179 résultats pour "london"

• Isaac Newton.

  B Calculus (Newton’s “Fluxional Method”) In 1669 Newton gave his Trinity mathematics professor Isaac Barrow an important manuscript, which is generally known by its shortened Latin title, De Analysi . This work contained many of Newton’s conclusions about calculus (what Newton called his “fluxional method”). Although the paper was not immediately published, Barrowmade its results known to several of the leading mathematicians of Britain and Europe. This paper established Newton as one of the t...

• exposé dnl The London Tower

  The Tower of London What is the history of this place ? The famous Tower of London is a historic castle on the north bank of the River Thames in central London. It’s situated next ti the the famous Tower Bridge. Its construction began towards the end of the year 1066 as part of the Norman conquest of England.In the 1070s, William the Conqueror, fresh from his victory but nervous of rebellion, began to build a massive stone fortress in London to defend and proclaim his royal power. Nothing...

• La ville de Londres

  i·llil.JI!Hill!i Ville portuaire, londres est pourtant relativement éloignée de la mer du Nord {80 km). La plus grande partie de la ville, dont le centre historique, se trouve sur la rive nord de la Tamise. Très densément bâtie, londres a cependant conservé de vastes espaces verts. t'ADMINISTRATION londres est le siège du gouvernement britannique, avec le l'tlrlement (House of Corn mons et House of Lords), la résidence du Premier ministre (10, Downing...

• Leonardo da Vinci I INTRODUCTION Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci was known not only as a masterful painter but as an architect, sculptor, engineer, and scientist.

  and conservation program made use of the latest technology to reverse some of the damage. Although much of the original surface is gone, the majesty of thecomposition and the penetrating characterization of the figures give a fleeting vision of its vanished splendor. The Virgin of the RocksThe Virgin of the Rocks by Leonardo da Vinci was actually painted twice. The first version, done in 1485, wascommissioned to be an altarpiece but was evidently rejected. That painting now hangs in the Louvre,...

• United Kingdom - country.

  B Natural Regions and Topography The island of Great Britain can be divided into two major natural regions—the highland zone and the lowland zone. The highland zone is an area of high hills andmountains in the north and west. The lowland zone in the south and east consists mostly of rolling plains. The zones are divided by an imaginary line running throughEngland from the River Exe on the southwest coast to the mouth of the River Tees on the northeast coast. The lowland zone has a milder climat...

• Benjamin Franklin.

  Copley Medal for distinguished contributions to experimental science. Franklin also exerted a great influence on education in Pennsylvania. In 1749 he wrote thepamphlet Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pennsylvania; its publication led to the establishment in 1751 of the Academy of Philadelphia, later to become the University of Pennsylvania. The curriculum he suggested departed considerably from the study of the Greek and Roman classics then in vogue. Instead itemphasized Engl...

• Benjamin Franklin - USA History.

  Copley Medal for distinguished contributions to experimental science. Franklin also exerted a great influence on education in Pennsylvania. In 1749 he wrote thepamphlet Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pennsylvania; its publication led to the establishment in 1751 of the Academy of Philadelphia, later to become the University of Pennsylvania. The curriculum he suggested departed considerably from the study of the Greek and Roman classics then in vogue. Instead itemphasized Engl...

• Rembrandt I INTRODUCTION Rembrandt (1606-1669), Dutch baroque artist, who ranks as one of the greatest painters in the history of Western art.

  of his collection of art and antiquities, taken before an auction to pay his debts, showed the breadth of Rembrandt's interests: ancient sculpture, Flemish and ItalianRenaissance paintings, Far Eastern art, contemporary Dutch works, weapons, and armor. Unfortunately, the results of the auction—including the sale of hishouse—were disappointing. These problems in no way affected Rembrandt's work; if anything, his artistry increased. Some of the great paintings from this period are The Jewish Brid...

• APPEL DE LA FORÊT (L') (résumé & analyse) de Jack (John Griffith) London

• Geoffrey Chaucer I INTRODUCTION Geoffrey Chaucer Fourteenth-century English poet and public servant Geoffrey Chaucer wrote verse renowned for its humor, understanding of human character, and innovations in poetic vocabulary and meter.

  Tale of the Wife of BathThe Canterbury Tales by English poet Geoffrey Chaucer contains 22 verse tales and 2 prose tales presumably told bypilgrims to pass the time on their way to visit a shrine in Canterbury, England. An excerpt from the tale of the Wife ofBath is heard here. The wife relates that she has been married and widowed five times but the church has recognized onlyone marriage. You can follow the Middle English text and modern translation as you listen to the audio excerpt.The Wife of...

• Sir Charles Tupper.

  campaign, Macdonald asked him to become minister of finance. He was then sent to Washington, D.C., as leader of the Canadian delegation to settle a fisheries disputewith the United States. A treaty was worked out and signed, but the U.S. Senate refused to ratify it. Tupper had already become a Knight Commander of St. Michaeland St. George in 1879, and he received the Knight Grand Cross of St. Michael and St. George in 1886. For his services in Washington he was given the hereditary titleof baron...

• Sir Charles Tupper - Canadian History.

  campaign, Macdonald asked him to become minister of finance. He was then sent to Washington, D.C., as leader of the Canadian delegation to settle a fisheries disputewith the United States. A treaty was worked out and signed, but the U.S. Senate refused to ratify it. Tupper had already become a Knight Commander of St. Michaeland St. George in 1879, and he received the Knight Grand Cross of St. Michael and St. George in 1886. For his services in Washington he was given the hereditary titleof baron...

• Book I INTRODUCTION Kelmscott Chaucer The Kelmscott Chaucer was published in 1896 by William Morris' company, the Kelmscott Press.

  B Medieval European Books Illustration of Saint Mark in the Ebbo GospelsThis is a page from the illuminated manuscript known as the Ebbo Gospels (about 816-835). It depicts Saint Mark lookingheavenward for inspiration as he writes his gospel account, and is drawn in an expressive, energetic style typical ofmedieval art of that period. The full name of the Ebbo Gospels is the Gospel Book of Archbishop Ebbo of Reims. This pagemeasures about 25 by 20 cm (about 10 by 8 in).Bridgeman Art Library, Lo...

• Mesopotamian Art and Architecture I INTRODUCTION Mesopotamian Art and Architecture, the arts and buildings of the ancient Middle Eastern civilizations that developed in the area (now Iraq) between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers from prehistory to the 6th century BC.

  arts. III EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD Figures from Tell AsmarCreated around 2700 bc, these stone figures are from the city of Tell Asmar in what today is Iraq. From the Temple ofAbu, the statuettes stood in watchful prayer with the wide, staring eyes often found in Sumerian sculpture. The figuresare in the Iraq Museum, Baghdād, Iraq.Art Resource, NY The first historical epoch of Sumerian dominance lasted from about 3000 BC until about 2340 BC. While earlier architectural traditions continued, a ne...

• Pan-Africanism.

  (in New York City). These congresses were attended by increasing numbers of representatives from the United States, Europe, Africa, and the Caribbean. Severalimportant factors affected the growing popularity of the congresses. First, many delegates were sponsored by international labor movements, which were growing insize and power in the 1920s. A second factor was the growth of the black nationalist movement of Marcus Garvey. The Garvey movement was important in the UnitedStates as a popular ex...

• Expression écrite Anglais : London and New York, two global cities

• Hogarth, William - dessin & gravure.

  William Hogarth est également un portraitiste de renom qui a bouleversé le genre pictural à maintes reprises. Il participe à l’introduction des « Conversations Pieces » en Angleterre avec le Mariage de Stephen Beckingham et de Mary Cox (1729-1730, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York) ou la Famille Foutaine (1730, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphie). Puis lorsqu’il réalise le Capitaine Coram (1740, Foundling Hospital, Londres), il marque un nouveau tournant dans l’art du portrait po...

• Bühnenbild - Theater.

  Jahren von Bühnenbildnern wie Robert Edmond Jones, Jo Mielziner, Lee Simonson, Norman Bel Geddes und Boris Aronson aufgenommen. Bühnenbild wurde nun auch als eigenständiges Fach an Universitäten und Kunstschulen gelehrt. Nach dem 2. Weltkrieg wurde Casper Neher für seine Arbeit am BerlinerEnsemble unter Bertolt Brecht weltberühmt. Seine antiillusionistisch-abstrahierenden Kulissen übten eine revolutionäre Wirkung aus. Von Brecht wiederum stammte derVersuch, die Bühnentechnik dem Publikum sichtba...

• Paul Cézanne I INTRODUCTION Peaches and Pears Peaches and Pears (1888) by Paul Cézanne displays a sense of unity and continuity typical of the artist's many still-life paintings.

  the most transient natural effects as well as their own passing emotional states as the artists stood before nature. Under Pissarro's tutelage, and within a very shorttime during 1872-1873, Cézanne shifted from dark tones to bright hues and began to concentrate on scenes of farmland and rural villages. IV RETURN TO AIX-EN-PROVENCE Mont Sainte-Victoire by CézanneFrench artist Paul Cézanne painted Mont Sainte-Victoire, a mountain near his home in Provence in southern France, onmany occasions. Ov...

• Édouard Manet I INTRODUCTION Manet: Tradition and Innovation French impressionist painter Édouard Manet shocked art audiences in Paris with Le déjeuner sur l'herbe (The Luncheon on the Grass; 1863, Musée d'Orsay, Paris), which depicts a nude woman at a woodland picnic.

  Le Déjeuner sur l’herbeLe Déjeuner sur l’herbe (Luncheon on the Grass) by Édouard Manet was painted in 1863. When it was first displayed, therough brushwork and undefined areas of color were as distressing to the public as the nude woman who was neither aclassical goddess nor a symbol in an allegory. Manet claimed that the real subject of the painting was light, and it was thatphilosophy that gave birth to impressionism.Bridgeman Art Library, London/New York After his father died in 1862, Manet...

• Illustration.

  Gegen Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts wurden die bedeutendsten englischen Buchillustrationen von Thomas Bewick geschaffen, der den Weißholzschnitt in Büchern wie History of Quadrupeds (1790) perfektionierte, sowie von dem Dichter und Künstler William Blake, dessen illuminierte Bücher, angefangen bei Songs of Innocence (1789, Lieder der Unschuld ), auf einer Art der Illustration zurückgriff, die derjenigen der Blockbücher des 15. Jahrhunderts nahe steht. Japanische Künstler illustrierten Bücher...

• Victoria (queen) I INTRODUCTION Victoria (queen) (1819-1901), queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901) and empress of India (1876-1901).

  Queen Victoria never truly recovered from Albert’s death in December 1861 at the age of 42. For almost a decade she remained in strict mourning. She rarely set footin London, and she avoided most public occasions, including the state opening of Parliament. She made an exception, however, for the unveiling of statues dedicated toPrince Albert and, after a few years, for attendance at army reviews. Behind the scenes, she continued to correspond with and talk to her ministers, and she took comfort...

• Victoria (queen).

  Queen Victoria never truly recovered from Albert’s death in December 1861 at the age of 42. For almost a decade she remained in strict mourning. She rarely set footin London, and she avoided most public occasions, including the state opening of Parliament. She made an exception, however, for the unveiling of statues dedicated toPrince Albert and, after a few years, for attendance at army reviews. Behind the scenes, she continued to correspond with and talk to her ministers, and she took comfort...

• Oliver Cromwell I INTRODUCTION Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658), leader in the English Revolution (1640-1660) and the first commoner to rule England.

  as well as to the abolition of the House of Lords. He was an active member of the High Court of Justice set up for the king’s trial and boldly signed the king’s deathwarrant. For Cromwell, Charles’s execution was a divine judgment against a tyrant. Following the king’s execution, the Commonwealth of England was formed, ruled bya Council of State that included members of the Rump Parliament. For the next two years Cromwell remained a soldier in service to the state. The new Commonwealth had power...

• Oliver Cromwell.

  as well as to the abolition of the House of Lords. He was an active member of the High Court of Justice set up for the king’s trial and boldly signed the king’s deathwarrant. For Cromwell, Charles’s execution was a divine judgment against a tyrant. Following the king’s execution, the Commonwealth of England was formed, ruled bya Council of State that included members of the Rump Parliament. For the next two years Cromwell remained a soldier in service to the state. The new Commonwealth had power...

• Renaissancekunst.

  2.3 Die zweite Künstlergeneration In den folgenden Jahrzehnten wurden die für die Renaissancekunst typischen Neuerungen wie perspektivische und Landschaftsdarstellung, neue Figurenauffassung undminutiös geplante Bildkompositionen weiterentwickelt und verfeinert. In Florenz beschäftigten sich Künstler wie Antonio Pollaiuolo und Andrea del Verrocchio anhand vonStudien am lebenden Modell mit der komplizierten Anatomie des Menschen. Sie fanden ihren Niederschlag in Bildern wie Pollaiuolos Martyriu...

• Ne pas confondre Grande Bretagne et Royaume Uni Great Britain Great Britain is made up of: England - The capital is London.

• Kommunistisches Manifest Kommunistisches Manifest, Programmschrift des Bundes der Kommunisten, veröffentlicht 1848 in London, kurz vor der Februarrevolution in Paris.

• Lele - the writer in his time

  Many films and books have been adapted to this real story as the movie «   A Study in   Terror.        »  Sherlock Holmes i nvestigates a series of murders of prostitutes and chasing Jack the   Ripper.   His   investigations   lead   shallows   of   Victorian   London   to   the   most   exclusive   neighbourhoods in the capital.  Bloodhound finally unmasks  the culprit, the son of a notable. If   he   direct ed   Sherlock   Holmes,   the   famous   detective   investigation   that   is   not  ...

• Woman in white chapter 5

  didn't answer but he smiled. Then  the next day the count and his wife were gone to London.  Then Percival lied to Laura and said that Marian left the house and was in Cumberland. But that was not true, Percival said that was the only way to make Laura go to Cumberland. Then Eliza left the house.   The cook's narrative When Laura arrived at London a Doctor examined and and said that  a serious case of heart disease. She won't live much longer. And the next day she died. Then the cook answered tw...

• nu (art) 1 PRÉSENTATION Bronzino, Allégorie de Vénus Peintre officiel de la cour des

  Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienne.Ali Meyer/Bridgeman Art Library, London/New York Attestée depuis des époques très anciennes, la représentation du nu est, à ses origines, exclusivement reliée à la figure de la femme et s’inscrit alors dans le cadre de cultes liés à la célébration de la fécondité. Avant que l’exaltation de cette puissance créatrice ne s’exprime dans les détails des statuaires indienne et africaine, où le style dépasse l’expression de la réalité anatomique pour insister sur l’opul...

• Rembrandt.

  myth that the painting was rejected by those who commissioned it, and led to a decline in Rembrandt's reputation and fortune, it was actually well received. Many of Rembrandt's landscapes in this middle period are romantic and based on his imagination rather than recording specific places. The inclusion of ancient ruins androlling hills, not a part of the flat Dutch countryside, as in River Valley with Ruins (Staatliche Gemäldegalerie, Kassel), suggests a classical influence derived from Italy...

• Renaissance Art and Architecture I INTRODUCTION Renaissance Composition During the Renaissance (15th and 16th centuries) artists discovered new ways to help them create more realistic and compelling images.

  with reliefs, had been familiar for centuries. A Early Renaissance Sculpture Ghiberti’s Gates of ParadiseThe Gates of Paradise are bronze doors created by Italian Renaissance sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti between 1425 and 1452for the east entrance to the baptistery of the Florence Cathedral in Italy. This detail, showing Isaac and Esau, is from oneof the doors' ten panels, each of which illustrates a story from the Bible. Ghiberti endowed the scenes with volume, depth,and movement, and helped initi...

• Louis Stephen St.

  St. Laurent brought to office a new concept of government. His broad, all-national view firmly rejected Québec's traditional isolationism. He made his decisions with coolimpartiality, giving first consideration to the welfare of Canada as a whole. St. Laurent's foreign policy involved Canada in world politics. He supported the UN, fully endorsing the initiatives proposed by Pearson, his representative there. St.Laurent actively sponsored and subsequently cooperated with the North Atlantic Treaty...

• Louis Stephen St.

  St. Laurent brought to office a new concept of government. His broad, all-national view firmly rejected Québec's traditional isolationism. He made his decisions with coolimpartiality, giving first consideration to the welfare of Canada as a whole. St. Laurent's foreign policy involved Canada in world politics. He supported the UN, fully endorsing the initiatives proposed by Pearson, his representative there. St.Laurent actively sponsored and subsequently cooperated with the North Atlantic Treaty...

• Chess.

  There are two standard methods of recording chess moves: the algebraic system and the descriptive system. In both systems, the pieces are designated by capitalinitials: K for king, Q for queen, R for rook, B for bishop, and N for knight. The initial P for pawn is used in the descriptive system only. Castling is noted as either 0-0(“short” castling on the king’s side) or 0-0-0 (“long” castling on the queen’s side). Each square is part of both a file and a rank, and in the algebraic system, that u...

• Metalwork I INTRODUCTION Metalwork, in the fine arts, objects of artistic, decorative, and utilitarian value made of one or more kinds of metal--from precious to base--fashioned by either casting, hammering, or joining or a combination of these techniques.

  Early Bronze DiskThis disk with the head of Acheloos, an Etruscan river god, was made of bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, sometime inthe early 5th century bc. It comes from the necropolis of Monte Quaglieri in Tarquinia. Alloys are made by smelting twodifferent metals together.Scala/Art Resource, NY Knowledge of smelting ultimately led to knowledge of mixing different ores together in the smelting process to produce simple alloys. This followed an intermediateperiod, about 3000 BC, when comp...

• Joseph Haydn - Musik.

  Meistern der Musik. Joseph Haydn: Wichtigste Werke JAHR WERK 1767 Stabat Mater (Oratorium) 1772 Sinfonie Nr. 45, fis-Moll (Abschiedssinfonie) 1791 Sinfonie Nr. 94, G-Dur (Mit dem Paukenschlag) 1794 Sinfonie Nr. 100, G-Dur (Militärsinfonie)Sinfonie Nr. 101, D-Dur (Die Uhr) 1795 Sinfonie Nr. 103, Es-Dur (Mit dem Paukenwirbel)Sinfonie Nr. 104, D-Dur (Londoner) 1797 Streichquartett Nr. 3, D-Dur, op. 76 (Kaiserquartett) 1798 Die Schöpfung (Oratorium)Die sieben letzten Worte unseres Erlösers am Kreuze...

• LA VILLE DE LONDRES (Travaux Personnels Encadrés – Géographie - Enseignements Pratiques Interdisciplinaires)

  i·llil.JI!Hill!i Ville portuaire, londres est pourtant relativement éloignée de la mer du Nord {80 km). La plus grande partie de la ville, dont le centre historique , se trouve sur la rive nord de la Tamise . Très densément bâtie , londres a cependant conservé de vastes espaces verts . t'ADMINISTRATION londres est le siège du gouvernement britannique, avec le l'tlrl e ment (House of Corn mons et House of Lords) , la résidence du Premier ministre (10,...

• Baroque Art and ArchitectureIINTRODUCTIONGerman Baroque ArchitectureThe baroque style of architecture flourished in Germany in the 18th century.

  C Early baroque styles Conversion of Saint PaulItalian baroque painter Caravaggio painted scenes of realism and drama, often selecting lofty, religious themes anddepicting them with lower-class characters and settings with dramatic spotlighting. With its unidealized characters andfocus on the horse’s body, his Conversion of Saint Paul seems to record a stable accident, not a miraculous conversion byGod. This work was painted in 1601 and is in the Cerasi Chapel, Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome, It...

• Art Nouveau I INTRODUCTION Detail of Art Nouveau Decoration This detail of a door decoration from a building constructed in the early 20th century in Milan, Italy, illustrates the stylistic themes associated with art nouveau.

  Wallpaper by William MorrisIn the early 19th century manufacturers began to mass-produce wallpaper, and the quality of designs suffered. WilliamMorris, a British artist who had become interested in the design of household furnishings and items for everyday use,began to create handmade wallpapers that he integrated into the overall design of the home. This artichoke design isbased on stylized plant motifs, a common theme in art nouveau designs.Art Resource, NY Art nouveau in Britain evolved out o...

• Illustration I INTRODUCTION Illustration, pictorial material appearing with a text and amplifying or enhancing it.

  Hypnerotomachia PoliphiliThe Hypnerotomachia Poliphili (The Strife of Love in a Dream), a work attributed to Dominican monk Francesco deColonna, was first published in Venice, Italy, in 1499 by Aldus Manutius. Its text and its beautiful woodcut illustrationsinfluenced Renaissance art and architecture. This illustration shows the book’s protagonist, Poliphilus, asleep under a tree.The Pierpont Morgan Library/Art Resource, NY The first illustrated book with a text printed from movable type was pro...

• Englische Literatur (Sprache & Litteratur).

  Haus der Fama) und The Parlement of Foules (Das Parlament der Vögel) ist der Einfluss französischer Autoren deutlich spürbar. Chaucer diente zahlreichen Autoren des 15. Jahrhunderts in England und Schottland als Vorbild, und wirkte auf zahlreiche Künstler der Folgezeit, namentlich auf William Caxton, John Lydgate, Robert Henryson,William Dunbar und Sir David Lyndsay. In der Nachfolge Chaucers steht auch Sir Thomas Malory, der seinerseits mit Le morte Darthur (um 1460 bis 1470, Der Tod Arth...

• Elisabeth I.

  die Tudor-Dynastie in England. Kurz vor ihrem Tod hatte sie den schottischen König Jakob VI., den Sohn Maria Stuarts, zu ihrem Nachfolger bestimmt. Das Elisabethanische Zeitalter war nicht nur eine Epoche großer politischer Erfolge, sondern auch eine Ära außerordentlicher kultureller Blüte in England. Edmund Spenser,Christopher Marlowe und William Shakespeare sind nur einige der zahlreichen hervorragenden Schriftsteller, die unter Elisabeth wirkten. Elisabeth selbst bot mit ihrerschillernden Per...

• Elisabeth I.

  die Tudor-Dynastie in England. Kurz vor ihrem Tod hatte sie den schottischen König Jakob VI., den Sohn Maria Stuarts, zu ihrem Nachfolger bestimmt. Das Elisabethanische Zeitalter war nicht nur eine Epoche großer politischer Erfolge, sondern auch eine Ära außerordentlicher kultureller Blüte in England. Edmund Spenser,Christopher Marlowe und William Shakespeare sind nur einige der zahlreichen hervorragenden Schriftsteller, die unter Elisabeth wirkten. Elisabeth selbst bot mit ihrerschillernden Per...

• Titian I INTRODUCTION Titian (1477?

  Pesaro (1519-26), Titian effected a crucial change in Renaissance sacre conversazioni (paintings of the Virgin enthroned among saints) by placing the Virgin, traditionally at the composition's center, halfway up its right side, and by painting behind her in diagonal recession two giant columns that soar out of the picture'sspace. This new scheme was widely adopted by later artists, such as Paolo Veronese and the Carracci family, and, with its evocation of movement and infinity, it openedthe w...

• Britischer Film.

  Thematisch und stilistisch weit ihrer Zeit voraus waren Anthony Asquith’ The Browning Version (1951; Konflikt des Herzens ) und Michael Powells Peeping Tom (1960; Peeping Tom ). Diese Filme ebneten den Weg für die britische „New Wave” und das Kino der „Angry young men”. 3 DER MODERNE BRITISCHE FILM 1956 hatte John Osborne mit seinem skandalisierten Theaterstück Look Back in Anger den Generationenbruch auf der Bühne vollzogen. Gleichzeitig forderte die Bewegung „Free Cinema” künstlerisch...

• Besatzungszeit in Deutschland - Geschichte.

  die Überreste des Faschismus auszurotten und eine demokratische Staatsform vorzubereiten. Mitte Juli 1945 wurden die Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD), dieSozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD), die Christlich Demokratische Union (CDU) und die Liberal-Demokratische Partei (LDP) zum „Block der antifaschistisch-demokratischen Parteien” verbunden. Schon Ende 1945 allerdings zeigten die zunehmenden Eingriffe der SMAD in das Parteiengefüge, dass ein wirklich demokratisches Staatswesen n...

• Amerikanische Literatur (Sprache & Litteratur).

  toleranten Aufklärers Kritik sowohl am Christentum wie auch am Atheismus, wobei ersteres heftige Reaktionen von Seiten des amerikanischen Publikums nach sich zog.Äußerst stark rezipiert hingegen wurde die gegen England gerichtete Satire M’Fingal (1775-1782) des Rechtsgelehrten und Dichters John Trumbull. Politisch engagierte Lyrik schrieb auch der vielseitig interessierte Dichter Philip Morin Freneau, dessen allegorisches Gedicht The House of Night (1779) Merkmale der in der Romantik verbrei...

• Europe .

  D Vegetation Although much of Europe, particularly the west, was originally covered by forest, the vegetation has been transformed by human habitation and the clearing of land.Only in the most northerly mountains and in parts of north central European Russia has the forest cover been relatively unaffected by human activity. On the otherhand, a considerable amount of Europe is covered by woodland that has been planted or has reoccupied cleared lands. The largest vegetation zone in Europe, cuttin...