec les artistes de la Renaissance. Pour commencer les artistes sont influencés par les humanistes, puisqu’ils accordent la place centrale à l’homme, cela se traduit par la multiplication des portraits. Ils cherchent à représenter le corps humain le plus précisément possible et cherchent également à peindre les sentiments de leurs personnages. Afin de peindre le monde tel que l’homme le perçoit, de nouvelles techniques sont crées....

• Discrimination.

  Throughout United States history many other groups have suffered racial or religious discrimination. Since Europeans first came to America, Native Americans havebeen forcibly deprived of their lands and denied civil rights. Congress enacted the Indian Civil Rights Act in 1968, and the federal courts have entertained a number ofsuits designed to restore to Native American tribes ancestral lands and hunting and fishing rights. Many religious groups, including Roman Catholics, Jews, and others,have...

• Herman Melville.

  information in Omoo , but various religious groups condemned both books for their unfavorable comments on the work and insensitivity of missionaries in the South Seas. Mardi is a philosophical allegory framed by another adventure at sea. The book’s hero, accompanied by characters representing the intellect, poetry, history, and philosophy, searches the world for universal truth. The book is filled with descriptions—intended as allegories—of human customs, religions, governments, and historical...

• Confucianism.

  IV NEO-CONFUCIANISM After centuries of intellectual and cultural dominance by Buddhism, China began to experience a revival of Confucian thought during the Tang dynasty ( AD 618-907). It was led by poet and essayist Han Yu (Han Yü). Han Yu attacked Buddhism and Daoism, which he believed had kept government officials from seeing how they couldhelp the people. To further public welfare, he urged them to study the way of the ancient sages through the Five Classics . Han Yu almost lost his life f...

• Renaissance, art de la - peinture.

  Les artistes de la première Renaissance estiment qu’il est nécessaire de joindre à leurs travaux les écrits qui fondent leur art. Ainsi, de nombreux traités permettant de fournir des outils théoriques à la pratique artistique voient le jour ; le plus souvent, ces livres sont rédigés par les artistes eux-mêmes, ou par des penseurs humanistes ayant une pratique artistique. C’est le cas du plus célèbre d’entre eux, Leon Battista Alberti, philosophe, lettré, mathématicien, théoricien de l’art et sur...

• Bird. I INTRODUCTION Bird, animal with feathers and wings. Birds are the only

  B Physical Adaptations for Flight The internal body parts of all birds, including flightless ones, reflect the evolution of birds as flying creatures. Birds have lightweight skeletons in which many of themajor bones are hollow. A unique feature of birds is the furculum, or wishbone, which is comparable to the collarbones of humans, although in birds the left and rightportions are fused together. The furculum absorbs the shock of wing motion and acts as a spring to help birds breathe while they...

• Bird - biology.

  B Physical Adaptations for Flight The internal body parts of all birds, including flightless ones, reflect the evolution of birds as flying creatures. Birds have lightweight skeletons in which many of themajor bones are hollow. A unique feature of birds is the furculum, or wishbone, which is comparable to the collarbones of humans, although in birds the left and rightportions are fused together. The furculum absorbs the shock of wing motion and acts as a spring to help birds breathe while they...

• Greenhouse Effect.

  addition, humans cut down huge tracts of trees for lumber or to clear land for farming or building. This process, known as deforestation, can both release the carbonstored in trees and significantly reduce the number of trees available to absorb carbon dioxide. As a result of these human activities, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is accumulating faster than Earth’s natural processes can absorb the gas. By analyzing airbubbles trapped in glacier ice that is many centuries old, scientists have d...

• Cat Family - biology.

  cats have coats that are mainly brown, yellow, or gray, often with white underbellies. The cubs of many species of cats have spotted coats, which helps hide them ingrass and underbrush from predators. Adult cats that have mainly spotted patterns in their fur include cheetahs, leopards, clouded leopards, jaguars, ocelots, margays, Geoffroy’s cat, and servals. Singlecolor coats are found in lions, pumas, and jaguarundis. Some individuals among leopards and jaguars, and more rarely in other species...

• ACTE II - DIVISION 3 (PAGES 108 À 118) - En attendant Godot de Samuel Beckett

  deux larrons. On est tenté de voir dans ce sauveur dérisoire, une image parodique du Christ, le sauveur accordé par Dieu aux hommes, comme eux crucifié, plus misérable que ceux au secours desquels on prétend qu'il vient porter secours. Dans ce passage, où Beckett signale à plusieurs reprises l'exemplarité des événements qui s'y déroulent : "L 'huma nité, c'est nous•• (page 112), la confusion et le grotesque atteignent leur paroxysme. Sur scène c'est un...

• LA VIOLENCE

  conséquence de leurs actes. On pourra également énoncer la définition kantienne de "l'impératif catégorique": "agisuniquement d'après la maxime qui fait que tu peux vouloir en même temps qu'elle devienne une loi universelle". Alorsseulement et quelque soit la situation, l'homme "civilisé" ne cèdera pas à une violence individuelle hors de contrôle.Cependant, l'histoire le démontre également, la violence est parfois nécessaire pour que l'humanité subsiste. Nousavons montré qu'elle ne peut être la...

• pourquoi bergson passe t'il d'homo sapiens a homo faber

  sociale” c'est à dire notre existence collective, “gravite autour de la fabrication et de l'utilisation d'instruments artificiels” (l.3). En effet, Bergson place la technique au coeur de l'existence humaine. Il est vrai que la technique semble posséder la force d'attraction décrite. La deuxième observation en soutenant que les “inventions (…) jalonnent la route du progrès” (l.4) met en évidence que l'évolution humaine est accompagnée d'évolution technique. Ici, il convient de remarquer...

• Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Ailly, Pierre d'

  empirical facts rather than metaphysical assumptions. Thus, it is not by chance that two of d'Ailly's favourite phrases in his philosophical writings are docet experientia (experience teaches) and patet inductive (this is clear on the basis of induction). His main sources are William of Ockham , Thomas Bradwardine , Gregory of Rimini and John Buridan , among whom Ockham is clearly the foremost authority: ‘a few things said by him I value more highly than many volumes by certain others...

• Literary Criticism I INTRODUCTION Literary Criticism, discussion of literature, including description, analysis, interpretation, and evaluation of literary works.

  IV THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES The climate of criticism changed with the arrival on the literary scene of such giants as Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega, and Pedro Calderòn in Spain; WilliamShakespeare, Ben Jonson, and John Milton in England; and Pierre Corneille, Jean Baptiste Racine, and Molière in France. Most of these writers specialized or excelled indrama, and consequently the so-called battle of the ancients and moderns—the critical comparison of Greek and Roman authors with more rece...

• Conservation.

  cancers, Hodgkin’s disease and leukemia. Unfortunately, human activities have greatly reduced biodiversity around the world. The 20th century encompasses one of the greatest waves of extinction, orelimination of species, to occur on the planet. The greatest threat to biodiversity is loss of habitat as humans develop land for agriculture, grazing livestock, industry,and habitation. The most drastic damage has occurred in the tropical rain forests, which cover less than seven percent of the Earth’...

• Les grands hommes font-ils l'histoire ?

  sur son devenir et aboutir à un immobilisme. - Pour Sartre, c'est l'homme, tout homme, qui fait l'histoire et non lesconditions et situations. "Les hommes font leur histoire sur la base deconditions réelles mais ce sont eux qui la font et non les conditionsantérieures." Il ajoute que si l'histoire m'échappe, ce n'est pas que je ne lafais pas, mais que l'autre l'a fait aussi. "L'histoire est l'oeuvre propre detoute activité de tous hommes." - Il est donc temps que cha...

• Faut-il tenir les scientifiques pour responsables de l'usage que l'on fait de leurs découvertes ?

  perfectibilité de l'homme. En ce sens, le travail du scientifique est indispensable, il n'est pas question ici de saresponsabilité mais de l'apport qu'il amène.C'est aussi l'idée développée par les encyclopédistes tels D'Alembert et Diderot. Il faut accroître le savoir et lesconnaissances de façon à améliorer l'humanité. C'est l'objectif qu'il faut atteindre. On ne songe alors pas auxconséquences. 2-Cependant, cette position est à nuancer En effet, en agissant de la sorte, l'homme se compare...

• RONSARD Pierre de : sa vie et son oeuvre

  ·-----·---- il a tant rêvé: l'llalie et surtout la Grèce, peut-être de peur de voir son rêve se briser à l'épreuve de la réalité. Sa vie se partage entre deux pôles : Paris et ses prieu­ rés du Vendômois (Croix- Val, Saint-Gilles-de-Montoire) et de Touraine (Saint-Cosme-lez-Tours, qu'il reçoit en 1565). A Paris, il fréquente poètes, humanistes, fonction­ naires, gens de Cour. Il participe, de plus ou moins bonne grâce, à la vie des premiers salons...

• Europe .

  D Vegetation Although much of Europe, particularly the west, was originally covered by forest, the vegetation has been transformed by human habitation and the clearing of land.Only in the most northerly mountains and in parts of north central European Russia has the forest cover been relatively unaffected by human activity. On the otherhand, a considerable amount of Europe is covered by woodland that has been planted or has reoccupied cleared lands. The largest vegetation zone in Europe, cuttin...

• Europe - Geography.

  D Vegetation Although much of Europe, particularly the west, was originally covered by forest, the vegetation has been transformed by human habitation and the clearing of land.Only in the most northerly mountains and in parts of north central European Russia has the forest cover been relatively unaffected by human activity. On the otherhand, a considerable amount of Europe is covered by woodland that has been planted or has reoccupied cleared lands. The largest vegetation zone in Europe, cuttin...

• Grand Oral du Bac: LES GÉNOCIDES: Deux siècles d'exterminations et de génocides

  • Toutefois , la majorité des historiens s'accordent sur la réalité du processus qui, de la préméditation à l'organisation de la négation du crime, assure à la fois une parfaite exécution de l'anéantissement d'un peuple et l'impunité d'un État responsable. • À la veille de la guerre, la population arménienne de l'Empire ottoman était estimée à 1,5 million d'habitants. Quelque 300 000 personnes sont rentrées chez elles ou se sont installées en Cilicie à...

• Native American Religions.

  In the worldview of most of the indigenous peoples of North America, there were also spiritual beings to be avoided. Native Americans of the Southwest in particular,such as the Navajo and Apache, dreaded contact with ghosts, who were believed to resent the living. These peoples disposed of the bodies of deceased relativesimmediately and attempted to distance themselves from the spirits of the dead, avoiding their burial sites, never mentioning their names, and even abandoning thedwellings in whi...

• HISTOIRE DE LA LANGUE

  • Langue au XVIe/XVIIe siècle cf. Zygmunt marzys, La variation et la norme essais de la dialectique gallo-romaine et de l’histoire de la langue, 1998 Série d’essais, certains sur les dialectes, certains sur la langue française. Cf. article 3 : création de la norme et rôle des grammairiens. • Situation au XVème siècle La France savante est dans une situation de diglossis (qui continue depuis le moyen âge) entre le français et latin qui se caractérise par le fait qu’une langue (le latin) est...

• Eye. I INTRODUCTION Eye, light-sensitive organ of vision in animals. The eyes of

  Several structures, not parts of the eyeball, contribute to the protection of the eye. The most important of these are the eyelids, two folds of skin and tissue, upper andlower, that can be closed by means of muscles to form a protective covering over the eyeball against excessive light and mechanical injury. The eyelashes, a fringe ofshort hairs growing on the edge of either eyelid, act as a screen to keep dust particles and insects out of the eyes when the eyelids are partly closed. Inside the...

• Cloning - biology.

  found that such embryo cells are totipotent (able to give rise to all the different cell types in the body). Exploiting this characteristic, scientists developed three techniques to clone embryo cells: blastomere separation, blastocyst division, and somatic cell nuclear transfer. A Blastomere Separation In blastomere separation, scientists fertilize an egg cell with a sperm cell in a laboratory dish. The resulting embryo is allowed to divide until it forms a mass of aboutfour cells. Scientist...

• Skin. I INTRODUCTION Skin, outer body covering of an animal. The term skin

  III SKIN APPENDAGES In humans, the skin appendages, or structures embedded in the skin, include hair, nails, and several types of glands. Glands are groups of cells that produce andsecrete substances needed by other parts of the body. In other vertebrates, the skin appendages include scales (in fish and reptiles) and feathers (in birds). Together,the skin and the skin appendages are known as the integumentary system of the body. A Hair Hair is a distinguishing characteristic of mammals, a gro...

• Stone Age.

  limestone, quartzite, and indurated shale. Ground stone tools could be made on a wider range of raw material types, including coarser grained rock such as granite. Flaking produces several different types of stone artifacts, which archaeologists look for at prehistoric sites. The parent pieces of rock from which chips have beendetached are called cores, and the chips that have been removed from cores are called flakes. A flake that has had yet smaller flakes removed from one or more edgesin orde...

• Grand Oral du Bac: La répression des crimes de guerre

  d'évolution sensible en matière de justice pénale internationale, mais il a révélé jusqu'où pouvait mener la soumission à une idéologie et l'abandon de toute responsabilité individuelle. Par ailleurs, convaincu de crimes contre l'humanité pour ses activités au camp de Treblinka en 1942 et 1943, John Ivan Demjanjuk a été condamné à la pendaison le 25 avril 1988 . Toutefois , devant la difficulté d'établir les faits plus de quarante ans après la fin...

• Killer Whale - biology.

  V REPRODUCTION Mating occurs more often among killer whales of different pods to avoid inbreeding within pods. About 16 to 18 months after mating, females give birth to a single calf.Newborn calves weigh about 200 kg (440 lb) and are about 2.5 m (8 ft) long. Mothers nurse their calf for 14 to 18 months, although mothers continue to be protectiveof their young long after the offspring have been weaned. Scientists do not know how long killer whales live in the wild. Scientists estimate that male...

• Primate - biology.

  The primate order includes a handful of species that live entirely on meat (carnivores) and also a few that are strict vegetarians (herbivores), but it is composed chieflyof animals that have varied diets (omnivores). The carnivorous primates are the four species of tarsiers, which live in Southeast Asia. Using their long back legs, thesepocket-sized nocturnal hunters leap on their prey, pinning it down with their hands and then killing it with their needle-sharp teeth. Tarsiers primarily eat in...

• Deoxyribonucleic Acid - biology.

  bacterium Escherichia coli . In 1998 scientists achieved the milestone of sequencing the complete genome of a multicellular organism—a roundworm identified as Caenorhabditis elegans . The Human Genome Project, an international research collaboration, was established to determine the sequence of all of the 3 billion nucleotide base pairs that make up thehuman genetic material. In 2003 scientists completed the sequencing of the human genome. The project identified nearly all of the estimated 20...

• Bear - biology.

  programs sponsored by zoos or other breeding centers have attempted to breed giant pandas in captivity, although most of these programs have proved unsuccessful.Among the difficulties faced by captive breeders has been the problem of encouraging a female giant panda to mate with a selected male during the two to three daysof the year when she is most fertile, a period known as estrus. B Spectacled Bear Creamy-white rings surrounding the eyes give the spectacled bear its name. Its shaggy coat of...

• Culture.

  form of knowledge, such as scientific discoveries; objects, such as works of art; and traditions, such as the observance of holidays. C1 Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism Self-identity usually depends on culture to such a great extent that immersion in a very different culture—with which a person does not share common ways of life orbeliefs—can cause a feeling of confusion and disorientation. Anthropologists refer to this phenomenon as culture shock. In multicultural societies —societies s...

• Western Philosophy.

  the popular belief in personal deities, but he failed to explain the way in which the familiar objects of experience could develop out of elements that are totally differentfrom them. Anaxagoras therefore suggested that all things are composed of very small particles, or “seeds,” which exist in infinite variety. To explain the way in whichthese particles combine to form the objects that constitute the familiar world, Anaxagoras developed a theory of cosmic evolution. He maintained that the activ...

• Horse - biology.

  Horses reach sexual maturity at about one and a half years. The estrous cycle in the mare—a mature female horse—typically lasts 21 days. During the first five days ofthe cycle, the mare is usually receptive to mating. The estrous cycle stops during winter and resumes in the spring, which is the start of the breeding season. Astallion—a mature male horse—approaching a mare in estrus engages in various courtship rituals. These include uttering nickering sounds and sniffing and licking themare’s ge...

• Heredity - biology.

  allele from the mother and a mutated allele from the father. In both of these cases, the child will be a carrier. The child develops the disease only if he or she receives amutated allele from each parent. When both parents are carriers, there is a 25 percent chance that a child will be disease-free, a 25 percent chance that it will have thedisease, and a 50 percent chance that it will be a carrier. Examples of genetic diseases that follow the dominant-recessive pattern include sickle-cell anemi...

• LA SCIENCE EST-ELLE LE BIENFAIT DE L'HUMANITÉ ?

  connaissons, nous n’aurions pas les soins médicaux, nous vivrions peut-être encore dans des grottes, vêtus depeaux de bêtes. Mais toutes médailles ont leurs revers. D’abord, il faut constater que tous ne profitent pas des mêmes bienfaits que nous a donnés cette science. Il existeencore une trop grande différence entre pays dits riches et pays pauvres, souvent exploités par les premiersd’ailleurs. Le SIDA reste un véritable fléau surtout en Afrique. D’autres refusent le progrès au nom d...

• Global Warming.

  some of the warming influence of increasing greenhouse gases. A1 Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide is the second most abundant greenhouse gas, after water vapor. Carbon dioxide constantly circulates in the environment through a variety of naturalprocesses known as the carbon cycle. It is released into the atmosphere from natural processes such as eruptions of volcanoes; the respiration of animals, whichbreathe in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide; and the burning or decay of plants and other organic...

• gargantua Rabelais

  Enfin les bouleversements religieux au sein de la chrétienté sont fondamentaux : dans un premier temps Humanisme et Réforme ont partie liée par le retour au texte, la réflexion critique et le libre examen. Les oppositions idéologiques entre catholiques et protestants conduiront à des oppositions armées dans un climat de guerre civile avec des implications de politique étrangère. Le Massacre de la saint Barthélémy d'après François Dubois. Ainsi les guerres de religion (1562-1598) ternissen...

• allemande, littérature.

  Cette mutation correspond à l’épanouissement d’un idéal, celui de la chevalerie. Le récit courtois atteint son apogée avec les œuvres de Hartmann von Aue, le premier des grands classiques du genre, qui introduit dans son pays les romans de la Table ronde et du roi Arthur ( voir cycle arthurien), ainsi que dans les œuvres de Gottfried de Strasbourg, de Wolfram von Eschenbach et de Heinrich von Veldeke. Bien que les ouvrages d’écrivains français comme Chrétien de Troyes, entre autres, aient serv...

• Le travail accomplit-il notre humanité ?

  (Explication et commentaire) « Il est de la plus grande importance d'apprendre aux enfants à travailler. L'homme est le seul animal quisoit voué au travail. Il lui faut d'abord beaucoup de préparation pour en venir à jouir de ce qui estnécessaire à sa conservation. » Dans l'opposition qui sépare la nature humaine de la nature animale, les notions de travail et d'éducation occupentune place essentielle : de tous les animaux, l'homme est le seul pour qui ces deux notions ont un sens et...

• Comedy I INTRODUCTION Laurel and Hardy Stan Laurel, in overalls, and Oliver Hardy, left, formed one of the most popular comedy teams in motion-picture history.

  The elements and techniques of comedy are diverse and differ from culture to culture. More than tragedy or serious drama, comic entertainment is controlled by socialconventions that define the boundaries of acceptable humor and topics that are taboo or off-limits for humor. What is considered funny in one place and time may beforbidden culturally or viewed as infantile or in poor taste in another. Virtually every component of human behavior is subject to comic treatment. This includes bodilyfunc...

• Christianity.

  history of architecture. See Basilica; Church; Early Christian Art and Architecture;Prayer. C Christian Life The instruction and exhortation of Christian preaching and teaching concern all the themes of doctrine and morals: the love of God and the love of neighbor, the twochief commandments in the ethical message of Jesus (see Matthew 22: 34-40). Application of these commandments to the concrete situations of human life, bothpersonal and social, does not produce a uniformity of moral or polit...

• Tiger - biology.

  have a simple digestive system designed to process meat so that the nutrients can be readily absorbed into the bloodstream. With the exception of white tigers, which have blue eyes, all tigers have yellow eyes. Tigers mainly use vision to find prey. Although tigers see about as well as humansduring the day, their large eye openings gather more light than do human eyes, making tiger night vision far superior to that of humans. In addition, a special structurein the tiger’s eye, called the tapetu...