132 résultats pour "familie"
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Slavery in Africa.
The spread of Islam from Arabia into Africa after the religion’s founding in the 7th century AD affected the practice of slavery and slave trading in West, Central, and East Africa. Arabs had practiced slave raiding and trading in Arabia for centuries prior to the founding of Islam, and slavery became a component of Islamic traditions.Both the Qur'an (Koran) (the sacred scripture of Islam) and Islamic religious law served to codify and justify the existence of slavery. As Muslim Arabs conquered...
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James Joyce (Sprache & Litteratur).
wieder aufgebaut werden könnte”. Tatsächlich aber richtet Joyce sein Augenmerk keineswegs vorwiegend auf markante architektonische Punkte Dublins, sondern lässt denDiskurs der Stadt, ihre abstrakte „Sprache”, lebendig werden. Im berühmten Kapitel Oxens of the Sun gar imaginiert Joyce anhand der Niederkunft einer Frau die „Geburt” der irischen Sprache. In den zwölf Teilen des Ulysses ließ Joyce sein gewaltiges enzyklopädisches Wissen einfließen (der Wortschatz des etwa 1 000 Seiten dicken Buc...
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Jane Austen.
years later.) Mansfield Park is Jane Austen’s most ambitious novel—in length, in variety of characterization, and in the scope of its theme. It centers on the effects of upbringing on personal morality in three families—the middle-class Bertrams, the fashionable Crawfords, and the impoverished Prices. Austen has been praised for her presentation ofthe complex relations between the members of the families, but as in Sense and Sensibility, she frustrates the expectations of her readers that the...
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Dominikanische Republik - geographie.
Reformista Social Cristiano (PRSC, Christlichsoziale Reformpartei) und der Partido de la Liberación Dominicana (PLD, Dominikanische Befreiungspartei), der sich 1973 vom PRD abgespalten hatte. 7 WIRTSCHAFT Grundlagen der Wirtschaft sind der Tourismus, die Landwirtschaft und der Bergbau. Insbesondere die Einnahmen aus dem Fremdenverkehr sind in den vergangenen Jahrenstark angestiegen. Die Wirtschaft ist aber nach wie vor auf den Export landwirtschaftlicher Güter konzentriert. Neben dem Hauptan...
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Suicide.
C Sociological Theories Most social scientists believe that a society’s structure and values can influence suicide rates. French sociologist Émile Durkheim argued that suicide rates are related tosocial integration —that is, the degree to which an individual feels part of a larger group. Durkheim found suicide was more likely when a person lacked social bonds or had relationships disrupted through a sudden change in status, such as unemployment. As one example of the significance of social bond...
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Jane Austen
I
INTRODUCTION
Jane Austen
English author Jane Austen crafted satirical romances set within the confines of upper-middle-class English society.
up their personal pride and prejudices before they can enter into a happy relationship together. As do Austen’s earlier writings, Pride and Prejudice displays the themes of appearance versus reality, and impulse versus deliberation. Elizabeth, trusting her own impulses, makes a mistake about Darcy and his apparent arrogance that deliberation and further experience eventually cause her to correct. Of Elizabeth, Austenwrote: “I must confess that I think her as delightful a creature as ever appea...
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Ancient Egypt.
around 4500 BC. The style and decoration of the pottery found at these sites differ from those of pottery found in Upper Egypt. The northern type eventually fell out of use. Other differences between the peoples in Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt include the nature of their architecture and the arrangements for burial of the dead, thelatter perhaps signifying differing religious beliefs. B Unification and Early Dynastic Period By 3500 BC, the settlement of Hierakonpolis, located on the west bank...
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Extinction (biology) - biology.
III ROLE OF MASS EXTINCTION IN EVOLUTION Historically biologists—most famous among them British naturalist Charles Darwin—assumed that extinction is the natural outcome of competition between newlyevolved, adaptively superior species and their older, more primitive ancestors. These scientists believed that newer, more highly evolved species simply drove less well-adapted species to extinction. That is, historically, extinction was thought to result from evolution. It was also thought that this...
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Südafrika - geographie.
100 Schlangenarten. 3 BEVÖLKERUNG Von den 43,8 Millionen Einwohnern (2008) sind etwa 75 Prozent Schwarze, 14 Prozent Weiße, 8 Prozent Mischlinge und 3 Prozent Asiaten. Die Schwarzafrikaner gehörenneun Volksgruppen an: den Zulu, den Xhosa, den Tswana, den Venda, den Sotho, den Ndebele, den Tsonga, den Swasi und den Pedi. Die Zulu als größte dieserVolksgruppen stellen etwa 20 Prozent der Gesamtbevölkerung. Die Weißen stammen überwiegend von britischen, holländischen, deutschen und französisch-hug...
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Chicago (city, Illinois) - geography.
VI EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS Chicago has one of the largest public school systems in the United States. The Chicago Board of Education administers the system in a centralized fashion; in recentyears it has been experimenting with local school councils as a means of partial devolution of authority. These councils, established in 1989, have authority in severalareas, including the ability to approve budgets and curriculum. In addition, Chicago has many private schools, including larg...
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Inca Empire.
The Incas’ public works were built through a labor tax known as mit’a. This tax required most people incorporated into the Inca Empire to provide labor for public worksduring certain portions of each year. This labor tax supported large-scale public works that required the marshalling of large labor forces, such as for the building offorts, roads, and bridges, or the mining of metals and gems. It also allowed the emperor to raise large armies to undertake wars of conquest. Road building was impo...
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Inca Empire - History.
The Incas’ public works were built through a labor tax known as mit’a. This tax required most people incorporated into the Inca Empire to provide labor for public worksduring certain portions of each year. This labor tax supported large-scale public works that required the marshalling of large labor forces, such as for the building offorts, roads, and bridges, or the mining of metals and gems. It also allowed the emperor to raise large armies to undertake wars of conquest. Road building was impo...
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United Arab Emirates - country.
III PEOPLE Most people living in the UAE (known as Emiris) are Arabs, a large majority of whom are city and town dwellers. A small number are nomadic (having no permanent home). The population has grown dramatically since the mid-1960s, largely due to the influx of oil workers to the country. Four-fifths of the UAE’s inhabitants areforeign workers and their families. The UAE also has a very youthful population, due to the large numbers of young foreign workers, a cultural preference for larg...
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Kenya - country.
threatens fish and other water life in the lake by depriving them of oxygen. Kenya is well known for its game parks—including Masai Mara Game Park and Tsavo National Park in the south, and Marsabit National Reserve in the north—whichattract large numbers of tourists and much revenue. Conservation of wildlife within reserves has thus received high priority. About 13 percent (2007) of Kenya’s totalland is protected. There are 229 (2004) threatened species in Kenya. Threatened habitats include the...
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Laos - country.
by the year 2025. About one-quarter of Laos’s people live in mountainous regions. The rest live in upland valleys or on the flood plains of the Mekong and its tributaries.Just over three-quarters of the population live in rural areas, although the proportion of people living in urban areas is steadily increasing. Vientiane is the capital and largest city of Laos. Louangphrabang, the former royal capital, is an increasingly popular tourist destination. Other major cities are theregional capitals...
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Crusades.
modern Lebanon; the Principality of Antioch, in modern Syria; and the County of Edessa, in modern northern Syria and southern Turkey. IV CRUSADES OF THE 12TH CENTURY The Crusades of the 12th century, through the end of the Third Crusade in 1192, illustrate the tensions and problems that plagued the enterprise as a whole. For thelords of Outremer a compromise with the residents and Muslim powers made sense; they could not live in constant warfare. And yet as European transplants theydepended on...
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Crusades .
modern Lebanon; the Principality of Antioch, in modern Syria; and the County of Edessa, in modern northern Syria and southern Turkey. IV CRUSADES OF THE 12TH CENTURY The Crusades of the 12th century, through the end of the Third Crusade in 1192, illustrate the tensions and problems that plagued the enterprise as a whole. For thelords of Outremer a compromise with the residents and Muslim powers made sense; they could not live in constant warfare. And yet as European transplants theydepended on...
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Ukraine - country.
a major hazard, especially to Ukraine’s water supply. The Chernobyl’ complex was finally shut down completely in December 2000, with the financial assistance ofWestern nations. The funds were to pay for the completion of two other nuclear power plants that would produce enough power to make up for the loss of the powersupply from the Chernobyl’ plant. III PEOPLE OF UKRAINE The population of Ukraine was estimated in 2008 at 45,994,287, giving the country a population density of 76 persons per s...
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Native American Art.
folding, braiding or weaving, could also be sewn onto the hide. The production of decorated clothing and bags increased after contact with Europeans as a greater variety of textiles and other materials became available throughtrade. Imported glass beads inspired native women, who quickly adapted quillwork techniques for the creation of beaded apparel. European curvilinear and floraldesigns of the 19th century proved as meaningful for the native women who worked with them as they were for the non...
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Washington, D.
structures built according to L’Enfant’s plan. During the War of 1812, British troops set fire to the White House, destroying its interior. President James Madison and hisfamily lived in the Octagon while the White House was being rebuilt. South of the Federal Triangle is the Mall, a narrow park stretching roughly 1.6 km (1 mi) from the Capitol to the Washington Monument. Although the Mall officially endsat 14th Street, landscaped greenery extends to the Potomac. The Washington Monument, whose m...
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Los Angeles - geography.
(2006 population, 472,494), located east of the Port of Los Angeles. The city of Compton (95,701) is located north of Long Beach, on the east side of the AlamedaCorridor. On the other side of the corridor are the cities of Torrance (142,350) and Inglewood (114,914). Northwest of Inglewood and west of downtown Los Angeles are the wealthy and fashionable Santa Monica (88,050) and Beverly Hills (34,979). Both cities are enclaves:Santa Monica is surrounded by the City of Los Angeles to the north, ea...
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Los Angeles - geography.
(2006 population, 472,494), located east of the Port of Los Angeles. The city of Compton (95,701) is located north of Long Beach, on the east side of the AlamedaCorridor. On the other side of the corridor are the cities of Torrance (142,350) and Inglewood (114,914). Northwest of Inglewood and west of downtown Los Angeles are the wealthy and fashionable Santa Monica (88,050) and Beverly Hills (34,979). Both cities are enclaves:Santa Monica is surrounded by the City of Los Angeles to the north, ea...
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African American History - U.
In their day-to-day lives, slaves and servants shared similar grievances and frequently formed alliances. Advertisements seeking the return of slaves and servants whohad run away together filled colonial newspapers. When a slave named Charles escaped in 1740, the Pennsylvania Gazette reported that two white servants, a 'Scotch man' and an Englishman, escaped with him. Sometimes interracial alliances involved violence. During Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, slaves and servants took up armsagainst Na...
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Hawaii (state) - geography.
limestone along the coast. The volcanoes of the Hawaiian Islands are all so-called shield volcanoes, or lava domes. Unlike the volcanoes of Alaska and South America, those of Hawaii were notcreated by very explosive eruptions. Formed mostly by lava flows, they are great rounded mountain masses, rather than steep-sided cones. Mauna Kea, dormant forcenturies, is the highest mountain in the state. It rises to 4,205 m (13,796 ft) above sea level, and its summit is dotted with cinder cones formed by...
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Hawaii (state) - USA History.
limestone along the coast. The volcanoes of the Hawaiian Islands are all so-called shield volcanoes, or lava domes. Unlike the volcanoes of Alaska and South America, those of Hawaii were notcreated by very explosive eruptions. Formed mostly by lava flows, they are great rounded mountain masses, rather than steep-sided cones. Mauna Kea, dormant forcenturies, is the highest mountain in the state. It rises to 4,205 m (13,796 ft) above sea level, and its summit is dotted with cinder cones formed by...
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Alligatoren - Tiere.
von der Sonne ausgebrütet, aber das Weibchen hält sich in der Nähe seines Geleges auf, um es zu bewachen. Das Geschlecht der Jungen hängt von der Bruttemperatur ab:Bei höheren Temperaturen (je nach Art oberhalb von etwa 32 bis 33 °C) schlüpfen Männchen, bei niedrigeren (unterhalb von etwa 28 bis 30 °C) Weibchen, bei mittlerensowohl Männchen als auch Weibchen. Die Jungen schlüpfen nach ungefähr 60 Tagen; das Weibchen begleitet und beschützt sie bis zum darauf folgenden Frühjahr und trägtsie zeitw...
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Kolibris - biologie.
3 FLUGFÄHIGKEIT Kolibris sind äußerst gewandte Flieger. Ihr Flügelschlag ist mit zumeist etwa 80 Schlägen pro Sekunde so schnell, dass ein summender Ton entsteht (der englische Name fürKolibris, hummingbird, bedeutet Summvogel). Zur Nahrungssuche halten sich Kolibris im Schwebeflug vor einer Blüte. Um sich von der Blüte fortzubewegen, fliegen Kolibris rückwärts; dazu sind sie als einzige Vögel in der Lage. Zum Balzverhalten der nordamerikanischen Annakolibris gehören etwa 30 Meter tiefe Sturz...
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Lachse - Tiere.
SilberlachseSilberlachse waren einst die häufigsten Lachse im pazifischen Nordwesten Amerikas. Durch Überfischung, Habitatzerstörung undStaudämme sind ihre Populationsgrößen auf 10 bis 15 Prozent der ursprünglichen Bestände geschrumpft.THE BETTMANN ARCHIVE/Corbis Die im Nordpazifik vorkommenden Lachse – insgesamt sechs Arten einer Gattung – sind durch kleine Schuppen und eine breite Afterflosse gekennzeichnet. Sie laichen inamerikanischen oder asiatischen Flüssen. Sie sterben stets nach der erst...
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wefreg
Je propose de faire plus de sport cette année. Ich schlage vor, dieses Jahr mehr Sport zu machen. Ich bin bei Tom, ich gehe zu Tom. Mittwoch, den 9. Januar Deutsche Silvestertraditionen? Papst Silvester ist am 31. Dezember 335 gestorben. Deshalb heißt der letzte Tag des Jahres Silvester. (der Papst: le pape) Das Feuerwerk wird in Deutschland geregelt: es gibt ein Gesetz (une loi). Vom 29. Bis zum 31. Dezember darf man Sprengstoffe// Böller kaufen. Zu Mitternacht zünden die Leute...
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Regierungen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.
Bundeskanzler Konrad Adenauer (CDU) Vizekanzler und Wirtschaft Ludwig Erhard (CDU) Auswärtiges Gerhard Schröder (CDU) Inneres Hermann Höcherl (CSU) Justiz Wolfgang Stammberger (FDP) bis 19.11.1962 * Finanzen Heinz Starke (FDP) bis 19.11.1962 * Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten Werner Schwarz (CDU) Arbeit und Sozialordnung Theodor Blank (CDU) Verteidigung Franz Josef Strauß (CSU) Verkehr Hans-Christoph Seebohm(DP/CDU) Post- und Fernmeldewesen Richard Stücklen (CSU) Wohnungsbau, Städtebau undR...
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Echsen - Tiere.
Meerechse bei der NahrungssucheDie auf den Galápagos-Inseln lebende Meerechse sucht unter Wasser nach Algen. Sie ist die einzige Echsenart, die vom Meerabhängig ist.Howard Hall/Oxford Scientific Films Echsen haben sich an die unterschiedlichsten Lebensräume angepasst, was sie vor allem der Variabilität ihrer Fortbewegungsweise verdanken. Halsbandleguane,Komodowarane oder auch die relativ kleinen Rennechsen ( siehe Schienenechsen) können so schnell wie ein Mensch laufen; Basilisken sind dank ihr...
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Bundesministerien - Politik.
• das Bundeskanzleramt, zuständig für die Regierungspolitik sowie die Verfassungs- und Verwaltungspolitik,• das Bundesministerium für europäische und internationale Angelegenheiten (vormals auswärtige Angelegenheiten),• das Bundesministerium für Unterricht, Kunst und Kultur,• das Bundesministerium für Finanzen,• das Bundesministerium für Gesundheit, Familie und Jugend,• das Bundesministerium für Inneres,• das Bundesministerium der Justiz,• das Bundesministerium für Landesverteidigung,• das Bunde...
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Konservativismus - Politik.
nach Moskau!” waren zentrale Wahlkampfslogans der CDU/CSU in der Adenauer-Ära), der in den sechziger und siebziger Jahren durch die Gegnerschaft zur antiautoritärenStudentenbewegung starken Auftrieb erhielt. Verstärkt durch die Wirtschaftskrise 1973/74 propagierte der damalige Neokonservativismus eine Stabilisierung tradierterWerte und ethisch-moralischer Normen wie Familie und Religion, gesteigerte Leistungsbereitschaft und die Akzeptanz sozialer Ungleichheit. Zugleich erhob er die Forderungnac...
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Steven Spielberg - KUNSTLER.
erzählt Spielberg von den Vergeltungsmaßnahmen nach dem Überfall der palästinensischen Terrorgruppe Schwarzer September auf israelische Sportler bei den OlympischenSpielen 1972. Der kontrovers diskutierte pazifistische Film, eine Reflexion über Terror und Gegenterror, der auf dem als unseriös geltenden Buch Vengeance (1984) von George Jonas basiert, weicht von der historischen Wahrheit ab und verzichtet somit auf den Anspruch auf Faktizität. Dem Film wurden u. a. fehlende Authentizität, naiver...
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Culture.
form of knowledge, such as scientific discoveries; objects, such as works of art; and traditions, such as the observance of holidays. C1 Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism Self-identity usually depends on culture to such a great extent that immersion in a very different culture—with which a person does not share common ways of life orbeliefs—can cause a feeling of confusion and disorientation. Anthropologists refer to this phenomenon as culture shock. In multicultural societies —societies s...
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Kangaroo - biology.
ungulates, they have evolved multi-chambered stomachs containing bacteria that can break down plant cell walls and release the nutritious cell contents. V SOCIAL ORGANIZATION Kangaroo social life is poorly understood, as few species have been studied in detail. Small species, such as potoroos, bettongs, and musky rat-kangaroos, tend to besolitary and widely dispersed, with a male's territory encompassing those of several females. The animals come together briefly for mating, and mother and offs...
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Malaria.
last long and is unlikely to be fatal. Infants and children are especially vulnerable to malaria because they have not yet built up immunity to the parasite. Some peoplehave genetic traits that help them resist malaria. Sickle-cell anemia and thalassemia, for example, are inherited blood disorders linked to malaria resistance. Travelers who lack immunity to malaria should take precautionary measures when visiting areas where the disease is prevalent. Such measures include using insectrepellents,...
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House (architecture)
I
INTRODUCTION
Trulli in Alberobello, Italy
Alberobello, in the Apulia region of southeastern Italy, is noted for its unusual limestone houses known as trulli (from
Greek trullos, dome).
Fresco in the Villa of the Mysteries, PompeiiThe Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, Italy (built about 50 bc), featured a large hall with this mural encircling it. The mural ispainted in the Second Style of Roman painting. (Historians of art recognize four periods or styles in Roman wall painting.)The mural in the Villa of the Mysteries is thought to depict the initiation rituals of a mystery religion. For this reason, it hasbeen conjectured that the hall was used for cult rituals.Bridgeman Art Li...
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Native Americans of North America.
addition to smallpox and measles, explorers and colonists brought a host of other diseases: bubonic plague, cholera, typhoid fever, scarlet fever, pleurisy, mumps,diphtheria, pneumonia, whooping cough, malaria, yellow fever, and various sexually transmitted infections. Despite the undisputed devastation wreaked on Indian populations after European contact, native populations showed enormous regional variability in their response todisease exposure. Some peoples survived and, in some cases, even...
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Native Americans of North America - Canadian History.
addition to smallpox and measles, explorers and colonists brought a host of other diseases: bubonic plague, cholera, typhoid fever, scarlet fever, pleurisy, mumps,diphtheria, pneumonia, whooping cough, malaria, yellow fever, and various sexually transmitted infections. Despite the undisputed devastation wreaked on Indian populations after European contact, native populations showed enormous regional variability in their response todisease exposure. Some peoples survived and, in some cases, even...
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Inuit.
VII HOUSING, TRANSPORTATION, AND CLOTHING Inuit homes are of two kinds: walrus or sealskin tents for summer and huts or houses for winter. Winter houses are usually made of stone, with a driftwood orwhalebone frame, chinked and covered with moss or sod. The entrance is a long, narrow passage just high enough to admit a person crawling on hands and knees.During long journeys some Canadian Inuit build igloos, winter houses of snow blocks piled in a dome shape (the term igloo comes from the I...
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Ancient Egypt - history.
The Nile River runs through the ancient city of Thebes in eastern Egypt. For a time, beginning in 2040 bc, Thebes was the capital ofEgypt.Farrell Grehan/Photo Researchers, Inc. According to inscriptions and documents found by archaeologists, the Egyptians called their country Kemet, meaning “the Black Land,” a reference to the dark, fertile soil that remained after the Nile floodwaters had receded. They also used another term, Deshret, or “the Red Land,” a designation for the desert sands th...
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Assisted Suicide.
regardless of the fairness of the procedures used (substantive due process). In the Glucksberg case, the Court indicated that the liberty interest protected by the 14th Amendment does not encompass the right to determine the timing and manner of one’s own death. The Court’s decision means that each state may determine whetheror not to prohibit or permit (and otherwise regulate) assisted suicide. In 2006 the Court upheld Oregon’s law permitting physician-assisted suicide. In a 6-to-3 decision,...
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Österreichische Literatur (Sprache & Litteratur).
Hugo von Hofmannsthal: Ein BriefHugo von Hofmannsthals so genannter Chandos-Brief über die Unmöglichkeit, mit Worten das Wesentliche der Dingwelt zu erfassen,steht am Anfang einer spezifisch österreichischen Sprachskepsistradition, die bis zur Gegenwartsliteratur, namentlich bis zu PeterHandke, weiterreicht. Am Ende des Briefs steht der Wunsch nach einer unmittelbaren „Sprache des Herzens”, die keiner vomIndividuellen abstrahierenden Worte oder starren Begrifflichkeiten mehr bedarf. Parallel zu...
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Milwaukee - geography.
acts ranging from alternative rock to country music. During the rest of the summer months, the park is the site of weekend festivals staged by Milwaukee’s majorethnic groups: Italian, Irish, German, African American, Polish, Mexican, Native American, and Asian. The Great Circus Parade, featuring the world’s largest collection ofornate circus wagons, is another staple of Milwaukee’s festival season. The Wisconsin State Fair is held annually in nearby West Allis. V RECREATION The largest single u...
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Tibet - geographie.
Baumwolle, Sojabohnen und Hanf dient dem Handel. Die Industrie ist zwar gewachsen, bleibt jedoch insgesamt auf kleinere Betriebe beschränkt. Dort werden u. a.Textilien, Holz- und Metallerzeugnisse produziert. 6 GESCHICHTE Die Bevölkerung Tibets ist vermutlich aus dem Huang-He-Tal und dem zentralasiatischen Raum, in dem sich nomadische Turkvölker aufhielten, in das Gebiet eingewandert.Das frühe Tibet war in Fürstentümer unterteilt, die im 6. Jahrhundert zusammengelegt wurden. Srong-brtsan-sgam-p...
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Canadian Architecture
I
INTRODUCTION
L'Anse aux Meadows
In around ad 1000 Norse Vikings sailed from Greenland to North America and set up a village on the tip of what is now
the island of Newfoundland's Great Northern Peninsula.
IglooSome Inuit peoples in the Arctic regions of Canada live in domed houses of snow, or igloos, which provide good insulationand protection from wind. The word igloo comes from the Inuit iglu, meaning “house.”George Holton/Photo Researchers, Inc. Canada’s original inhabitants are known as the First Nations. At the time of European arrival, about 40 nations were scattered across Canada. Many of them lived alongthe coasts, where they could fish. These nations can be classified into five major gro...
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Ancient Rome .
attributed to Numa, including the selection of virgins to be priestesses of the goddess Vesta. He also established a calendar to differentiate between normal workingdays and those festival days sacred to the gods on which no state business was allowed. His peaceful reign lasted from 715 to 673 BC. Under Tullus Hostilius (672–641 BC) the Romans waged an aggressive foreign policy and began to expand their lands by the conquest of nearby cities like Alba Longa. When the warlike King Hostilius co...
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Ancient Rome - USA History.
attributed to Numa, including the selection of virgins to be priestesses of the goddess Vesta. He also established a calendar to differentiate between normal workingdays and those festival days sacred to the gods on which no state business was allowed. His peaceful reign lasted from 715 to 673 BC. Under Tullus Hostilius (672–641 BC) the Romans waged an aggressive foreign policy and began to expand their lands by the conquest of nearby cities like Alba Longa. When the warlike King Hostilius co...